SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS

Optimizing structure for constructing a highly efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diode with stable electroluminescent spectra

Xiaowen Zhang1, , Jiwen Xu1, Hua Wang1, Bin Wei2, , Huarong Zeng3, Xueyin Jiang2 and Zhilin Zhang2

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Zhang Xiaowen, zhang-xiaowen@163.com; Wei Bin, bwei@shu.edu.cn

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Abstract: We demonstrate a highly efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diode (TOLED) having stable electroluminescent spectra and color coordination with variation of viewing angles by simply tuning the resonance wavelength corresponding to the free emission of the emitter. Using a doped fluorescent emitting system, the inverted TOLED exhibits an enhanced maximum current efficiency of 19 cd/A and a power efficiency of 17 lm/W, which are much higher than those (11 cd/A and 5 lm/W) of the counterpart with normal structure, although both TOLEDs behave with similar stable electroluminescent spectra characteristics. The results indicate that we provide a simple and effective method of constructing an excellent inverted TOLED for potentially practical applications.

Key words: OLEDinverted structurestable electroluminescent spectrummicrocavity effect



[1]
Flämmich M, Frischeisen J, Setz D S, et al. Oriented phosphorescent emitters boost OLED efficiency. Org Electron, 2011, 12:1663 doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2011.06.011
[2]
Zhang X W, Li J, Zhang L, et al. Top-emitting organic light-emitting device with high efficiency and low voltage using a silver-silver microcavity. Thin Solid Films, 2010, 518:1756 doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.11.063
[3]
Liu X, Wei F X, Liu H. Spectrum study of top-emitting organic light-emitting devices with micro-cavity structure. Journal of Semiconductors, 2009, 30:044007 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/30/4/044007
[4]
Hou J, Wu J, Xie Z, et al. Efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using ultrathin MoO3/C60 bilayer structure to enhance hole injection. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95:203508 doi: 10.1063/1.3267084
[5]
Lim J T, Jeong C H, Lee J H, et al. High-luminance top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using Cs/Al/Au as the semitransparent multimetal cathode. J Electrochem Soc, 2007, 154: J302 http://spl.skku.ac.kr/_res/pnpl/etc/2007-19.pdf
[6]
Li Y, Liu X Y, Wu C Y, et al. Tricolor microcavity OLEDs based on P-nc-Si:H films as the complex anodes. Journal of Semiconductors, 2009, 30:063005 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/30/6/063005
[7]
D'Andrade B W, Forrest S R, Chwang A B. Operational stability of electrophosphorescent devices containing p and n doped transport layers. Appl Phys Lett, 2003, 83:3858 doi: 10.1063/1.1624473
[8]
Haq K, Khan M A, Jiang X Y, et al. Estimation of electron mobility of n-doped 4, 7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline using space-charge-limited currents. Journal of Semiconductors, 2009, 30:114009 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/30/11/114009
[9]
Wang Q, Deng Z, Ma D. Realization of high efficiency microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with highly saturated colors and negligible angular dependence. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 94:233306 doi: 10.1063/1.3153140
[10]
Yang C J, Liu S H, Hsieh H H, et al. Microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting devices integrated with microlens arrays:simultaneous enhancement of quantum efficiency, cd/A efficiency, color performances, and image resolution. Appl Phys Lett, 2007, 91:253508 doi: 10.1063/1.2827182
[11]
Liu C C, Liu S H, Tien K C, et al. Microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting devices integrated with diffusers for simultaneous enhancement of efficiencies and viewing characteristics. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 94:103302 doi: 10.1063/1.3097354
[12]
Zhang X W, Liu L M, Li J, et al. The feasibility of using Cu as reflective anode in top-emitting organic light-emitting diode. Journal of Display Technology, 2011, 7:515 doi: 10.1109/JDT.2011.2154298
[13]
Yang C J, Lin C L, Wu C C, et al. High-contrast top-emitting organic light-emitting devices for active-matrix displays. Appl Phys Lett, 2005, 87:143507 doi: 10.1063/1.2081137
[14]
Lau K C, Xie W F, Sun H Y, et al. Contrast improvement of organic light-emitting devices with Sm:Ag cathode. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 88:083507 doi: 10.1063/1.2172019
[15]
Chen S M, Yuan Y B, Lian J R, et al. High-efficiency and high-contrast phosphorescent top-emitting organic lightemitting devices with p-type Si anodes. Opt Express, 2007, 15:14644 doi: 10.1364/OE.15.014644
[16]
Xie Z Y, Hung L S. High-contrast organic light-emitting diodes. Appl Phys Lett, 2004, 84:1207 doi: 10.1063/1.1647689
[17]
Zhang X W, Jiang X Y, Zhu W Q, et al. Efficient fluorescence from 9, 10-bis(m-tolylphenylamino)anthracene doped into a blue matrix in Si-based top-emitting organic light-emitting diode. Thin Solid Films, 2011, 519:6595 doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2011.04.126
[18]
Huang Q, Walzer K, Pfeiffer M, et al. Performance improvement of top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes by an organic capping layer:an experimental study. J Appl Phys, 2006, 100:064507 doi: 10.1063/1.2338145
[19]
Schubert E F, Hunt N E J, Micovic M, et al. Highly efficient light-emitting diodes with microcavities. Science, 1994, 265:943 doi: 10.1126/science.265.5174.943
Fig. 1.  Schematic structures of TOLEDs with (a) inverted, (b) normal structures and (c) BOLED.

