COMMENTS AND OPINIONS

Families of magnetic semiconductors — an overview

Tomasz Dietl1, 2, , Alberta Bonanni3, and Hideo Ohno4, 5, 2, 6, 7, 8,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Tomasz Dietl, dietl@ifpan.edu.pl; Alberta Bonanni, alberta.bonanni@jku.at; Hideo Ohno, ohno@riec.tohoku.ac.jp

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Abstract: The interplay of magnetic and semiconducting properties has been in the focus for more than a half of the century. In this introductory article we briefly review the key properties and functionalities of various magnetic semiconductor families, including europium chalcogenides, chromium spinels, dilute magnetic semiconductors, dilute ferromagnetic semiconductors and insulators, mentioning also sources of non-uniformities in the magnetization distribution, accounting for an apparent high Curie temperature ferromagnetism in many systems. Our survey is carried out from today's perspective of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spintronics as well as of the emerging fields of magnetic topological materials and atomically thin 2D layers.

Key words: magnetic and dilute magnetic semiconductorstopological materials2D systems



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Methfessel S, Mattis D C. Magnetic semiconductors. Vol. 18. Springer, 1968, 1
[2]
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[3]
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[4]
Kasuya T, Yanase A. Anomalous transport phenomena in Eu-chalcogenide alloys. Rev Mod Phys, 1968, 40, 684 doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.40.684
[5]
Nagaev E L. Colossal-magnetoresistance materials: manganites and conventional ferromagnetic semiconductors. Phys Rep, 2001, 346, 387 doi: 10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00111-3
[6]
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[7]
Xu G, Weng H M, Wang Z J, et al. Chern semimetal and the quantized anomalous Hall effect in HgCr2Se4. Phys Rev Lett, 2011, 107, 186806 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.186806
[8]
Jungwirth J, Marti X, Wadley P, et al. Antiferromagnetic spintronics. Nat Nanotech, 2016, 11(9), 231 doi: 10.1002/chin.201621267
[9]
Li H, Ruan S C, Zeng Y J. Intrinsic van der Waals magnetic materials from bulk to the 2D limit: New frontiers of spintronics. Adv Mater, 2019, 0, 1900065 doi: 10.1002/adma.201900065
[10]
Webster L, Yan J A. Strain-tunable magnetic anisotropy in monolayer CrCl3, CrBr3, and CrI3. Phys Rev B, 2018, 98, 144411 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.98.144411
[11]
Haury A, Wasiela A, Arnoult A, et al. Observation of a ferromagnetic transition induced by two-dimensional hole gas in modulationdoped CdMnTe quantum wells. Phys Rev Lett, 1997, 79, 511 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.511
[12]
Huang B, Clark G, Navarro-Moratalla E, et al. Intrinsic van der Waals magnetic materials from bulk to the 2D limit: New frontiers of spintronics. Nature, 2019, 546, 270 doi: 10.1038/nature22060
[13]
Gałązka R R. Semimagnetic semiconductors. Proceedings 14th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors, 1978, 133
[14]
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[15]
Dietl T. (Diluted) Magnetic semiconductors. In: Handbook of Semiconductors. Vol. 3B. Edited by Mahajan S. North Holland, Amsterdam, 1994. 1251
[16]
Spałek J, Lewicki A, Tarnawski Z, et al. Magnetic susceptibility of semimagnetic semiconductors: The high-temperature regime and the role of superexchange. Phys Rev B, 1986, 33, 3407 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.33.3407
[17]
Gałązka R R. II–VI compounds — Polish perspective. Phys Stat Sol B, 2006, 243, 759 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1521-3951
[18]
Andresen J C, Katzgraber H G, Oganesyan V, et al. Existence of a thermodynamic spin-glass phase in the zero-concentration limit of anisotropic dipolar systems. Phys Rev X, 2014, 4, 041016 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.4.041016
[19]
Gaj J A, Kossut J. Introduction to the physics of diluted magnetic semiconductors. Berlin: Springer, 2010
[20]
Król M, Mirek R, Lekenta K, et al. Spin polarized semimagnetic exciton-polariton condensate in magnetic field. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(10), 6694 doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25018-2
[21]
Betthausen C, Giudici P, Iankilevitch A, et al. Fractional quantum Hall effect in a dilute magnetic semiconductor. Phys Rev B, 2014, 90, 115302 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.90.115302
[22]
Fiederling R, Keim M, Reuscher G, et al. Injection and detection of a spin-polarized current in a light-emitting diode. Nature, 1999, 402, 787 doi: 10.1038/45502
[23]
Leclercq B, Rigaux C, Mycielski A,et al. Critical dynamics in Cd1– xMnxTe spin glasses. Phys Rev B, 1993, 47, 6169 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.47.6169
[24]
Jaroszyński J, Wróbel J, Karczewski G, et al. Magnetoconductance noise and irreversibilities in submicron wires of spin-glass n+-Cd1– xMnxTe. Phys Rev Lett, 1998, 80, 5635 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.5635
[25]
Dietl T. Spin dynamics of a confined electron interacting with magnetic or nuclear spins: A semiclassical approach. Phys Rev B, 2015, 91, 125204 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.91.125204
[26]
Dietl T. Hole states in wide band-gap diluted magnetic semiconductors and oxides. Phys Rev B, 2008, 77, 085208 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.085208
[27]
Pacuski W, Kossacki P, Ferrand D, et al. Observation of strong-coupling effects in a diluted magnetic semiconductor Ga1– xFexN. Phys Rev Lett, 2008, 100, 037204 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.037204
[28]
Besombes L, Léger Y, Maingault L, et al. Probing the spin state of a single magnetic ion in an individual quantum dot. Phys Rev Lett, 2004, 93, 207403 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.207403
[29]
Kobak J, Smoleński T, Goryca M, et al. Designing quantum dots for solotronics. Nat Commun, 2014, 5, 3191 doi: 10.1038/ncomms4191
[30]
Dietl T, Ohno H, Matsukura F, et al. Zener model description of ferromagnetism in zinc-blende magnetic semiconductors. Science, 2000, 287, 1019 doi: 10.1126/science.287.5455.1019
[31]
Dietl T, Ohno H. Dilute ferromagnetic semiconductors: Physics and spintronic structures. Rev Mod Phys, 2014, 86, 187 doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.86.187
[32]
Ohno H. Making nonmagnetic semiconductors ferromagnetic. Science, 1998, 281, 951 doi: 10.1126/science.281.5379.951
[33]
Story T, Gałązka R R, Frankel R B, et al. Carrier-concentration-induced ferromagnetism in PbSnMnTe. Phys Rev Lett, 1986, 56(11), 777 doi: 10.1142/9789812709455_0011
[34]
Ferrand D, Cibert J, Bourgognon C, et al. Carrier-induced ferromagnetic interactions in p-doped Zn1– xMnxTe epilayers. J Cryst Growth, 2000, 214, 387 doi: 10.1016/S0022-0248(00)00114-7
[35]
Olejník K, Owen M H S, Novák V, et al. Enhanced annealing, high Curie temperature and low-voltage gating in (Ga, Mn)As: A surface oxide control study. Phys Rev B, 2008, 78, 054403 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.78.054403
[36]
Wang M, Campion R P, Rushforth A W, et al. Achieving high Curie temperature in (Ga, Mn)As. Appl Phys Lett, 2008, 93, 132103 doi: 10.1063/1.2992200
[37]
Chen L, Yang X, Yang H F, et al. Enhancing the Curie temperature of ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga, Mn)As to 200 K via nanostructure engineering. Nano Lett, 2011, 11, 2584 doi: 10.1021/nl201187m
[38]
Fukuma Y, Asada H, Miyawaki S, et al. Carrierinduced ferromagnetism in Ge0.92Mn0.08Te epilayers with a Curie temperature up to 190 K. Appl Phys Lett, 2008, 93, 252502 doi: 10.1063/1.3052081
[39]
Hassan M, Springholz G, Lechner R T, et al. Molecular beam epitaxy of single phase GeMnTe with high ferromagnetic transition temperature. J Cryst Growth, 2011, 323, 363 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2010.10.135
[40]
Zhao K, Chen B J, Zhao G Q, et al. Ferromagnetism at 230K in (Ba0.7K0.3)(Zn0.85Mn0.15)2As2 diluted magnetic semiconductor. Chin Sci Bull, 2014, 59, 2524 doi: 10.1007/s11434-014-0398-z
[41]
Andrearczyk T, Jaroszyński J, Sawicki M, et al. Ferromagnetic interactions in p- and n-type II–VI diluted magnetic semiconductors. Proceedings of 25th International Conference on Physics of Semiconductors, 2000, 235
[42]
Kazakov A, Simion G, Lyanda-Geller Y, et al. Mesoscopic transport in electrostatically defined spin-full channels in quantum Hall ferromagnets. Phys Rev Lett, 2017, 119, 046803 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.046803
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    Received: Revised: Online: Accepted Manuscript: 19 June 2019Uncorrected proof: 20 June 2019Published: 09 August 2019

