J. Semicond. > 2021, Volume 42 > Issue 9 > 091901, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/091901
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REVIEWS

Chip-based quantum communications

Qingqing Wang1, Yun Zheng1, Chonghao Zhai1, Xudong Li1, Qihuang Gong1, 2, 3, 4 and Jianwei Wang1, 2, 3, 4,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Jianwei Wang, jianwei.wang@pku.edu.cn

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Abstract: Quantum communications aim to share encryption keys between the transmitters and receivers governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Integrated quantum photonics offers significant advantages of dense integration, high stability and scalability, which enables a vital platform for the implementation of quantum information processing and quantum communications. This article reviews recent experimental progress and advances in the development of integrated quantum photonic devices and systems for quantum communications and quantum networks.

Key words: quantum communications, quantum networks, integrated quantum photonics



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Integrated silicon photonic QKD transmitters. (a) Polarization-encoding PM-QKD transmitter, consisting of ring modulators, VOAs, and polarization modulators[12]. (b) Three implementations of high-speed QKD[11]. (c) HOM interference between WCPs generated by III–V on silicon waveguide integrated lasers[22]. (d) Polarization-encoding MDI-QKD with integrated silicon photonics[24].

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) Integrated InP photonic QKD transmitters. (a) A chip-to-chip QKD system between a 2 × 6 mm2 InP transmitter and a 2 × 32 mm2 SiOxNy receiver[16]. (b) An implementation of MDI-QKD using two 6 × 2 mm2 InP transmitter chips in which two weak coherent states are on-chip generated independently[25].

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) On-chip entangled photon sources. (a) Generation of entangled photons from a single quantum dot embedding in photonic nanostructures[34]. (b) Generation of entangled photons in a thin-film waveguide using the SPDC process[35]. (c) Generation of entangled photons in a silicon photonic microring resonator using SFWM process[46].

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) Chip-based entanglement distribution and quantum teleportation. (a) Silicon photonic circuit diagram for a chip-to-chip entanglement distribution experiment[49], and (b) for a chip-to-chip quantum teleportation experiment[52], (c) scheme of a visible-telecom entanglement experiment in the silicon nitride system[53].

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) Integrated quantum memories in the ERIC system. (a) An optical microscope image of five quantum memories in laser-written optical waveguides[75]. (b) A scanning electron microscope image of a quantum memory integrated in a photonic crystal nanocavity[78].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
[1]
Gisin N, Thew R. Quantum communication. Nat Photonics, 2007, 1, 165 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2007.22
[2]
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[3]
Bennett C H, Brassard G. Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing. Theor Comput Sci, 2014, 560, 7 doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2014.05.025
[4]
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[5]
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[6]
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[7]
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[8]
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[9]
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[11]
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[12]
Ma C X, Sacher W D, Tang Z Y, et al. Silicon photonic transmitter for polarization-encoded quantum key distribution. Optica, 2016, 3, 1274 doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.3.001274
[13]
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[14]
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[15]
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[16]
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[17]
Lydersen L, Wiechers C, Wittmann C, et al. Hacking commercial quantum cryptography systems by tailored bright illumination. Nat Photonics, 2010, 4, 686 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.214
[18]
Zhao Y, Fung C H F, Qi B, et al. Quantum hacking: Experimental demonstration of time-shift attack against practical quantum-key-distribution systems. Phys Rev A, 2008, 78, 042333 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.78.042333
[19]
Makarov V, Anisimov A, Skaar J. Effects of detector efficiency mismatch on security of quantum cryptosystems. Phys Rev A, 2006, 74, 022313 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.74.022313
[20]
Lo H K, Curty M, Qi B. Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. Phys Rev Lett, 2012, 108, 130503 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.130503
[21]
Hong C K, Ou Z Y, Mandel L. Measurement of subpicosecond time intervals between two photons by interference. Phys Rev Lett, 1987, 59, 2044 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2044
[22]
Agnesi C, da Lio B, Cozzolino D, et al. Hong–Ou–Mandel interference between independent III–V on silicon waveguide integrated lasers. Opt Lett, 2019, 44, 271 doi: 10.1364/OL.44.000271
[23]
Rarity J G, Tapster P R, Loudon R. Non-classical interference between independent sources. J Opt B, 2005, 7, S171 doi: 10.1088/1464-4266/7/7/007
[24]
Wei K J, Li W, Tan H, et al. High-speed measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with integrated silicon photonics. Phys Rev X, 2020, 10, 031030 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.10.031030
[25]
Semenenko H, Sibson P, Thompson M G, et al. Interference between independent photonic integrated devices for quantum key distribution. Opt Lett, 2019, 44, 275 doi: 10.1364/OL.44.000275
[26]
Semenenko H, Sibson P, Hart A, et al. Chip-based measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. Optica, 2020, 7, 238 doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.379679
[27]
Wehner S, Elkouss D, Hanson R. Quantum Internet: A vision for the road ahead. Science, 2018, 362, eaam9288 doi: 10.1126/science.aam9288
[28]
Clauser J F, Horne M A, Shimony A, et al. Proposed experiment to test local hidden-variable theories. Phys Rev Lett, 1969, 23, 880 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.880
[29]
Acín A, Massar S, Pironio S. Efficient quantum key distribution secure against no-signalling eavesdroppers. New J Phys, 2006, 8, 126 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/8/8/126
[30]
Acín A, Brunner N, Gisin N, et al. Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks. Phys Rev Lett, 2007, 98, 230501 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.230501
[31]
McKague M. Device independent quantum key distribution secure against coherent attacks with memoryless measurement devices. New J Phys, 2009, 11, 103037 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/11/10/103037
[32]
Vazirani U, Vidick T. Fully device-independent quantum key distribution. Phys Rev Lett, 2014, 113, 140501 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.140501
[33]
Yin J, Cao Y, Li Y H, et al. Satellite-based entanglement distribution over 1200 kilometers. Science, 2017, 356, 1140 doi: 10.1126/science.aan3211
[34]
Liu J, Su R B, Wei Y M, et al. A solid-state source of strongly entangled photon pairs with high brightness and indistinguishability. Nat Nanotechnol, 2019, 14, 586 doi: 10.1038/s41565-019-0435-9
[35]
Zhao J, Ma C X, Rüsing M, et al. High quality entangled photon pair generation in periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate waveguides. Phys Rev Lett, 2020, 124, 163603 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.163603
[36]
Duan J C, Zhang J N, Zhu Y J, et al. Generation of narrowband counterpropagating polarization-entangled photon pairs based on thin-film lithium niobate on insulator. J Opt Soc Am B, 2020, 37, 2139 doi: 10.1364/JOSAB.395108
[37]
Autebert C, Bruno N, Martin A, et al. Integrated AlGaAs source of highly indistinguishable and energy-time entangled photons. Optica, 2016, 3, 143 doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.3.000143
[38]
Wang J W, Paesani S, Ding Y H, et al. Multidimensional quantum entanglement with large-scale integrated optics. Science, 2018, 360, 285 doi: 10.1126/science.aar7053
[39]
Corrielli G, Crespi A, Geremia R, et al. Rotated waveplates in integrated waveguide optics. Nat Commun, 2014, 5, 4249 doi: 10.1038/ncomms5249
[40]
Zhang X, Bell B A, Mahendra A, et al. Integrated silicon nitride time-bin entanglement circuits. Opt Lett, 2018, 43, 3469 doi: 10.1364/OL.43.003469
[41]
Li C L, Liu D J, Dai D X. Multimode silicon photonics. Nanophotonics, 2018, 8, 227 doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2018-0161
[42]
Feng L T, Zhang M, Xiong X, et al. On-chip transverse-mode entangled photon pair source. npj Quantum Inf, 2019, 5, 2 doi: 10.1038/s41534-018-0121-z
[43]
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    Received: 26 March 2021 Revised: 06 May 2021 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 05 July 2021Uncorrected proof: 06 July 2021Published: 01 September 2021