Fig. 2.  The EL spectra and CIE color coordinates at viewing angles of 0$^\circ$, 15$^\circ$, 30$^\circ$, 45$^\circ$ and 60$^\circ$ off the surface normal for (a) Device A, (b) Device B, (c) Device C, and (d) Device D. The characteristics (in the forward direction) of the BOLED (Device E) are also incorporated for comparison. For clarity, some curves have been shifted vertically.

Fig. 3.  Current efficiency and power efficiency versus current density characteristics of Devices A, C and E.

[1]
Flämmich M, Frischeisen J, Setz D S, et al. Oriented phosphorescent emitters boost OLED efficiency. Org Electron, 2011, 12:1663 doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2011.06.011
[2]
Zhang X W, Li J, Zhang L, et al. Top-emitting organic light-emitting device with high efficiency and low voltage using a silver-silver microcavity. Thin Solid Films, 2010, 518:1756 doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.11.063
[3]
Liu X, Wei F X, Liu H. Spectrum study of top-emitting organic light-emitting devices with micro-cavity structure. Journal of Semiconductors, 2009, 30:044007 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/30/4/044007
[4]
Hou J, Wu J, Xie Z, et al. Efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using ultrathin MoO3/C60 bilayer structure to enhance hole injection. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95:203508 doi: 10.1063/1.3267084
[5]
Lim J T, Jeong C H, Lee J H, et al. High-luminance top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using Cs/Al/Au as the semitransparent multimetal cathode. J Electrochem Soc, 2007, 154: J302 http://spl.skku.ac.kr/_res/pnpl/etc/2007-19.pdf
[6]
Li Y, Liu X Y, Wu C Y, et al. Tricolor microcavity OLEDs based on P-nc-Si:H films as the complex anodes. Journal of Semiconductors, 2009, 30:063005 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/30/6/063005
[7]
D'Andrade B W, Forrest S R, Chwang A B. Operational stability of electrophosphorescent devices containing p and n doped transport layers. Appl Phys Lett, 2003, 83:3858 doi: 10.1063/1.1624473
[8]
Haq K, Khan M A, Jiang X Y, et al. Estimation of electron mobility of n-doped 4, 7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline using space-charge-limited currents. Journal of Semiconductors, 2009, 30:114009 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/30/11/114009
[9]
Wang Q, Deng Z, Ma D. Realization of high efficiency microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with highly saturated colors and negligible angular dependence. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 94:233306 doi: 10.1063/1.3153140
[10]
Yang C J, Liu S H, Hsieh H H, et al. Microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting devices integrated with microlens arrays:simultaneous enhancement of quantum efficiency, cd/A efficiency, color performances, and image resolution. Appl Phys Lett, 2007, 91:253508 doi: 10.1063/1.2827182
[11]
Liu C C, Liu S H, Tien K C, et al. Microcavity top-emitting organic light-emitting devices integrated with diffusers for simultaneous enhancement of efficiencies and viewing characteristics. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 94:103302 doi: 10.1063/1.3097354
[12]
Zhang X W, Liu L M, Li J, et al. The feasibility of using Cu as reflective anode in top-emitting organic light-emitting diode. Journal of Display Technology, 2011, 7:515 doi: 10.1109/JDT.2011.2154298
[13]
Yang C J, Lin C L, Wu C C, et al. High-contrast top-emitting organic light-emitting devices for active-matrix displays. Appl Phys Lett, 2005, 87:143507 doi: 10.1063/1.2081137
[14]
