SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS

The calculation of band gap energy in zinc oxide films

Ali Arif1, , Okba Belahssen2, Salim Gareh3 and Said Benramache2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Ali Arif, Email: electro.a2012@gmail.com; Said Benramache, Email:benramache.said@gmail.com

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Abstract: We investigated the optical properties of undoped zinc oxide thin films as the n-type semiconductor; the thin films were deposited at different precursor molarities by ultrasonic spray and spray pyrolysis techniques. The thin films were deposited at different substrate temperatures ranging between 200 and 500 ℃. In this paper, we present a new approach to control the optical gap energy of ZnO thin films by concentration of the ZnO solution and substrate temperatures from experimental data, which were published in international journals. The model proposed to calculate the band gap energy with the Urbach energy was investigated. The relation between the experimental data and theoretical calculation suggests that the band gap energies are predominantly estimated by the Urbach energies, film transparency, and concentration of the ZnO solution and substrate temperatures. The measurements by these proposal models are in qualitative agreements with the experimental data; the correlation coefficient values were varied in the range 0.96–0.99999, indicating high quality representation of data based on Equation (2), so that the relative errors of all calculation are smaller than 4%. Thus, one can suppose that the undoped ZnO thin films are chemically purer and have many fewer defects and less disorder owing to an almost complete chemical decomposition and contained higher optical band gap energy.

