SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS

The effect of solution concentration on the physical and electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide films deposited by spray pyrolysis

M. Mousavi1, , A. Kompany1, 2, N. Shahtahmasebi1, 2 and M.M. Bagheri-Mohagheghi3

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: M. Mousavi, m_mousavi1980@yahoo.com

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Abstract: Vanadium oxide thin films were prepared on glass substrates by using the spray pyrolysis technique. The effect of solution concentration (0.1 M, 0.2 M and 0.3 M) on the nanostructural, electrical, optical, and electrochromic properties of deposited films were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and cyclic volta-metrics. The X-ray diffraction shows that only the sample at 0.1 M has a single β-V2O5 phase and the others have mixed phases of vanadium oxide. The lowest sheet resistance was obtained for the samples prepared at 0.3 M solution. It was also found that the optical transparency of the samples changes from 70% to 35% and the optical band gap of the samples was in the range of 2.20 to 2.41 eV, depending on the morality of solution. The cycle voltammogram shows that the sample prepared at 0.3 M has one-step electerochoromic but the other samples have two-step electerochoromic. The results show a correlation between the cycle voltammogram and the physical properties of the films.

Key words: vanadium oxidethin filmsoptical propertiescycle voltammogram



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[2]
Wang Y, Cao G. Synthesis and enhanced intercalation properties of nanostructured vanadium oxides. Chem Mater, 2006, 18:2787 doi: 10.1021/cm052765h
[3]
Xu Y, Schoonen M A. The absolute energy positions of conduction and valence bands of selected semiconducting minerals. Am Mineral, 2000, 85:543 doi: 10.2138/am-2000-0416
[4]
Livage J. Optical and electrical properties of vanadium oxide syntheses from alkoxides. Coord Chem Rev, 1999, 192:391 doi: 10.1002/chin.199145305/citedby
[5]
Millet M, Pereira-Ramos J P, Sabbar E M, et al. A new hydrated sodium vanadium bronze as Li insertion compound. Solid State Ionics, 1998, 112:319 doi: 10.1016/S0167-2738(98)00202-1
[6]
Livage J, Ganguli D. Sol-gel electrochromic coatings and devices:a review. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2001, 68:365 doi: 10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00369-X
[7]
Lee K, Wang Y, Cao G Z. Dependence of electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide films on their nano-and microstructures. J Phys Chem B, 2005, 109:16700 doi: 10.1021/jp051686q
[8]
Liu J F, Wang X, Peng Q, et al. Vanadium pentoxide nanobelts:highly selective and stable ethanol sensor materials. Adv Mater, 2005, 17:764 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4095
[9]
Nah Y C, Ghicov A, Kim D, et al. Enhanced electrochromic properties of self-organized nanoporous WO3. Electrochem Commun, 2008, 10:1777 doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.09.017
[10]
Zhang J G, McGraw J M, Turner J, at el. Charging capacity and cycling stability of VOx films prepared by pulsed laser deposition. J Electrochem Soc, 1997, 144:1630 doi: 10.1149/1.1837652
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Ramana C V, Hussain O M, Naidu B S, et al. characterization of electron-beam evaporated V2O5 thin films. Thin Solid Films, 1997, 305:219 doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00141-7
[12]
Aita C R, Liu Y L, Kao M L, et al. Optical behavior of sputter-deposited vanadium pentoxide. J Appl Phys, 1986, 60:749 doi: 10.1063/1.337425
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Meng L J, Silva R A, Cui H N, et al. Optical and structural properties of vanadium pent oxide films prepared by dc reactive magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films, 2006, 515:195 doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.061
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El Mandouh Z S, Selim M S. Physical properties of vanadium pentoxide sol gel films. Thin Solid Films, 2000, 371:259 doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01003-8
[15]
Bouzidi A, Benramdane N, Nakrela A, et al. First synthesis of vanadium oxide thin films by spray pyrolysis technique. Mater Sci Eng B, 2002, 95:141 doi: 10.1016/S0921-5107(02)00224-6
[16]
Avellaneda C O. Electrochromic performance of sol-gel deposited V2O5:Ta films. Mater Sci Eng B, 2007, 138:118 doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2006.06.007
[17]
Bagheri-Mohagheghi M M, Shahtahmasebi N, Alinejad M R, et al. Fe-doped SnO2 transparent semi-conducting thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis technique:thermoelectric and p-type conductivity properties. Solid State Sci, 2009, 11:233 doi: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2008.05.005
[18]
Bagheri-Mohagheghi M M, Shahtahmasebi N, Alinejad M R, et al. The effect of the post annealing temperature on the nano-structure and energy band gap of the SnO2 semiconducting oxide nano-particles synthesized by polymerized-complex sol-gel method. Physica B, 2008, 403:2431 doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2008.01.004
[19]
Su Q, Lan W, Wang Y Y, et al. Structural characterization of β -V2O5 films prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. Appl Surface Sci, 2009, 255:4177 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.11.002
[20]
Cheng K C, Chen F R, Kai J J. V2O5 nanowires as a functional material for electrochoromic device. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2006, 90:1156 doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2005.07.006
[21]
Birgin E G, Chambouleyron I, Martínez J M. Estimation of the optical constants and the thickness of thin films using unconstrained optimization. J Comput Phys, 1999, 151:862 doi: 10.1006/jcph.1999.6224
[22]
Mahmud S A, Akl A A, Kamal H, et al. Opto-structural, electrical and electrochromic properties of crystalline nickel oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis. Physica B, 2002, 311:366 doi: 10.1016/S0921-4526(01)01024-9
[23]
Kamal H, Elmaghraby E K, Ali S A, et al. Characterization of nickel oxide films deposited at different substrate temperatures using spray pyrolysis. J Cryst Growth, 2004, 262:424 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.10.090
[24]
D'Elia L F, Rincon L, Orti z R. Test of vanadium pentoxide as anode for the electro oxidation of toluene A theoretical approach of the electrode process. Electrochim Acta, 2004, 50:217 http://www.academia.edu/12788456/Fate_of_Organic_Nitrogen_during_Electrooxidation_over_Conductive_Metal_Oxide_Anodes
[25]
Yu D M, Zhang S T, Liu D W, et al. Effect of manganese doping on Li-ion intercalation properties of V2O5 films. J Mate Chem, 2010, 20:10841 doi: 10.1039/c0jm01252a
Fig. 1.  XRD patterns of vanadium oxide films deposited at different solution concentrations

