J. Semicond. > 2023, Volume 44 > Issue 9 > 092604, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/092604
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ARTICLES

A dual-mode image sensor using an all-inorganic perovskite nanowire array for standard and neuromorphic imaging

Zhenghao Long1, Yucheng Ding1, Xiao Qiu1, Yu Zhou1, Shivam Kumar1 and Zhiyong Fan1, 2, 3, 4,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Zhiyong Fan, eezfan@ust.hk

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Abstract: The high-density, vertically aligned retinal neuron array provides effective vision, a feature we aim to replicate with electronic devices. However, the conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor, based on separate designs for sensing, memory, and processing units, limits its integration density. Moreover, redundant signal communication significantly increases energy consumption. Current neuromorphic devices integrating sensing and signal processing show promise in various computer vision applications, but there is still a need for frame-based imaging with good compatibility. In this study, we developed a dual-mode image sensor based on a high-density all-inorganic perovskite nanowire array. The device can switch between frame-based standard imaging mode and neuromorphic imaging mode by applying different biases. This unique bias-dependent photo response is based on a well-designed energy band diagram. The biomimetic alignment of nanowires ensures the potential for high-resolution imaging. To further demonstrate the imaging ability, we conducted pattern reconstruction in both modes with a 10 × 10 crossbar device. This study introduces a novel image sensor with high compatibility and efficiency, suitable for various applications including computer vision, surveillance, and robotics.