Key words: ZnO thin filmssemiconductor, band gap energycorrelation



[1]
Benramache S, Rahal A, Benhaoua B. The effects of solvent nature on spray-deposited ZnO thin film prepared from Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O. Optik, 2013, 124: 663 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613010681
[2]
Benharrats F, Zitouni K, Kadri A, et al. Determination of piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization fields in CdxZn1-xO/ZnO quantum wells grown along the polar (0001) direction. Superlattices and Microstructures, 2010, 47: 592 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2010.01.007
[3]
Kang D W, Kuk S H, Ji K S, et al. Effects of ITO precursor thickness on transparent conductive Al doped ZnO film for solar cell applications. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2011, 95: 138 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024810002588
[4]
Hussein A S H, Hassan Z, Thahab S M, et al. Effect of Al mole fraction on structural and electrical properties of AlxGa1-xN/GaN heterostructures grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Appl Surf Sci, 2011, 257: 4159 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.11.189
[5]
Wessler B, Steinecker A, Mader W. Epitaxial growth of ZnO thin films on ScAlMgO4 (0001) by chemical solution deposition. J Cryst Growth, 2002, 242: 283 doi: 10.1016/S0022-0248(02)01386-6
[6]
Karak N, Samanta P K, Kundu T K. Green photoluminescence from highly oriented ZnO thin film for photovoltaic application. Optik, 2013, 124: 6227 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.05.019
[7]
Zhao S, Yan K, Liu Q, et al. Lateral photovoltaic effect observed in Co-doped ZnO film induced by 10.6 μm infrared laser. Optik, 2013, 124: 1105 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.02.051
[8]
Benramache S, Benhaoua B, Chabane F, et al. A comparative study on the nanocrystalline ZnO thin films prepared by ultrasonic spray and sol–gel method. Optik, 2013, 124: 3221 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.10.001
[9]
Srinivasan G, Gopalakrishnan N, Yu Y S, et al. Influence of postdeposition annealing on the structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films prepared by sol–gel and spin-coating method. Superlattices Microstruct, 2008, 43: 112 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2007.07.032
[10]
Xian F, Miao K, Bai X, et al. Characteraction of Ag-doped ZnO thin film synthesized by sol–gel method and its using in thin film solar cells. Optik, 2013, 124: 4876 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.02.034
[11]
Benramache S, Temam H B, Arif A, et al. Correlation between the structural and optical properties of Co doped ZnO thin films prepared at different film thickness. Optik, 2014, 125: 1816 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.09.024
[12]
Zhao S, Yang L, Zhou Y, et al. Fast photovoltaic characteristic of silver nano-cluster doped ZnO thin films induced by 1.064 μm pulsed laser. Optik, 2011, 122: 960 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.06.028
[13]
Mazhdi M, Saydi J, Karimi M, et al. A study on optical, photoluminescence and thermoluminescence properties of ZnO and Mn doped-ZnO nanocrystalline particles. Optik, 2013, 124: 4128 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.12.068
[14]
Ton-That C, Foley M, Phillips M R, et al. Correlation between the structural and optical properties of Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles. J Alloys Comp, 2012, 522: 522 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925838812001880
[15]
Benramache S, Belahssen O, Arif A, et al. A correlation for crystallite size of undoped ZnO thin film with the band gap energy–precursor molarity–substrate temperature. Optik, 2014, 125: 1303 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.08.015
[16]
Benramache S, Belahssen O, Guettaf A, et al. Correlation between electrical conductivity–optical band gap energy and precursor molarities ultrasonic spray deposition of ZnO thin films. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34: 113001 http://www.jos.ac.cn/bdtxbcn/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=13041201&flag=1
[17]
Gahtar A, Benramache S, Benhaoua B, et al. Preparation of transparent conducting ZnO:Al films on glass substrates by ultrasonic spray technique. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34: 073001 http://www.jos.ac.cn/bdtxbcn/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=12101001&flag=1
[18]
Kumar N S, Bangera K V, Anandan C, et al. Properties of ZnO:Bi thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. J Alloys Comp, 2013, 578: 613 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.07.036
[19]
Prajapati C S, Kushwaha A, Sahay P P. Effect of Al dopants on the structural, optical and gas sensing properties of spray-deposited ZnO thin films. Mater Chem Phys, 2013, 142: 276 doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.07.015
[20]
Chouikh F, Beggah Y, Aida M S. Optical and electrical properties of Bi doped ZnO thin films deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron, 2011, 22: 499 doi: 10.1007/s10854-010-0167-y
[21]
Benramache S, Benhaoua B. Influence of substrate temperature and Cobalt concentration on structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films prepared by ultrasonic spray technique. Superlattices Microstruct, 2012, 52: 807 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2012.06.005
[22]
Zhu B L, Sun X H, Zhao X Z, et al. The effects of substrate temperature on the structure and properties of ZnO films prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Vacuum, 2008, 82: 495 doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2007.07.059
[23]
Rahal A, Benramache S, Benhaoua B. Substrate temperature effect on optical property of ZnO thin films. Eng J, 2014, 18: 1 https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/substrate-temperature-effect-optical-property-zno-thin-films/
[24]
Benhaoua B, Rahal A, Benramache S. The structural, optical and electrical properties of nanocrystalline ZnO:Al thin films. Superlattices Microstruct, 2014, 68: 38 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2014.01.005
