J. Semicond. > 2017, Volume 38 > Issue 1 > 011004, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011004
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SPECIAL TOPIC ON PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS

Research progress of low-dimensional perovskites: synthesis, properties and optoelectronic applications

Xinzhe Min, Pengchen Zhu, Shuai Gu and Jia Zhu

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Jia Zhu, Email:jiazhu@nju.edu.cn

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Abstract: The lead halide-based perovskites, for instance, CH3NH3PbX3 and CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I), have received a lot of attention. Compared with bulk materials, low-dimensional perovskites have demonstrated a range of unique optical, electrical and mechanical properties, which enable wide applications in solar cells, lasers and other optoelectronic devices. In this paper, we provide a summary of the research progress of the low-dimensional perovskites in recent years, from synthesis methods, basic properties to their optoelectronic applications.

Key words: low-dimensional perovskites, nanoplates, nanowires, quantum dots, solar cells, semiconductor lasers



[1]
Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, et al. Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J Am Chem Soc, 2009, 131(17):6050 doi: 10.1021/ja809598r
[2]
http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg
[3]
Dang Y Y, Ju D X, Wang L, et al. Recent progress in the synthesis of hybrid halide perovskite single crystals. Cryst Eng Comm, 2016, 18:4476 doi: 10.1039/C6CE00655H
[4]
Leyden M R, Jiang Y, Qi Y B. Chemical vapor deposition grown formamidinium perovskite solar modules with high steady state power and thermal stability. Sci Technol Adv Mater, 2015, 16:036004 doi: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/036004
[5]
Cui J, Yuan H L, Li J P, et al. Recent progress in efficient hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells. Sci Technol Adv Mater, 2015, 16(3):036004 doi: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/036004
[6]
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[7]
Zhu P C, Gu S, Zhu J, et al. Direct conversion of perovskite thin films into nanowires with kinetic control for flexible optoelectronic devices. Nano Lett, 2016, 16(2):871 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03504
[8]
Eatona S W, Lai M L, Gibson N A, et al. Lasing in robust cesium lead halide perovskite nanowires. PNAS, 2016, 113(8):1993 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1600789113
[9]
Zhu H M, Fu Y P, Meng F, et al. Lead halide perovskite nanowire lasers with low lasing thresholds and high quality factors. Nat Mater, 2015, 14(6):636 doi: 10.1038/nmat4271
[10]
Fu Y P Zhu H M Schrader A W, et al. Nanowire lasers of formamidinium lead halide perovskites and their stabilized alloys with improved stability. ACS Nano Lett, 2016, 16(2):1000 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04053
[11]
Fu Y P, Meng F, Rowley M B, et al. Solution growth of single crystal methylammonium lead halide perovskite nanostructures for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. J Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137(17):5810 doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b02651
[12]
Huang H L, Zhao F C, Liu L G, et al. Emulsion synthesis of size-tunable CH3NH3PbBr3 quantum dots:an alternative route toward efficient light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(51):28128 doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b10373
[13]
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[14]
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Huang H, Susha A S, Kershaw S V, et al. Control of emission color of high quantum yield CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite quantum dots by precipitation temperature. Adv Sci, 2015, 2(9):1500194 doi: 10.1002/advs.201500194
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[22]
Ha S T, Liu X F, Xiong Q H, et al. Synthesis of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskitenanoplatelets:towards high-performance perovskite solar cells. Adv Opt Mater, 2014, 2:838 doi: 10.1002/adom.201400106
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Liu J Y, Xue Y Z, Wang Z Y, et al. Two-dimensional CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite:synthesis and optoelectronic application. ACS Nano, 2016, 10:3536 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07791
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Yang P. Nanotechnology:wires on water. Nature, 2003, 425:243 doi: 10.1038/425243a
[27]
Deng H, Dong D D, Qiao K K, et al. Growth, patterning and alignment of organolead iodide perovskite nanowires for optoelectronic devices. Nanoscale, 2015, 7:4163 doi: 10.1039/C4NR06982J
[28]
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[29]
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[30]
Reed M. Quantum dots. Sci Am, 1993, 268(1):118 doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0193-118
[31]
Kojima A, Ikegami M, Teshima K, et al. Highly luminescent lead bromide perovskite nanoparticles synthesized with porous alumina media. J Chem Lett, 2012, 41(4):97 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=040fd572205b0062d3edda2b01b66620&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[32]
Schmidt L C, Pertegas A, Gonzalez-Carre-Ro S, et al. Nontemplate synthesis of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc, 2014, 136(3):850 doi: 10.1021/ja4109209
[33]
Zhang F, Zhong H, Chen C, et al. Brightly luminescent and colortunable colloidal CH3NH3PbX3(X=Br, I, Cl) quantum dots:potential alternatives for display technology. J ACS Nano, 20159(4):4533 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01154
[34]
Huang H, Susha A S, Kershaw S V, et al. Control of emission color of high quantum yield CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite quantum dots by precipitation temperature. J Adv Sci, 2015, 2(9):1500194 doi: 10.1002/advs.201500194
[35]
Song J Z, Li J H, Li X M, et al. quantum dot light-emitting diodes based on inorganic perovskite cesium lead halides (CsPbX3). Adv Mater, 2015, 27:7162 doi: 10.1002/adma.201502567
[36]
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[37]
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[44]
Zhu F, Men L, Guo Y J, et al. Shape evolution and single particle luminescence of organometal halide perovskite nanocrystals. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(3):2948 doi: 10.1021/nn507020s
[45]
Huang M H, Mao S, Feick H, et al. Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers. Science, 2001, 292:1897 doi: 10.1126/science.1060367
[46]
Eaton S W, Lai M L, Gibson N A, et al. Lasing in robust cesium lead halide perovskite nanowires. PNAS, 2016, 113:1993 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1600789113
[47]
Chen S T, Roh K Lee J, et al. A photonic crystal laser from solution based organo-lead iodide perovskite thin films. ACS Nano, 2016, 10:3959 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08153
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Colvin V L, Schlamp M C, Alivisatos A P, et al. Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer. Nature, 1994, 370:354 doi: 10.1038/370354a0
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Gong X W, Yang Z Y, Walters G, et al. Highly efficient quantum dot near-infrared light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater, 2015, 27:7162 doi: 10.1002/adma.201502567
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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) The progress of perovskite solar cells[1, 6]. (b) Crystal structures of perovskites.