[1]
Wang S Y, Chen C S, Yu Z H, et al. A MoS2/PTCDA hybrid heterojunction synapse with efficient photoelectric dual modulation and versatility. Adv Mater, 2019, 31, 1806227 doi: 10.1002/adma.201806227
[2]
He Y L, Nie S, Liu R, et al. Dual-functional long-term plasticity emulated in IGZO-based photoelectric neuromorphic transistors. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2019, 40, 818 doi: 10.1109/LED.2019.2908727
[3]
Kumar M, Abbas S, Kim J. All-oxide-based highly transparent photonic synapse for neuromorphic computing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10, 34370 doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b10870
[4]
Pradhan B, Das S, Li J X, et al. Ultrasensitive and ultrathin phototransistors and photonic synapses using perovskite quantum dots grown from graphene lattice. Sci Adv, 2020, 6, eaay5225 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5225
[5]
Park N G. Perovskite solar cells: An emerging photovoltaic technology. Mater Today, 2015, 18, 65 doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2014.07.007
[6]
Mao J Y, Hu L, Zhang S R, et al. Artificial synapses emulated through a light mediated organic–inorganic hybrid transistor. J Mater Chem C, 2019, 7, 48 doi: 10.1039/C8TC05030A
[7]
Zhang J Y, Dai S L, Zhao Y W, et al. Recent progress in photonic synapses for neuromorphic systems. Adv Intell Syst, 2020, 2, 1900136 doi: 10.1002/aisy.201900136
[8]
Han H, Yu H Y, Wei H H, et al. Three-terminal artificial synapses: Recent progress in three-terminal artificial synapses: From device to system (small 32/2019). Small, 2019, 15, 1900695 doi: 10.1002/smll.201900695
[9]
Zhou W, Yang R, He H K, et al. Optically modulated electric synapses realized with memristors based on ZnO nanorods. Appl Phys Lett, 2018, 113, 061107 doi: 10.1063/1.5045643
[10]
Zhou F C, Zhou Z, Chen J W, et al. Optoelectronic resistive random access memory for neuromorphic vision sensors. Nat Nanotechnol, 2019, 14, 776 doi: 10.1038/s41565-019-0501-3
[11]
Gu L L, Poddar S, Lin Y J, et al. A biomimetic eye with a hemispherical perovskite nanowire array retina. Nature, 2020, 581, 278 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2285-x
[12]
Ding Y C, Liu G Z, Long Z H, et al. Uncooled self-powered hemispherical biomimetic pit organ for mid- to long-infrared imaging. Sci Adv, 2022, 8, eabq8432 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8432
[13]
Long Z H, Qiu X, Chan C L J, et al. A neuromorphic bionic eye with filter-free color vision using hemispherical perovskite nanowire array retina. Nat Commun, 2023, 14, 1972 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37581-y
[14]
Hu M Y, Chen M, Guo P J, et al. Sub-1.4eV bandgap inorganic perovskite solar cells with long-term stability. Nat Commun, 2020, 11, 151 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13908-6
[15]
Steele J A, Braeckevelt T, Prakasam V, et al. An embedded interfacial network stabilizes inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite thin films. Nat Commun, 2022, 13, 7513 doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35255-9
[16]
Tian T, Yang M F, Yang J Y, et al. Stabilizing black-phase CsPbI3 under over 70% humidity. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 030501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/3/030501
[17]
Li Z Z, Jin Z W. HI hydrolysis-derived intermediate as booster for CsPbI3 perovskite: From crystal structure, film fabrication to device performance. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 051202 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051202
[18]
Zhu Y Y, Shu L, Poddar S, et al. Three-dimensional nanopillar arrays-based efficient and flexible perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability. Nano Lett, 2022, 22, 9586 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03694
[19]
Xu X J, Li S Y, Chen J X, et al. Photodetectors: Design principles and material engineering of ZnS for optoelectronic devices and catalysis (adv. funct. mater. 36/2018). Adv Funct Materials, 2018, 28, 1802029 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201802029
[20]
Long Z H, Xu X J, Yang W, et al. Cross-bar SnO2-NiO nanofiber-array-based transparent photodetectors with high detectivity. Adv Elect Materials, 2020, 6, 1901048 doi: 10.1002/aelm.201901048
[21]
Xu X J, Chen J X, Cai S, et al. Wearable health monitoring: A real-time wearable UV-radiation monitor based on a high-performance p-CuZnS/n-TiO2 photodetector. Adv Mater, 2018, 30, 1803165 doi: 10.1002/adma.201803165
[22]
Zhou Y, Qiu X, Wan Z A, et al. Halide-exchanged perovskite photodetectors for wearable visible-blind ultraviolet monitoring. Nano Energy, 2022, 100, 107516 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107516
[23]
Leung S F, Gu L L, Zhang Q P, et al. Roll-to-roll fabrication of large scale and regular arrays of three-dimensional nanospikes for high efficiency and flexible photovoltaics. Sci Rep, 2014, 4, 4243 doi: 10.1038/srep04243
[24]
Yu R, Ching K L, Lin Q F, et al. Strong light absorption of self-organized 3-D nanospike arrays for photovoltaic applications. ACS Nano, 2011, 5, 9291 doi: 10.1021/nn203844z
[25]
Gu L L, Zhang D Q, Kam M, et al. Significantly improved black phase stability of FAPbI3 nanowires via spatially confined vapor phase growth in nanoporous templates. Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 15164 doi: 10.1039/C8NR03058H
[26]
Li Z Q, Yan T T, Fang X S. Low-dimensional wide-bandgap semiconductors for UV photodetectors. Nat Rev Mater, 2023, 8, 587 doi: 10.1038/s41578-023-00583-9
[27]
Lin Y J, Chen J Q, Tavakoli M M, et al. Printable fabrication of a fully integrated and self-powered sensor system on plastic substrates. Adv Mater, 2019, 31, 1804285 doi: 10.1002/adma.201804285
[28]
Liang S Y, Liu Y F, Wang S Y, et al. High-resolution patterning of 2D perovskite films through femtosecond laser direct writing. Adv Funct Materials, 2022, 32, 0224957 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202204957
[29]
Lamers N, Zhang Z J, Wallentin J. Perovskite-compatible electron-beam-lithography process based on nonpolar solvents for single-nanowire devices. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2022, 5, 3177 doi: 10.1021/acsanm.2c00188
[30]
van Breemen A J J M, Ollearo R, Shanmugam S, et al. A thin and flexible scanner for fingerprints and documents based on metal halide perovskites. Nat Electron, 2021, 4, 818 doi: 10.1038/s41928-021-00662-1
Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) Schematic of a human eyeball and the retinal neuron array. (b) Schematic of an electric eye and the biomimetic nanowire array. (c) SEM image of the nanowire array, the scare bar refers to 1 μm. (d) The XRD pattern of CsPbI3 nanowires with Pb nano clusters. (e) The XRD pattern of ITO electrodes. (f) The XRD pattern of SnO2 nanotubes.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) The fabrication process of the nanowire array.