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2021  >  42(9): 091901
      Qingqing Wang, Yun Zheng, Chonghao Zhai, Xudong Li, Qihuang Gong, Jianwei Wang. Chip-based quantum communications[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(9): 091901. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/091901 Q Q Wang, Y Zheng, C H Zhai, X D Li, Q H Gong, J W Wang, Chip-based quantum communications[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(9): 091901. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/091901.Export: BibTex EndNote
      Citation:
      Qingqing Wang, Yun Zheng, Chonghao Zhai, Xudong Li, Qihuang Gong, Jianwei Wang. Chip-based quantum communications[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(9): 091901. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/091901

      Q Q Wang, Y Zheng, C H Zhai, X D Li, Q H Gong, J W Wang, Chip-based quantum communications[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(9): 091901. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/091901.
      Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Chip-based quantum communications

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/091901
      • 1.

        State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

      • 2.

        Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

      • 3.

        Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

      • 4.

        Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China

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      • Author Bio:

        Qingqing Wang is a Master’s student in the School of Physics, Peking University. She got her Bachelor degree from Shanxi University in 2018. Her research focuses on quantum key distribution communication networks

        Yun Zheng got his B.Sc. degree from Harbin Institute of Technology in 2019. He is a PhD candidate student at Peking University. His research focuses on integrated quantum information processing, and quantum communications

        Chonghao Zhai is a senior undergraduate student majoring in physics at Peking University. He did an undergraduate project in the PKU Q-chip Lab. His research focuses on integrated photonics and quantum information

        Xudong Li entered the School of Physics, Peking University in 2019 and is now a sophomore. He then joined the PKU Q-chip Lab in the first year of his undergraduate studies. His research interest is in-chip quantum memory and quantum communications

        Qihuang Gong is the Boya Chair Professor and Cheung Kong Professor of Physics at Peking University, China. He is the Academician of Chinese Academy of Science and member of the world academy of sciences, and the President of the Chinese Optical Society and the Vice President of the Chinese Physical Society. His current research interests include ultrafast optics and spectroscopy, nonlinear and quantum photonics, and mesoscopic optical devices for applications in optical information processing and communication

        Jianwei Wang is an Assistant Professor in the School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China. He received his Bachelor’s (2008) and Master’s (2011) degrees in from Zhejiang University, and his Ph.D. degree (2016) in Physics at the University of Bristol. His current research interests are quantum information science and technologies with photons, in both fundamental physics and advanced applications

      • Corresponding author: jianwei.wang@pku.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2021-03-26
      • Revised Date: 2021-05-06
      • Published Date: 2021-09-10

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