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Screen-printed soft triboelectric nanogenerator with porous PDMS and stretchable PEDOT:PSS electrode

Haochuan Wan1, Yunqi Cao2, Li-Wei Lo1, 3, Zhihao Xu1, Nelson Sepúlveda2 and Chuan Wang1, 3,

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 Corresponding author: Chuan Wang, chuanwang@wustl.edu

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Abstract: The recent development on wearable and stretchable electronics calls for skin conformable power sources that are beyond current battery technologies. Among the many novel energy devices being explored, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) made from intrinsically stretchable materials has a great potential to meet the above requirement as being both soft and efficient. In this paper, we present a lithography-free and low-cost TENG device comprising a porous-structured PDMS layer and a stretchable PEDOT:PSS electrode. The porous PDMS structure is formed by using self-assembled polystyrene beads as the sacrificial template and it is highly ordered with great uniformity and high structural stability under compression force. Moreover, the porous PDMS TENG exhibits improved output voltage and current of 1.65 V and 0.54 nA compared to its counterpart with non-porous PDMS with 0.66 V and 0.34 nA. The effect of different loading force and frequency on the output response of the TENG device has also been studied. This work could shed light on diverse structural modification methods for improving the performance of PDMS-based TENG and the development of intrinsically stretchable TENG for wearable device applications.

Key words: triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)porous PDMSstretchable materialswearable electronics



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[2]
Bade S G R, Shan X, Hoang P T, et al. Stretchable light-emitting diodes with organometal-halide-perovskite-polymer composite emitters. Adv Mater, 2017, 29(23), 1607053 doi: 10.1002/adma.201607053
[3]
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[8]
Kim Y, Chortos A, Xu W, et al. A bioinspired flexible organic artificial afferent nerve. Science, 2018, 360(6392), 998 doi: 10.1126/science.aao0098
[9]
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Fan F R, Tian Z Q, Wang Z L. Flexible triboelectric generator. Nano Energy, 2012, 1(2), 328 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004
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Zi Y, Guo H, Wen Z, et al. Harvesting low-frequency (< 5 Hz) irregular mechanical energy: a possible killer application of triboelectric nanogenerator. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(4), 4797 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01569
[14]
Fan F R, Tang W, Wang Z L. Flexible nanogenerators for energy harvesting and self-powered electronics. Adv Mater, 2016, 28(22), 4283 doi: 10.1002/adma.201504299
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Chen J, Guo H, He X, et al. Enhancing performance of triboelectric nanogenerator by filling high dielectric nanoparticles into sponge PDMS film. ACS Appl Mater interfaces, 2015, 8(1), 736 doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b09907
[16]
Zhu Y, Yang B, Liu J, et al. A flexible and biocompatible triboelectric nanogenerator with tunable internal resistance for powering wearable devices. Sci Rep, 2016, 6, 22233 doi: 10.1038/srep22233
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Wang S, Lin L, Wang Z L. Nanoscale triboelectric-effect-enabled energy conversion for sustainably powering portable electronics. Nano Lett, 2012, 12(12), 6339 doi: 10.1021/nl303573d
[18]
Fan F R, Lin L, Zhu G, et al. Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned plastic films. Nano Lett, 2012, 12(6), 3109 doi: 10.1021/nl300988z
[19]
Lee K Y, Chun J, Lee J H, et al. Hydrophobic sponge structure-based triboelectric nanogenerator. Adv Mater, 2014, 26(29), 5037 doi: 10.1002/adma.201401184
[20]
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[21]
He X, Mu X, Wen Q, et al. Flexible and transparent triboelectric nanogenerator based on high performance well-ordered porous PDMS dielectric film. Nano Res, 2016, 9(12), 3714 doi: 10.1007/s12274-016-1242-3
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[23]
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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of porous PDMS TENG device. (b) Schematic illustration of structure of porous PDMS TENG device. SEM images of porous PDMS thin film from (c) cross-sectional view and (d) top view. SEM images of (e) PEDOT:PSS electrode (f) PEDOT:PSS/Porous PDMS interface. (g) Photograph of fabricated porous PDMS TENG.

Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) SEM image of porous PDMS structure examined in EDX (b) structural formula of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polystyrene (PS). Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) images of (c) carbon element and (d) silicon element of porous PDMS structure. SEM images of porous PDMS structure (e) after compressive pressure (f) before compressive pressure. (g) Photograph of the stretching test setup. (h) Resistance change of the screen-printed PEDOT:PSS electrode under various levels of applied strain.

Fig. 3.  (Color online) Charge generation mechanism of the porous PDMS TENG under external compressive force.

Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustrations of porous PDMS TENG (top) and non-porous PDMS TENG (bottom). (b) Output voltage and (c) output current of porous PDMS and non-porous PDMS TENG at loading force and frequency of 100 N, 0.8 Hz.

Fig. 5.  (Color online) Loading force and frequency response of porous PDMS TENG. (a) Output voltage and (b) output current response under different loading forces at same loading frequency of 0.8 Hz. (c) Output voltage and (d) output current response under different loading frequencies at same loading force of 100 N.