Fig. 2.  SEM images of vanadium oxide films: (a), (b) deposited at 0.1 M V-concentration, (c) deposited at 0.2 M V-concentration and (d) deposited at 0.3 M V-concentration

Fig. 3.  The transmittance spectra of the samples deposited at different solution concentrations

Fig. 4.  Plots of ($\alpha h \nu )$$^{2}$ versus $h \nu$ (photon energy) for deposited films with various solution concentrations

Fig. 5.  Cyclic voltammogram of vanadium oxide thin films deposited at different solution concentrations. The scan rate is recorded at 50 mV/s

Table 1.   The electrical measurement results (thickness determination error is ~ $\pm$5%)

[1]
Darling R B, Iwanaga S. Structure, properties, and MEMS and microelectronic applications of vanadium oxides. Sadhana, 2009, 34:531 doi: 10.1007/s12046-009-0025-x
[2]
Wang Y, Cao G. Synthesis and enhanced intercalation properties of nanostructured vanadium oxides. Chem Mater, 2006, 18:2787 doi: 10.1021/cm052765h
[3]
Xu Y, Schoonen M A. The absolute energy positions of conduction and valence bands of selected semiconducting minerals. Am Mineral, 2000, 85:543 doi: 10.2138/am-2000-0416
[4]
Livage J. Optical and electrical properties of vanadium oxide syntheses from alkoxides. Coord Chem Rev, 1999, 192:391 doi: 10.1002/chin.199145305/citedby
[5]
Millet M, Pereira-Ramos J P, Sabbar E M, et al. A new hydrated sodium vanadium bronze as Li insertion compound. Solid State Ionics, 1998, 112:319 doi: 10.1016/S0167-2738(98)00202-1
[6]
Livage J, Ganguli D. Sol-gel electrochromic coatings and devices:a review. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2001, 68:365 doi: 10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00369-X
[7]
Lee K, Wang Y, Cao G Z. Dependence of electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide films on their nano-and microstructures. J Phys Chem B, 2005, 109:16700 doi: 10.1021/jp051686q
[8]
Liu J F, Wang X, Peng Q, et al. Vanadium pentoxide nanobelts:highly selective and stable ethanol sensor materials. Adv Mater, 2005, 17:764 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4095
[9]
Nah Y C, Ghicov A, Kim D, et al. Enhanced electrochromic properties of self-organized nanoporous WO3. Electrochem Commun, 2008, 10:1777 doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.09.017
[10]
Zhang J G, McGraw J M, Turner J, at el. Charging capacity and cycling stability of VOx films prepared by pulsed laser deposition. J Electrochem Soc, 1997, 144:1630 doi: 10.1149/1.1837652
[11]
Ramana C V, Hussain O M, Naidu B S, et al. characterization of electron-beam evaporated V2O5 thin films. Thin Solid Films, 1997, 305:219 doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00141-7
[12]
Aita C R, Liu Y L, Kao M L, et al. Optical behavior of sputter-deposited vanadium pentoxide. J Appl Phys, 1986, 60:749 doi: 10.1063/1.337425
[13]
Meng L J, Silva R A, Cui H N, et al. Optical and structural properties of vanadium pent oxide films prepared by dc reactive magnetron sputtering. Thin Solid Films, 2006, 515:195 doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.061
[14]
El Mandouh Z S, Selim M S. Physical properties of vanadium pentoxide sol gel films. Thin Solid Films, 2000, 371:259 doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01003-8
[15]
Bouzidi A, Benramdane N, Nakrela A, et al. First synthesis of vanadium oxide thin films by spray pyrolysis technique. Mater Sci Eng B, 2002, 95:141 doi: 10.1016/S0921-5107(02)00224-6
[16]
Avellaneda C O. Electrochromic performance of sol-gel deposited V2O5:Ta films. Mater Sci Eng B, 2007, 138:118 doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2006.06.007
[17]
Bagheri-Mohagheghi M M, Shahtahmasebi N, Alinejad M R, et al. Fe-doped SnO2 transparent semi-conducting thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis technique:thermoelectric and p-type conductivity properties. Solid State Sci, 2009, 11:233 doi: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2008.05.005
[18]