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Fig. 2.  Perovskite nanoplates. (a) Monolayer. (b) Multilayer.

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Fig. 3.  Perovskite nanowires.

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Fig. 4.  Perovskite quantum dots.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) PL spectra tunability of CH3NH3PbBr3 PQDs over the range of wavelengths indicated[16]. (b) PL and UV-VIS spectra of perovskite films prepared from the aforementioned suspensions[17]. (c) I-t curves of network PD arrays. The bias voltage was 10 V and the 650 nm light power density was 100 μW/cm2[18].

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) The fabrication of perovskite nanoplates by the combined solution process and vapor-phase conversion method.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) Normalized PL spectra of 2D perovskite nanosheets with different thicknesses[24].

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) The fabrication of perovskite nanowires by the dissolution-recrystallization process[7].

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) The fabrication of perovskite quantum dots by LARP technique[33].

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Fig. 10.  (Color online) (a) The structure of CH3NH3PbBr3 quantum dots[32]. (b) The structure of CH3NH3PbBr3 quantum dots after surface modification[33].

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Fig. 11.  (Color online) The typical structure of perovskite solar cells.

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Fig. 12.  (Color online) PXRD patterns of films of (a) (PEA)2(MA)2[Pb3I10] and (b) MAPbI3which were exposed to 52% relative humidity.

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Fig. 13.  (Color online) Nanowire emission spectra around the lasing threshold[9].