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Fig. 3.  (a) Photo current at 0.01 V under 872 μW/cm2 illumination. (b) Photo current at 0.5 V under 143, 325, 573, 742, 872 μW/cm2 illuminations, respectively. (c) Photo current at 0.5 V under 872 μW/cm2 illuminations with different pulse widths. (d) Photo current at 0.5 V under 10 pulses of 872 μW/cm2 illumination. (e) Photo current at 0.5 V under 100 pulses of 872 μW/cm2 illumination. (f) Normalized Photo current at 0.5 V under 872 μW/cm2 illumination with 1 s pulse width after certain months. The device was kept in indoor environment with a temperature range of 5−35 °C and a humidity range of 30%−80%.

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Fig. 4.  (a)−(c) Spike frequency-dependent plasticity of the device under 872 μW/cm2 optical pulses with the same pulse widths and different pulse intervals at 0.5 V.

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Fig. 5.  Paired pulse facilitation of the device under 872 μW/cm2 optical pulses with (a) shorter and (b) longer pulse widths and pulse intervals at 0.5 V.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) Paired pulse facilitation of the device at 0.5 V under 712 μW/cm2 optical pulses with wavelengths of (a) 650 nm, (b) 520 nm and (c) 405 nm, respectively.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a)−(c) Working mechanism of standard mode. (a) Energy band diagram at 0.01 V bias. (b) Energy band diagram at 0.01 V bias under short time illumination. (c) Energy band diagram at 0.01 V bias under long time illumination. (d)−(f) Working mechanism of standard mode. (d) Energy band diagram at 0.5 V bias. (e) Energy band diagram at 0.5 V bias under short time illumination. (f) Energy band diagram at 0.5 V bias under long time illumination.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 8.  (Color online) Imaging process flows of standard and neuromorphic modes.