[1]
Wang C, Hwang D, Yu Z, et al. User-interactive electronic skin for instantaneous pressure visualization. Nat Mater, 2013, 12(10), 899 doi: 10.1038/nmat3711
[2]
Bade S G R, Shan X, Hoang P T, et al. Stretchable light-emitting diodes with organometal-halide-perovskite-polymer composite emitters. Adv Mater, 2017, 29(23), 1607053 doi: 10.1002/adma.201607053
[3]
Cao X, Lau C, Liu Y, et al. Fully screen-printed, large-area, and flexible active-matrix electrochromic displays using carbon nanotube thin-film transistors. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(11), 9816 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05368
[4]
Gao W, Emaminejad S, Nyein H Y Y, et al. Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature, 2016, 529(7587), 509 doi: 10.1038/nature16521
[5]
Cai L, Zhang S, Zhang Y, et al. Direct printing for additive patterning of silver nanowires for stretchable sensor and display applications. Adv Mater Technol, 2018, 3(2), 1700232 doi: 10.1002/admt.201700232
[6]
Shi H, Al-Rubaiai M, Holbrook C M, et al. Screen-printed soft capacitive sensors for spatial mapping of both positive and negative pressures. Adv Funct Mater, 2019, 29, 1809116 doi: doi/full/10.1002/adfm.201809116
[7]
Boutry C M, Beker L, Kaizawa Y, et al. Biodegradable and flexible arterial-pulse sensor for the wireless monitoring of blood flow. Nat Biomed Eng, 2019, 3(1), 47 doi: 10.1038/s41551-018-0336-5
[8]
Kim Y, Chortos A, Xu W, et al. A bioinspired flexible organic artificial afferent nerve. Science, 2018, 360(6392), 998 doi: 10.1126/science.aao0098
[9]
Yang R, Qin Y, Dai L, et al. Power generation with laterally packaged piezoelectric fine wires. Nat Nanotechnol, 2009, 4(1), 34 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2008.314
[10]
Li W, Torres D, Wang T, et al. Flexible and biocompatible polypropylene ferroelectret nanogenerator (FENG): on the path toward wearable devices powered by human motion. Nano Energy, 2016, 30, 649 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.10.007
[11]
Cao Y, Figueroa J, Pastrana J, et al. Flexible ferroelectret polymer for self-powering devices and energy storage systems. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11, 17400 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b02233
[12]
Fan F R, Tian Z Q, Wang Z L. Flexible triboelectric generator. Nano Energy, 2012, 1(2), 328 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.01.004
[13]
Zi Y, Guo H, Wen Z, et al. Harvesting low-frequency (< 5 Hz) irregular mechanical energy: a possible killer application of triboelectric nanogenerator. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(4), 4797 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01569
[14]
Fan F R, Tang W, Wang Z L. Flexible nanogenerators for energy harvesting and self-powered electronics. Adv Mater, 2016, 28(22), 4283 doi: 10.1002/adma.201504299
[15]
Chen J, Guo H, He X, et al. Enhancing performance of triboelectric nanogenerator by filling high dielectric nanoparticles into sponge PDMS film. ACS Appl Mater interfaces, 2015, 8(1), 736 doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b09907
[16]
Zhu Y, Yang B, Liu J, et al. A flexible and biocompatible triboelectric nanogenerator with tunable internal resistance for powering wearable devices. Sci Rep, 2016, 6, 22233 doi: 10.1038/srep22233
[17]
Wang S, Lin L, Wang Z L. Nanoscale triboelectric-effect-enabled energy conversion for sustainably powering portable electronics. Nano Lett, 2012, 12(12), 6339 doi: 10.1021/nl303573d
[18]
Fan F R, Lin L, Zhu G, et al. Transparent triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors based on micropatterned plastic films. Nano Lett, 2012, 12(6), 3109 doi: 10.1021/nl300988z
[19]
Lee K Y, Chun J, Lee J H, et al. Hydrophobic sponge structure-based triboelectric nanogenerator. Adv Mater, 2014, 26(29), 5037 doi: 10.1002/adma.201401184
[20]
Wang Y, Zhu C, Pfattner R, et al. A highly stretchable, transparent, and conductive polymer. Sci Adv, 2017, 3(3), e1602076 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1602076
[21]
He X, Mu X, Wen Q, et al. Flexible and transparent triboelectric nanogenerator based on high performance well-ordered porous PDMS dielectric film. Nano Res, 2016, 9(12), 3714 doi: 10.1007/s12274-016-1242-3
[22]
Chen X, Miao L, Guo H, et al. Waterproof and stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator for biomechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Appl Phys Lett, 2018, 112(20), 203902 doi: 10.1063/1.5028478
[23]
Dagdeviren C, Yang B D, Su Y, et al. Conformal piezoelectric energy harvesting and storage from motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragm. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2014, 111(5), 1927 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1317233111
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    Received: 09 August 2019 Revised: 26 September 2019 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 12 October 2019Uncorrected proof: 15 October 2019Published: 08 November 2019

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      Haochuan Wan, Yunqi Cao, Li-Wei Lo, Zhihao Xu, Nelson Sepúlveda, Chuan Wang. Screen-printed soft triboelectric nanogenerator with porous PDMS and stretchable PEDOT:PSS electrode[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(11): 112601. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/11/112601 H C Wan, Y Q Cao, L W Lo, Z H Xu, N Sepúlveda, C Wang, Screen-printed soft triboelectric nanogenerator with porous PDMS and stretchable PEDOT:PSS electrode[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(11): 112601. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/11/112601.Export: BibTex EndNote
      Citation:
      Haochuan Wan, Yunqi Cao, Li-Wei Lo, Zhihao Xu, Nelson Sepúlveda, Chuan Wang. Screen-printed soft triboelectric nanogenerator with porous PDMS and stretchable PEDOT:PSS electrode[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(11): 112601. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/11/112601

      H C Wan, Y Q Cao, L W Lo, Z H Xu, N Sepúlveda, C Wang, Screen-printed soft triboelectric nanogenerator with porous PDMS and stretchable PEDOT:PSS electrode[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(11): 112601. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/11/112601.
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      Screen-printed soft triboelectric nanogenerator with porous PDMS and stretchable PEDOT:PSS electrode

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/11/112601
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      • Corresponding author: chuanwang@wustl.edu
      • Received Date: 2019-08-09
      • Revised Date: 2019-09-26
      • Published Date: 2019-11-01

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