J. Semicond. > 2017, Volume 38 > Issue 1 > 011003, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011003
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SPECIAL TOPIC ON PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

Applications of cesium in the perovskite solar cells

Fengjun Ye1, §, Wenqiang Yang1, §, Deying Luo1, Rui Zhu1, 2, 3, and Qihuang Gong1, 2, 3

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Rui Zhu, Email:iamzhurui@pku.edu.cn

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Abstract: Perovskite solar cells have experienced an unprecedented rapid development in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) during the past 7 years, and the record PCE has been already comparable to the traditional polycrystalline silicon solar cells. Presently, it is more urgent to address the challenge on device stability for the future commercial application. Recently, the inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite has been intensively studied as one of the alternative candidates to improve device stability through controlling the phase transition. The cesium (Cs)-doped perovskites show more superior stability comparing with organic methylammonium (MA) lead halide perovskite or formamidinium (FA) lead halide perovskite. Here, recent progress of the inorganic cesium application in organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is highlighted from the viewpoints of the device efficiency and the device stability.

Key words: cesium, perovskite solar cells, device efficiency, device stability



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) A typical cubic-phase for perovskite crystal structure. (b) Correlations between tolerance factor and crystal structure of perovskite materials. (c) The calculated energy difference between α-phase and δ-phases for FA1-xCsxPbI3) alloys with different Cs ratios[7].

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) Photographs of perovskite films with Br composition increasing from $x=$ 0 to 1 for (a) FAPb(I1-xBrx)3 and (b) FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I1-xBrx)3. (c) Ultraviolet--visible absorbance spectra of films of FAPb(I1-xBrx)3 and (d) FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I1-xBrx)3. (e) XRD pattern of FAPb(I1-xBrx)3 and (f) FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I1-xBrx)3. The stated compositions are the fractional compositions of the ions in the starting solution, and the actual composition of the crystallized films may vary slightly[34].

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) Current density--voltage ($J$--$V$) curves with regard to the forward and reverse voltage scans for the Cs$_{0. 05}$-(MA0.17FA$_{0. 83})_{0. 95}$Pb(I0.83Br$_{0. 17})_{3}$ champion device. The~inset shows the power output under maximum power point tracking for 60 s, starting from forward bias and resulting in a stabilized power output of 21. 1% (at 960 mV)[34].

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) SEM cross-sectional image of a perovskite solar cell based on Cs2CO3)-modified ITO substrate. (b) Schematic of the device architecture and the $J$--$V$ curves of the PSCs[46].

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) UPS spectra of c-TiO2 with (w) and without (w/o) CsBr modification. The light source of UPS is a He1 discharge lamp (\textit{h}$\nu$= 21. 2~eV). (b) Energy level diagram of the device with the structure of FTO/c-TiO2 (CsBr)/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au[48].

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) Temperature-dependent XRD of FA1-xCsxPbI3) (a) Cs+ ratio = 0 at. %, 15 at. %, 30 at. %, 45 at. %; (b) Cs+ ratio = 100 at. %; (c) Cs+ ratio = 70 at. %[7].

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) Device performance parameters (at optimized concentration) with different interfacial modifiers (CsCl, CsBr, CsI, MABr) as well as the mixture solution of 5% CsI and 5% MABr for Cs and Br doping, measured under simulated AM 1.5 sunlight of 100 mW/cm2 irradiances. (b) Normalized device efficiency upon 50 min UV irradiation[48].

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) Stability of FAPbI3) and FA0.85Cs$_{0.15}$PbI3) alloy films (a) XRD pattern of original FAPbI3) and FA0.85Cs$_{0.15}$PbI3) films and after 30 days of storage. (b) XRD change of FAPbI3)thin film after exposing to high humidity. (c) XRD spectra of FA0.85Cs$_{0.15}$PbI3) under high humidity conditions. (d) Photos of FAPbI3) and FA0.85Cs$_{0.15}$PbI3) thin films under high-humidity conditions[7].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
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    Received: 23 August 2016 Revised: 09 October 2016 Online: Published: 01 January 2017

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2017  >  38(1): 011003
      Fengjun Ye, Wenqiang Yang, Deying Luo, Rui Zhu, Qihuang Gong. Applications of cesium in the perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2017, 38(1): 011003. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011003 F J Ye, W Q Yang, D Y Luo, R Zhu, Q H Gong. Applications of cesium in the perovskite solar cells[J]. J. Semicond., 2017, 38(1): 011003. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011003.Export: BibTex EndNote
      Citation:
      Fengjun Ye, Wenqiang Yang, Deying Luo, Rui Zhu, Qihuang Gong. Applications of cesium in the perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2017, 38(1): 011003. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011003

      F J Ye, W Q Yang, D Y Luo, R Zhu, Q H Gong. Applications of cesium in the perovskite solar cells[J]. J. Semicond., 2017, 38(1): 011003. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011003.
      Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Applications of cesium in the perovskite solar cells

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011003
      • 1.

        State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, ewline Beijing 100871, China

      • 2.

        Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China

      • 3.

        Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

      Funds:

      the Young 1000 Talents Global Recruitment Program of China 

      the National Natural Science Foundation of China 61377025, 91433203

      the 973 Program of China 2015CB932203

      Project supported by the 973 Program of China (No. 2015CB932203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61377025, 91433203), and the Young 1000 Talents Global Recruitment Program of China

      More Information
      • Corresponding author: Rui Zhu, Email:iamzhurui@pku.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2016-08-23
      • Revised Date: 2016-10-09
      • Published Date: 2017-01-01

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