[25]
Ilican S, Caglar Y, Caglar M, et al. Polycrystalline indium-doped ZnO thin films: preparation and characterization. J Optoelect Adv Mater, 2008, 10: 2592 https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/polycrystalline-indiumdoped-zno-thin-films-preparation-characterization/
[26]
Prajapati C S, Kushwaha A, Sahay P P. Experimental investigation of spray-deposited Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticle thin films: structural, microstructural, and optical properties. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 2013, 22: 1230 doi: 10.1007/s11666-013-9973-0
[27]
Hafdallah A, Yanineb F, Aida M S, et al. In doped ZnO thin films. J Alloys Comp, 2011, 509: 7267 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.04.058
[28]
Ilican S, Caglar Y, Caglar M, et al. Electrical conductivity, optical and structural properties of indium-doped ZnO nanofiber thin film deposited by spray pyrolysis method. Physica E, 2006, 35: 131 doi: 10.1016/j.physe.2006.07.009
[29]
Abed S, Aida M S, Bouchouit K, et al. Non-linear optical and electrical properties of ZnO doped Ni thin films obtained using spray ultrasonic technique. Opt Mater, 2011, 33: 968 doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2011.01.018
[30]
Mosbah A, Abed S, Bouhssira N, et al. Preparation of highly textured surface ZnO thin films. Mater Sci Eng B, 2006, 129: 144 doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2006.01.005
[31]
Zebbar N, Kheireddine Y, Mokeddem K, et al. Structural, optical and electrical properties of n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction prepared by ultrasonic spray. Mater Sci Semicond Process, 2011, 14: 229 doi: 10.1016/j.mssp.2011.03.001
[32]
Benouis C E, Benhaliliba M, Juarez A S, et al. The effect of indium doping on structural, electrical conductivity, photoconductivity and density of states properties of ZnO films. J Alloys Comp, 2010, 490: 62 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.10.098
[33]
Yakuphanoglu F, Caglar Y, Ilican S, et al. The effects of fluorine on the structural, surface morphology and optical properties of ZnO thin films. Physica B, 2007, 394: 86 doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2007.02.014
[34]
Kumar N S, Bangera K V, Shivakumar C A. Properties of ZnO:Bi thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. J Alloys Comp, 2013, 578: 613 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.07.036
[35]
Swapna R, Ashok M, Muralidharan G, et al. Microstructural, electrical and optical properties of ZnO:Mo thin films with various thickness by spray pyrolysis. J Analyt Appl Pyrolys, 2013, 102: 68 doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2013.04.001
[36]
Kumar N S, Bangera K V, Shivakumar G K. Effect of annealing on the properties of zinc oxide nanofiber thin films grown by spray pyrolysis technique. Appl Nanosci, 2014, 4: 209 doi: 10.1007/s13204-012-0190-9
[37]
Prajapati C S, Kushwaha A, Sahay P P. Optoelectronics and formaldehyde sensing properties of tin-doped ZnO thin films. Appl Phys A, 2013, 113: 651 doi: 10.1007/s00339-013-7589-3
[38]
Mhamdi A, Ouni B, Amlouk A, et al. Study of nickel doping effects on structural, electrical and optical properties of sprayed ZnO semiconductor layers. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, 582: 810 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.08.080
[39]
Ozutok F, Demirselcuk B, Sarica E, et al. Study of ultrasonically sprayed ZnO films: thermal annealing effect. Acta Physica Polonica A, 2012, 121: 53 doi: 10.12693/APhysPolA.121.53
[40]
Aksoy S, Caglar Y, Ilican S, et al. Effect of Sn dopants on the optical and electrical properties of ZnO films. Optica Applicata, 2010, XL(1): 7 http://www.oalib.com/paper/2064408
[41]
Tokumoto M S, Smith A, Santilli C V, et al. Structural electrical and optical properties of undoped and indium doped ZnO thin films prepared by the pyrosol process at different temperatures. Thin Solid Films, 2002, 416: 284 doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00531-X
[42]
Prajapati C S, Kushwaha A, Sahay P P. Influence of Fe doping on the structural, optical and acetone sensing properties of sprayed ZnO thin films. Materials Research Bulletin, 2013, 48: 2687 doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.03.026
[43]
Benramache S, Benhaoua B. Influence of annealing temperature on structural and optical properties of ZnO:In thin films prepared by ultrasonic spray technique. Superlattices Microstruct, 2012, 52: 1062 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2012.08.006
[44]
Ali A I, Ammar A H, Moez A A. Influence of substrate temperature on structural, optical properties and dielectric results of nano-ZnO thin films prepared by radio frequency technique. Superlattices Microstruct, 2014, 65: 285 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2013.11.007
[45]
Burstein E. Anomalous optical absorption limit in InSb. Phys Rev, 1954, 93: 632 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.93.632
[46]
Moss T S. The interpretation of the properties of indium antimonide. Proc Phys Soc, London B, 1954, 76: 775 https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/interpretation-properties-indium-antimonide/
[47]
Roth A P, Williams D F. Properties of zinc oxide films prepared by the oxidation of diethyl zinc. J Appl Phys, 1981, 52/11: 6685 doi: 10.1063/1.328618
[48]
Roth A P, Webb J B, Williams D F. Absorption edge shift in ZnO thin films at high carrier densities. Solid State Commun, 1981, 39: 1269 doi: 10.1016/0038-1098(81)90224-6
[49]
Mariappan R, Ponnuswamy V, Bose A C, et al. Structural, optical and electrical characterization of nebulizer-sprayed ZnO nanorods. Superlattices Microstruct, 2014, 65: 184 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2013.10.005
Fig. 1.  Distribution as a function of precursor molarity of experimental data of the optical properties in undoped ZnO thin films at different substrate temperatures; these variations are presented in Table 1.