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) (a) Schematic of the crossbar image sensor. (b) Schematic of the crossbar image sensor and its read-out circuit. (c) Input optical pattern for the imaging demonstrations. (d) Image acquired by the device under standard mode. (e) Images acquired by the device under neuromorphic mode after 1, 2, and 3 s learning process under exposure, and 1, 2, and 3 s forgetting process in dark environment.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
[1]
Wang S Y, Chen C S, Yu Z H, et al. A MoS2/PTCDA hybrid heterojunction synapse with efficient photoelectric dual modulation and versatility. Adv Mater, 2019, 31, 1806227 doi: 10.1002/adma.201806227
[2]
He Y L, Nie S, Liu R, et al. Dual-functional long-term plasticity emulated in IGZO-based photoelectric neuromorphic transistors. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2019, 40, 818 doi: 10.1109/LED.2019.2908727
[3]
Kumar M, Abbas S, Kim J. All-oxide-based highly transparent photonic synapse for neuromorphic computing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10, 34370 doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b10870
[4]
Pradhan B, Das S, Li J X, et al. Ultrasensitive and ultrathin phototransistors and photonic synapses using perovskite quantum dots grown from graphene lattice. Sci Adv, 2020, 6, eaay5225 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aay5225
[5]
Park N G. Perovskite solar cells: An emerging photovoltaic technology. Mater Today, 2015, 18, 65 doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2014.07.007
[6]
Mao J Y, Hu L, Zhang S R, et al. Artificial synapses emulated through a light mediated organic–inorganic hybrid transistor. J Mater Chem C, 2019, 7, 48 doi: 10.1039/C8TC05030A
[7]
Zhang J Y, Dai S L, Zhao Y W, et al. Recent progress in photonic synapses for neuromorphic systems. Adv Intell Syst, 2020, 2, 1900136 doi: 10.1002/aisy.201900136
[8]
Han H, Yu H Y, Wei H H, et al. Three-terminal artificial synapses: Recent progress in three-terminal artificial synapses: From device to system (small 32/2019). Small, 2019, 15, 1900695 doi: 10.1002/smll.201900695
[9]
Zhou W, Yang R, He H K, et al. Optically modulated electric synapses realized with memristors based on ZnO nanorods. Appl Phys Lett, 2018, 113, 061107 doi: 10.1063/1.5045643
[10]
Zhou F C, Zhou Z, Chen J W, et al. Optoelectronic resistive random access memory for neuromorphic vision sensors. Nat Nanotechnol, 2019, 14, 776 doi: 10.1038/s41565-019-0501-3
[11]
Gu L L, Poddar S, Lin Y J, et al. A biomimetic eye with a hemispherical perovskite nanowire array retina. Nature, 2020, 581, 278 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2285-x
[12]
Ding Y C, Liu G Z, Long Z H, et al. Uncooled self-powered hemispherical biomimetic pit organ for mid- to long-infrared imaging. Sci Adv, 2022, 8, eabq8432 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8432
[13]
Long Z H, Qiu X, Chan C L J, et al. A neuromorphic bionic eye with filter-free color vision using hemispherical perovskite nanowire array retina. Nat Commun, 2023, 14, 1972 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37581-y
[14]
Hu M Y, Chen M, Guo P J, et al. Sub-1.4eV bandgap inorganic perovskite solar cells with long-term stability. Nat Commun, 2020, 11, 151 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13908-6
[15]
Steele J A, Braeckevelt T, Prakasam V, et al. An embedded interfacial network stabilizes inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite thin films. Nat Commun, 2022, 13, 7513 doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35255-9
[16]
Tian T, Yang M F, Yang J Y, et al. Stabilizing black-phase CsPbI3 under over 70% humidity. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 030501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/3/030501
[17]
Li Z Z, Jin Z W. HI hydrolysis-derived intermediate as booster for CsPbI3 perovskite: From crystal structure, film fabrication to device performance. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 051202 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/5/051202
[18]
Zhu Y Y, Shu L, Poddar S, et al. Three-dimensional nanopillar arrays-based efficient and flexible perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability. Nano Lett, 2022, 22, 9586 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03694
[19]
Xu X J, Li S Y, Chen J X, et al. Photodetectors: Design principles and material engineering of ZnS for optoelectronic devices and catalysis (adv. funct. mater. 36/2018). Adv Funct Materials, 2018, 28, 1802029 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201802029
[20]
Long Z H, Xu X J, Yang W, et al. Cross-bar SnO2-NiO nanofiber-array-based transparent photodetectors with high detectivity. Adv Elect Materials, 2020, 6, 1901048 doi: 10.1002/aelm.201901048
[21]
Xu X J, Chen J X, Cai S, et al. Wearable health monitoring: A real-time wearable UV-radiation monitor based on a high-performance p-CuZnS/n-TiO2 photodetector. Adv Mater, 2018, 30, 1803165 doi: 10.1002/adma.201803165
[22]
Zhou Y, Qiu X, Wan Z A, et al. Halide-exchanged perovskite photodetectors for wearable visible-blind ultraviolet monitoring. Nano Energy, 2022, 100, 107516 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107516
[23]
Leung S F, Gu L L, Zhang Q P, et al. Roll-to-roll fabrication of large scale and regular arrays of three-dimensional nanospikes for high efficiency and flexible photovoltaics. Sci Rep, 2014, 4, 4243 doi: 10.1038/srep04243
[24]
Yu R, Ching K L, Lin Q F, et al. Strong light absorption of self-organized 3-D nanospike arrays for photovoltaic applications. ACS Nano, 2011, 5, 9291 doi: 10.1021/nn203844z
[25]
Gu L L, Zhang D Q, Kam M, et al. Significantly improved black phase stability of FAPbI3 nanowires via spatially confined vapor phase growth in nanoporous templates. Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 15164 doi: 10.1039/C8NR03058H
[26]
Li Z Q, Yan T T, Fang X S. Low-dimensional wide-bandgap semiconductors for UV photodetectors. Nat Rev Mater, 2023, 8, 587 doi: 10.1038/s41578-023-00583-9
[27]
Lin Y J, Chen J Q, Tavakoli M M, et al. Printable fabrication of a fully integrated and self-powered sensor system on plastic substrates. Adv Mater, 2019, 31, 1804285 doi: 10.1002/adma.201804285
[28]
Liang S Y, Liu Y F, Wang S Y, et al. High-resolution patterning of 2D perovskite films through femtosecond laser direct writing. Adv Funct Materials, 2022, 32, 0224957 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202204957
[29]
Lamers N, Zhang Z J, Wallentin J. Perovskite-compatible electron-beam-lithography process based on nonpolar solvents for single-nanowire devices. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2022, 5, 3177 doi: 10.1021/acsanm.2c00188
[30]
van Breemen A J J M, Ollearo R, Shanmugam S, et al. A thin and flexible scanner for fingerprints and documents based on metal halide perovskites. Nat Electron, 2021, 4, 818 doi: 10.1038/s41928-021-00662-1