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      Tomasz Dietl, Alberta Bonanni, Hideo Ohno. Families of magnetic semiconductors — an overview[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(8): 080301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/080301 T Dietl, A Bonanni, H Ohno, Families of magnetic semiconductors — an overview[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(8): 080301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/080301.Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Tomasz Dietl, Alberta Bonanni, Hideo Ohno. Families of magnetic semiconductors — an overview[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(8): 080301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/080301

      T Dietl, A Bonanni, H Ohno, Families of magnetic semiconductors — an overview[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(8): 080301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/080301.
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      Families of magnetic semiconductors — an overview

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/080301
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      • Author Bio:

        Tomasz Dietl Tomasz Dietl obtained his PhD from the Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, where he is presently a head of the International Centre for Interfacing Magnetism and Superconductivity with Topological Matter “MagTop”. He is also a P.I. at the Advanced Institute for Materials Research at Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan

        Alberta Bonanni Alberta Bonanni graduated in physics at the University of Trieste – Italy. She worked at the University of Minnesota and at the Synchrotron Center of the University of Madison-Wisconsin in the US. She is now at the Johannes Kepler University in Linz – Austria, and her scientific interests are focused on the physics of nitride compounds and quantum materials

        Hideo Ohno Hideo Ohno received his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in 1982. He joined Hokkaido University from 1982 and he was a visiting scientist at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center for 1.5 years. He was appointed Professor at Tohoku University in 1994 and is President since 2018. His research interests include spintronics, semiconductor science and technology

      • Corresponding author: dietl@ifpan.edu.plalberta.bonanni@jku.atohno@riec.tohoku.ac.jp
      • Published Date: 2019-08-01

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