Fig. 2.  Variation of the optical gap energy experiment, correlated from Equation (2) of undoped ZnO thin films as a function of Urbach energy at 0.05 M.

Fig. 3.  Variation of the optical gap energy experiment, correlated from Equation (2) of undoped ZnO thin films as a function of Urbach energy at 0.1 M.

Fig. 4.  Variation of the optical gap energy experiment, correlated from Equation (2) of undoped ZnO thin films as a function of Urbach energy at 0.2 M.

Table 1.   The parameter conditions used in this paper.

Table 2.   Summary of experimental data for the optical properties of undoped ZnO thin film.

Table 3.   The variation of the empirical constants according to Equation (2) as a function of precursor molarity.

Table 4.   The variation of the empirical constants experimentally correlated by Equation (3) as a function of the resulting empirical constants of Equation (2).

[1]
Benramache S, Rahal A, Benhaoua B. The effects of solvent nature on spray-deposited ZnO thin film prepared from Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O. Optik, 2013, 124: 663 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030402613010681
[2]
Benharrats F, Zitouni K, Kadri A, et al. Determination of piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization fields in CdxZn1-xO/ZnO quantum wells grown along the polar (0001) direction. Superlattices and Microstructures, 2010, 47: 592 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2010.01.007
[3]
Kang D W, Kuk S H, Ji K S, et al. Effects of ITO precursor thickness on transparent conductive Al doped ZnO film for solar cell applications. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2011, 95: 138 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024810002588
[4]
Hussein A S H, Hassan Z, Thahab S M, et al. Effect of Al mole fraction on structural and electrical properties of AlxGa1-xN/GaN heterostructures grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Appl Surf Sci, 2011, 257: 4159 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.11.189
[5]
Wessler B, Steinecker A, Mader W. Epitaxial growth of ZnO thin films on ScAlMgO4 (0001) by chemical solution deposition. J Cryst Growth, 2002, 242: 283 doi: 10.1016/S0022-0248(02)01386-6
[6]
Karak N, Samanta P K, Kundu T K. Green photoluminescence from highly oriented ZnO thin film for photovoltaic application. Optik, 2013, 124: 6227 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.05.019
[7]
Zhao S, Yan K, Liu Q, et al. Lateral photovoltaic effect observed in Co-doped ZnO film induced by 10.6 μm infrared laser. Optik, 2013, 124: 1105 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.02.051
[8]
Benramache S, Benhaoua B, Chabane F, et al. A comparative study on the nanocrystalline ZnO thin films prepared by ultrasonic spray and sol–gel method. Optik, 2013, 124: 3221 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.10.001
[9]
Srinivasan G, Gopalakrishnan N, Yu Y S, et al. Influence of postdeposition annealing on the structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films prepared by sol–gel and spin-coating method. Superlattices Microstruct, 2008, 43: 112 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2007.07.032
[10]
Xian F, Miao K, Bai X, et al. Characteraction of Ag-doped ZnO thin film synthesized by sol–gel method and its using in thin film solar cells. Optik, 2013, 124: 4876 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.02.034
[11]
Benramache S, Temam H B, Arif A, et al. Correlation between the structural and optical properties of Co doped ZnO thin films prepared at different film thickness. Optik, 2014, 125: 1816 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.09.024
[12]
Zhao S, Yang L, Zhou Y, et al. Fast photovoltaic characteristic of silver nano-cluster doped ZnO thin films induced by 1.064 μm pulsed laser. Optik, 2011, 122: 960 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.06.028
[13]
Mazhdi M, Saydi J, Karimi M, et al. A study on optical, photoluminescence and thermoluminescence properties of ZnO and Mn doped-ZnO nanocrystalline particles. Optik, 2013, 124: 4128 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2012.12.068