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[1]
Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, et al. Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J Am Chem Soc, 2009, 131(17):6050 doi: 10.1021/ja809598r
[2]
http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg
[3]
Dang Y Y, Ju D X, Wang L, et al. Recent progress in the synthesis of hybrid halide perovskite single crystals. Cryst Eng Comm, 2016, 18:4476 doi: 10.1039/C6CE00655H
[4]
Leyden M R, Jiang Y, Qi Y B. Chemical vapor deposition grown formamidinium perovskite solar modules with high steady state power and thermal stability. Sci Technol Adv Mater, 2015, 16:036004 doi: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/036004
[5]
Cui J, Yuan H L, Li J P, et al. Recent progress in efficient hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells. Sci Technol Adv Mater, 2015, 16(3):036004 doi: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/036004
[6]
Yao X, Ding Y L, Zhang X D. A review of the perovskite solar cells. Acta Phys Sin, 2015, 64(3):038805 http://wulixb.iphy.ac.cn/EN/abstract/abstract63408.shtml
[7]
Zhu P C, Gu S, Zhu J, et al. Direct conversion of perovskite thin films into nanowires with kinetic control for flexible optoelectronic devices. Nano Lett, 2016, 16(2):871 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03504
[8]
Eatona S W, Lai M L, Gibson N A, et al. Lasing in robust cesium lead halide perovskite nanowires. PNAS, 2016, 113(8):1993 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1600789113
[9]
Zhu H M, Fu Y P, Meng F, et al. Lead halide perovskite nanowire lasers with low lasing thresholds and high quality factors. Nat Mater, 2015, 14(6):636 doi: 10.1038/nmat4271
[10]
Fu Y P Zhu H M Schrader A W, et al. Nanowire lasers of formamidinium lead halide perovskites and their stabilized alloys with improved stability. ACS Nano Lett, 2016, 16(2):1000 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04053
[11]
Fu Y P, Meng F, Rowley M B, et al. Solution growth of single crystal methylammonium lead halide perovskite nanostructures for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. J Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137(17):5810 doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b02651
[12]
Huang H L, Zhao F C, Liu L G, et al. Emulsion synthesis of size-tunable CH3NH3PbBr3 quantum dots:an alternative route toward efficient light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2015, 7(51):28128 doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b10373
[13]
Protesescu L, Yakunin S, Bodnarchuk M I, et al. Nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3, X=Cl, Br, and I):novel optoelectronic materials showing bright emission with wide color gamut. Nano Lett, 2015, 15:3692 doi: 10.1021/nl5048779
[14]
Mali S S, Shim C S, Hong C K, et al. Highly stable and efficient solid-state solar cells based on methylammonium lead bromide (CH3NH3PbBr3/perovskite quantum dots. NPG Asia Materials, 2015, 7:e208 doi: 10.1038/am.2015.86
[15]
Im J H, Lee C R, Lee J W, et al. 6.5% efficient perovskite quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell. Nanoscal, 2011, 3(10):4088 doi: 10.1039/c1nr10867k
[16]
Huang H, Susha A S, Kershaw S V, et al. Control of emission color of high quantum yield CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite quantum dots by precipitation temperature. Adv Sci, 2015, 2(9):1500194 doi: 10.1002/advs.201500194
[17]
Sichert J A, Tong Y, Mutz N, et al. Quantum size effect in organometal halide perovskite nanoplatelets. Nano Lett, 2015, 15(10):6521 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02985
[18]
Deng H, Yang X K, Song H S, et al. Flexible and semitransparent organolead triiodide perovskite network photodetector arrays with high stability. Aacs Nano Lett, 2015, 15(12):7963 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03061
[19]
Song J Z, Xu L M, Zeng H B, et al. Monolayer and few-layer all-inorganic perovskites as a new family of two-dimensional semiconductors for printable optoelectronic devices. Adv Mater, 2016, 28:4861 doi: 10.1002/adma.v28.24
[20]
Geim A K, Macdonald A H. Graphene:Exploring carbon flatland. Physics Today, 2007, 23(8):35 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=091369e25c264bae516d0ab22cf9ac20&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[21]
Niu W, Eiden A, Prakash G V, et al. Exfoliation of self-assembled 2D organic-inorganic perovskite semiconductors. Appl Phys Lett, 2014, 104:171111 doi: 10.1063/1.4874846
[22]
Ha S T, Liu X F, Xiong Q H, et al. Synthesis of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskitenanoplatelets:towards high-performance perovskite solar cells. Adv Opt Mater, 2014, 2:838 doi: 10.1002/adom.201400106
[23]
Dou L T, Wong A B, Yu Y, et al. Atomically thin two-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. Science, 2015, 349(6255):1514 doi: 10.1126/science.aaa8515
[24]
Liu J Y, Xue Y Z, Wang Z Y, et al. Two-dimensional CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite:synthesis and optoelectronic application. ACS Nano, 2016, 10:3536 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07791
[25]
Tao A, Kim F, Hess C, et al. Langmuir-Blodgett silver nanowire monolayers for molecular sensing using surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett, 2003, 3:1229 doi: 10.1021/nl0344209