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    Received: 30 August 2023 Revised: 16 September 2023 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 21 September 2023Uncorrected proof: 22 September 2023Published: 10 September 2023

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2023  >  44(9): 092604
      Zhenghao Long, Yucheng Ding, Xiao Qiu, Yu Zhou, Shivam Kumar, Zhiyong Fan. A dual-mode image sensor using an all-inorganic perovskite nanowire array for standard and neuromorphic imaging[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(9): 092604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/092604 Z H Long, Y C Ding, X Qiu, Y Zhou, S Kumar, Z Y Fan. A dual-mode image sensor using an all-inorganic perovskite nanowire array for standard and neuromorphic imaging[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(9): 092604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/092604Export: BibTex EndNote
      Citation:
      Zhenghao Long, Yucheng Ding, Xiao Qiu, Yu Zhou, Shivam Kumar, Zhiyong Fan. A dual-mode image sensor using an all-inorganic perovskite nanowire array for standard and neuromorphic imaging[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(9): 092604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/092604

      Z H Long, Y C Ding, X Qiu, Y Zhou, S Kumar, Z Y Fan. A dual-mode image sensor using an all-inorganic perovskite nanowire array for standard and neuromorphic imaging[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(9): 092604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/092604
      Export: BibTex EndNote
      shu

      A dual-mode image sensor using an all-inorganic perovskite nanowire array for standard and neuromorphic imaging

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/092604
      • 1.

        Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China

      • 2.

        State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics Technologies, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China

      • 3.

        Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China

      • 4.

        Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai 200232, China

      More Information
      • Author Bio:

        Zhenghao Long got his bachelor's degree in 2019 from Fudan University. Now he is a Ph.D. candidate at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology under the supervision of Prof. Zhiyong Fan. His research focuses on nanomaterials and biomimetic optoelectronics

        Yucheng Ding got his bachelor's degree in 2020 from Nanjing University. Now he is a Ph.D. candidate at The Hongkong University of Science and Technology under the supervision of Prof. Zhiyong Fan. His research focuses on optoelectronic devices based on nanostructures and novel materials

        Zhiyong Fan is a Chair Professor at the Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST). He received B.S. and M.S. degrees from Fudan University, Ph.D. degree from University of California, Irvine in 2006 then worked as a postdoctoral fellow at UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Currently, he is the Co-director of the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and Optoelectronics Technologies at HKUST. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Fellow of Optica, Senior Member of IEEE, and Founding Member of the Young Academy of Sciences of Hong Kong. His research interest is focused on functional nanomaterials and structures for electronic, optoelectronic and bionic electronic devices

      • Corresponding author: eezfan@ust.hk
      • Received Date: 2023-08-30
      • Revised Date: 2023-09-16
        • Available Online: 2023-09-21

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