[14]
Ton-That C, Foley M, Phillips M R, et al. Correlation between the structural and optical properties of Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles. J Alloys Comp, 2012, 522: 522 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925838812001880
[15]
Benramache S, Belahssen O, Arif A, et al. A correlation for crystallite size of undoped ZnO thin film with the band gap energy–precursor molarity–substrate temperature. Optik, 2014, 125: 1303 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.08.015
[16]
Benramache S, Belahssen O, Guettaf A, et al. Correlation between electrical conductivity–optical band gap energy and precursor molarities ultrasonic spray deposition of ZnO thin films. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34: 113001 http://www.jos.ac.cn/bdtxbcn/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=13041201&flag=1
[17]
Gahtar A, Benramache S, Benhaoua B, et al. Preparation of transparent conducting ZnO:Al films on glass substrates by ultrasonic spray technique. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34: 073001 http://www.jos.ac.cn/bdtxbcn/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=12101001&flag=1
[18]
Kumar N S, Bangera K V, Anandan C, et al. Properties of ZnO:Bi thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. J Alloys Comp, 2013, 578: 613 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.07.036
[19]
Prajapati C S, Kushwaha A, Sahay P P. Effect of Al dopants on the structural, optical and gas sensing properties of spray-deposited ZnO thin films. Mater Chem Phys, 2013, 142: 276 doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.07.015
[20]
Chouikh F, Beggah Y, Aida M S. Optical and electrical properties of Bi doped ZnO thin films deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron, 2011, 22: 499 doi: 10.1007/s10854-010-0167-y
[21]
Benramache S, Benhaoua B. Influence of substrate temperature and Cobalt concentration on structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films prepared by ultrasonic spray technique. Superlattices Microstruct, 2012, 52: 807 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2012.06.005
[22]
Zhu B L, Sun X H, Zhao X Z, et al. The effects of substrate temperature on the structure and properties of ZnO films prepared by pulsed laser deposition. Vacuum, 2008, 82: 495 doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2007.07.059
[23]
Rahal A, Benramache S, Benhaoua B. Substrate temperature effect on optical property of ZnO thin films. Eng J, 2014, 18: 1 https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/substrate-temperature-effect-optical-property-zno-thin-films/
[24]
Benhaoua B, Rahal A, Benramache S. The structural, optical and electrical properties of nanocrystalline ZnO:Al thin films. Superlattices Microstruct, 2014, 68: 38 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2014.01.005
[25]
Ilican S, Caglar Y, Caglar M, et al. Polycrystalline indium-doped ZnO thin films: preparation and characterization. J Optoelect Adv Mater, 2008, 10: 2592 https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/polycrystalline-indiumdoped-zno-thin-films-preparation-characterization/
[26]
Prajapati C S, Kushwaha A, Sahay P P. Experimental investigation of spray-deposited Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticle thin films: structural, microstructural, and optical properties. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 2013, 22: 1230 doi: 10.1007/s11666-013-9973-0
[27]
Hafdallah A, Yanineb F, Aida M S, et al. In doped ZnO thin films. J Alloys Comp, 2011, 509: 7267 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.04.058
[28]
Ilican S, Caglar Y, Caglar M, et al. Electrical conductivity, optical and structural properties of indium-doped ZnO nanofiber thin film deposited by spray pyrolysis method. Physica E, 2006, 35: 131 doi: 10.1016/j.physe.2006.07.009
[29]
Abed S, Aida M S, Bouchouit K, et al. Non-linear optical and electrical properties of ZnO doped Ni thin films obtained using spray ultrasonic technique. Opt Mater, 2011, 33: 968 doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2011.01.018