[26]
Yang P. Nanotechnology:wires on water. Nature, 2003, 425:243 doi: 10.1038/425243a
[27]
Deng H, Dong D D, Qiao K K, et al. Growth, patterning and alignment of organolead iodide perovskite nanowires for optoelectronic devices. Nanoscale, 2015, 7:4163 doi: 10.1039/C4NR06982J
[28]
Im J H, Luo J S, Franckevicius M, et al. Nanowire perovskite solar cell. Nano Lett, 2015, 15(3):2120 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00046
[29]
Zhang D D, Eaton S W, Dou L T, et al. Solution-phase synthesis of cesium lead halide perovskite nanowires. J Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137(29):9230 doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b05404
[30]
Reed M. Quantum dots. Sci Am, 1993, 268(1):118 doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0193-118
[31]
Kojima A, Ikegami M, Teshima K, et al. Highly luminescent lead bromide perovskite nanoparticles synthesized with porous alumina media. J Chem Lett, 2012, 41(4):97 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=040fd572205b0062d3edda2b01b66620&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[32]
Schmidt L C, Pertegas A, Gonzalez-Carre-Ro S, et al. Nontemplate synthesis of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc, 2014, 136(3):850 doi: 10.1021/ja4109209
[33]
Zhang F, Zhong H, Chen C, et al. Brightly luminescent and colortunable colloidal CH3NH3PbX3(X=Br, I, Cl) quantum dots:potential alternatives for display technology. J ACS Nano, 20159(4):4533 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01154
[34]
Huang H, Susha A S, Kershaw S V, et al. Control of emission color of high quantum yield CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite quantum dots by precipitation temperature. J Adv Sci, 2015, 2(9):1500194 doi: 10.1002/advs.201500194
[35]
Song J Z, Li J H, Li X M, et al. quantum dot light-emitting diodes based on inorganic perovskite cesium lead halides (CsPbX3). Adv Mater, 2015, 27:7162 doi: 10.1002/adma.201502567
[36]
Carmona C R, Malinkiewicz O, Soriano, et al. Flexible high efficiency perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ Sci, 2014, 7(7):994 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=54837badce92fa9ac689833770abbb78&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[37]
Eperon G E, Burlakov V M, Snaith, et al. Neutral color semitransparent microstructured perovskite solar cells. ACS Nano, 2014, 8(1):591 doi: 10.1021/nn4052309
[38]
Snaith H J. Perovskites:the emergence of a new era for low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells. J Phys Chem Lett, 2013, 4(21):3623 doi: 10.1021/jz4020162
[39]
Gratzel M, Park N G. Organometal halide perovskite photovoltaics:a diamond in the rough. Nano Brief Rep Rev, 2014, 09(5):56 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=ce4a2b01ae7da6c4316d3e638da22171&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[40]
Smith I C, Hoke E T, Solis-Ibarra D, et al. A layered hybrid perovskite solar-cell absorber with enhanced moisture stability. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2014, 53:11232 doi: 10.1002/anie.201406466
[41]
Park B W, Philippe B, Zhang W L, et al. Bismuth based hybrid perovskites A3Bi2I9(A:methylammonium or cesium) for solar cell application. Adv Mater, 2015, 27:6806 doi: 10.1002/adma.201501978
[42]
Cao D H, Stoumpos C C, Farha O K, et al. 2D homologous perovskites as light-absorbing materials for solar cell applications. Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137:7843 doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b03796
[43]
Xing J, Liu X F, Zhang Q, et al. Vapor phase synthesis of organometal halide perovskite nanowires for tunable roomtemperature nanolasers. Nano Lett, 2015, 15:4571 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01166
[44]
Zhu F, Men L, Guo Y J, et al. Shape evolution and single particle luminescence of organometal halide perovskite nanocrystals. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(3):2948 doi: 10.1021/nn507020s
[45]
Huang M H, Mao S, Feick H, et al. Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers. Science, 2001, 292:1897 doi: 10.1126/science.1060367
[46]
Eaton S W, Lai M L, Gibson N A, et al. Lasing in robust cesium lead halide perovskite nanowires. PNAS, 2016, 113:1993 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1600789113
[47]
Chen S T, Roh K Lee J, et al. A photonic crystal laser from solution based organo-lead iodide perovskite thin films. ACS Nano, 2016, 10:3959 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08153
[48]
Tan Z K, Moghaddam S, Lai M L, et al. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halideperovskite. Nat Nanotechnol, 2014, 9(9):687 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2014.149
[49]
Cho H, Jeong S H, Park M H, et al. Overcoming the electroluminescence efficiency limitations of perovskite light-emitting diodes. Science, 2015, 350(6265):1222 doi: 10.1126/science.aad1818
[50]
Colvin V L, Schlamp M C, Alivisatos A P, et al. Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer. Nature, 1994, 370:354 doi: 10.1038/370354a0
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    Received: 23 August 2016 Revised: 09 October 2016 Online: Published: 01 January 2017