Bagheri-Mohagheghi M M, Shahtahmasebi N, Alinejad M R, et al. The effect of the post annealing temperature on the nano-structure and energy band gap of the SnO2 semiconducting oxide nano-particles synthesized by polymerized-complex sol-gel method. Physica B, 2008, 403:2431 doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2008.01.004
[19]
Su Q, Lan W, Wang Y Y, et al. Structural characterization of β -V2O5 films prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. Appl Surface Sci, 2009, 255:4177 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.11.002
[20]
Cheng K C, Chen F R, Kai J J. V2O5 nanowires as a functional material for electrochoromic device. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2006, 90:1156 doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2005.07.006
[21]
Birgin E G, Chambouleyron I, Martínez J M. Estimation of the optical constants and the thickness of thin films using unconstrained optimization. J Comput Phys, 1999, 151:862 doi: 10.1006/jcph.1999.6224
[22]
Mahmud S A, Akl A A, Kamal H, et al. Opto-structural, electrical and electrochromic properties of crystalline nickel oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis. Physica B, 2002, 311:366 doi: 10.1016/S0921-4526(01)01024-9
[23]
Kamal H, Elmaghraby E K, Ali S A, et al. Characterization of nickel oxide films deposited at different substrate temperatures using spray pyrolysis. J Cryst Growth, 2004, 262:424 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.10.090
[24]
D'Elia L F, Rincon L, Orti z R. Test of vanadium pentoxide as anode for the electro oxidation of toluene A theoretical approach of the electrode process. Electrochim Acta, 2004, 50:217 http://www.academia.edu/12788456/Fate_of_Organic_Nitrogen_during_Electrooxidation_over_Conductive_Metal_Oxide_Anodes
[25]
Yu D M, Zhang S T, Liu D W, et al. Effect of manganese doping on Li-ion intercalation properties of V2O5 films. J Mate Chem, 2010, 20:10841 doi: 10.1039/c0jm01252a
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    Received: 06 March 2013 Revised: 09 April 2013 Online: Published: 01 October 2013

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      M. Mousavi, A. Kompany, N. Shahtahmasebi, M.M. Bagheri-Mohagheghi. The effect of solution concentration on the physical and electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide films deposited by spray pyrolysis[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34(10): 103001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/10/103001 M. Mousavi, A. Kompany, N. Shahtahmasebi, M.M. Bagheri-Mohagheghi. The effect of solution concentration on the physical and electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide films deposited by spray pyrolysis[J]. J. Semicond., 2013, 34(10): 103001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/10/103001.Export: BibTex EndNote
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      M. Mousavi, A. Kompany, N. Shahtahmasebi, M.M. Bagheri-Mohagheghi. The effect of solution concentration on the physical and electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide films deposited by spray pyrolysis[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34(10): 103001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/10/103001

      M. Mousavi, A. Kompany, N. Shahtahmasebi, M.M. Bagheri-Mohagheghi. The effect of solution concentration on the physical and electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide films deposited by spray pyrolysis[J]. J. Semicond., 2013, 34(10): 103001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/10/103001.
      Export: BibTex EndNote

      The effect of solution concentration on the physical and electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide films deposited by spray pyrolysis

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/10/103001
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      • Corresponding author: M. Mousavi, m_mousavi1980@yahoo.com
      • Received Date: 2013-03-06
      • Revised Date: 2013-04-09
      • Published Date: 2013-10-01

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