Lau K C, Xie W F, Sun H Y, et al. Contrast improvement of organic light-emitting devices with Sm:Ag cathode. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 88:083507 doi: 10.1063/1.2172019
[15]
Chen S M, Yuan Y B, Lian J R, et al. High-efficiency and high-contrast phosphorescent top-emitting organic lightemitting devices with p-type Si anodes. Opt Express, 2007, 15:14644 doi: 10.1364/OE.15.014644
[16]
Xie Z Y, Hung L S. High-contrast organic light-emitting diodes. Appl Phys Lett, 2004, 84:1207 doi: 10.1063/1.1647689
[17]
Zhang X W, Jiang X Y, Zhu W Q, et al. Efficient fluorescence from 9, 10-bis(m-tolylphenylamino)anthracene doped into a blue matrix in Si-based top-emitting organic light-emitting diode. Thin Solid Films, 2011, 519:6595 doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2011.04.126
[18]
Huang Q, Walzer K, Pfeiffer M, et al. Performance improvement of top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes by an organic capping layer:an experimental study. J Appl Phys, 2006, 100:064507 doi: 10.1063/1.2338145
[19]
Schubert E F, Hunt N E J, Micovic M, et al. Highly efficient light-emitting diodes with microcavities. Science, 1994, 265:943 doi: 10.1126/science.265.5174.943
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    Received: 17 July 2013 Revised: 12 August 2013 Online: Published: 01 February 2014

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      Xiaowen Zhang, Jiwen Xu, Hua Wang, Bin Wei, Huarong Zeng, Xueyin Jiang, Zhilin Zhang. Optimizing structure for constructing a highly efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diode with stable electroluminescent spectra[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2014, 35(2): 023002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/35/2/023002 X W Zhang, J W Xu, H Wang, B Wei, H R Zeng, X Y Jiang, Z L Zhang. Optimizing structure for constructing a highly efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diode with stable electroluminescent spectra[J]. J. Semicond., 2014, 35(2): 023002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/35/2/023002.Export: BibTex EndNote
      Citation:
      Xiaowen Zhang, Jiwen Xu, Hua Wang, Bin Wei, Huarong Zeng, Xueyin Jiang, Zhilin Zhang. Optimizing structure for constructing a highly efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diode with stable electroluminescent spectra[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2014, 35(2): 023002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/35/2/023002

      X W Zhang, J W Xu, H Wang, B Wei, H R Zeng, X Y Jiang, Z L Zhang. Optimizing structure for constructing a highly efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diode with stable electroluminescent spectra[J]. J. Semicond., 2014, 35(2): 023002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/35/2/023002.
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      Optimizing structure for constructing a highly efficient inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diode with stable electroluminescent spectra

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/35/2/023002
      Funds:

      the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2012M521550

      the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation 2012GXNSFBA053168

      the National Natural Science Foundation of China 61077013

      the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology 1110908-04-K

      Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61077013), the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (No.2012GXNSFBA053168), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2012M521550), and the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology (No. 1110908-04-K)

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