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2017  >  38(1): 011004
      Xinzhe Min, Pengchen Zhu, Shuai Gu, Jia Zhu. Research progress of low-dimensional perovskites: synthesis, properties and optoelectronic applications[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2017, 38(1): 011004. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011004 X Z Min, P C Zhu, S Gu, J Zhu. Research progress of low-dimensional perovskites: synthesis, properties and optoelectronic applications[J]. J. Semicond., 2017, 38(1): 011004. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011004.Export: BibTex EndNote
      Citation:
      Xinzhe Min, Pengchen Zhu, Shuai Gu, Jia Zhu. Research progress of low-dimensional perovskites: synthesis, properties and optoelectronic applications[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2017, 38(1): 011004. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011004

      X Z Min, P C Zhu, S Gu, J Zhu. Research progress of low-dimensional perovskites: synthesis, properties and optoelectronic applications[J]. J. Semicond., 2017, 38(1): 011004. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011004.
      Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Research progress of low-dimensional perovskites: synthesis, properties and optoelectronic applications

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/1/011004

      • National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

      Funds:

      the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) 

      the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities 

      the National Natural Science Foundation of China BK20150056, BK20151079

      Project jointly supported by the State Key Program for Basic Research of China 2015CB659300

      the National Natural Science Foundation of China 11321063, 11574143

      Project jointly supported by the State Key Program for Basic Research of China (No. 2015CB659300), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11321063, 11574143), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Nos. BK20150056, BK20151079), the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

      More Information
      • Corresponding author: Jia Zhu, Email:jiazhu@nju.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2016-08-23
      • Revised Date: 2016-10-09
      • Published Date: 2017-01-01

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