[30]
Mosbah A, Abed S, Bouhssira N, et al. Preparation of highly textured surface ZnO thin films. Mater Sci Eng B, 2006, 129: 144 doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2006.01.005
[31]
Zebbar N, Kheireddine Y, Mokeddem K, et al. Structural, optical and electrical properties of n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction prepared by ultrasonic spray. Mater Sci Semicond Process, 2011, 14: 229 doi: 10.1016/j.mssp.2011.03.001
[32]
Benouis C E, Benhaliliba M, Juarez A S, et al. The effect of indium doping on structural, electrical conductivity, photoconductivity and density of states properties of ZnO films. J Alloys Comp, 2010, 490: 62 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.10.098
[33]
Yakuphanoglu F, Caglar Y, Ilican S, et al. The effects of fluorine on the structural, surface morphology and optical properties of ZnO thin films. Physica B, 2007, 394: 86 doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2007.02.014
[34]
Kumar N S, Bangera K V, Shivakumar C A. Properties of ZnO:Bi thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. J Alloys Comp, 2013, 578: 613 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.07.036
[35]
Swapna R, Ashok M, Muralidharan G, et al. Microstructural, electrical and optical properties of ZnO:Mo thin films with various thickness by spray pyrolysis. J Analyt Appl Pyrolys, 2013, 102: 68 doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2013.04.001
[36]
Kumar N S, Bangera K V, Shivakumar G K. Effect of annealing on the properties of zinc oxide nanofiber thin films grown by spray pyrolysis technique. Appl Nanosci, 2014, 4: 209 doi: 10.1007/s13204-012-0190-9
[37]
Prajapati C S, Kushwaha A, Sahay P P. Optoelectronics and formaldehyde sensing properties of tin-doped ZnO thin films. Appl Phys A, 2013, 113: 651 doi: 10.1007/s00339-013-7589-3
[38]
Mhamdi A, Ouni B, Amlouk A, et al. Study of nickel doping effects on structural, electrical and optical properties of sprayed ZnO semiconductor layers. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, 582: 810 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.08.080
[39]
Ozutok F, Demirselcuk B, Sarica E, et al. Study of ultrasonically sprayed ZnO films: thermal annealing effect. Acta Physica Polonica A, 2012, 121: 53 doi: 10.12693/APhysPolA.121.53
[40]
Aksoy S, Caglar Y, Ilican S, et al. Effect of Sn dopants on the optical and electrical properties of ZnO films. Optica Applicata, 2010, XL(1): 7 http://www.oalib.com/paper/2064408
[41]
Tokumoto M S, Smith A, Santilli C V, et al. Structural electrical and optical properties of undoped and indium doped ZnO thin films prepared by the pyrosol process at different temperatures. Thin Solid Films, 2002, 416: 284 doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00531-X
[42]
Prajapati C S, Kushwaha A, Sahay P P. Influence of Fe doping on the structural, optical and acetone sensing properties of sprayed ZnO thin films. Materials Research Bulletin, 2013, 48: 2687 doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.03.026
[43]
Benramache S, Benhaoua B. Influence of annealing temperature on structural and optical properties of ZnO:In thin films prepared by ultrasonic spray technique. Superlattices Microstruct, 2012, 52: 1062 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2012.08.006
[44]
Ali A I, Ammar A H, Moez A A. Influence of substrate temperature on structural, optical properties and dielectric results of nano-ZnO thin films prepared by radio frequency technique. Superlattices Microstruct, 2014, 65: 285 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2013.11.007
[45]
Burstein E. Anomalous optical absorption limit in InSb. Phys Rev, 1954, 93: 632 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.93.632
[46]
Moss T S. The interpretation of the properties of indium antimonide. Proc Phys Soc, London B, 1954, 76: 775 https://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/interpretation-properties-indium-antimonide/
[47]
Roth A P, Williams D F. Properties of zinc oxide films prepared by the oxidation of diethyl zinc. J Appl Phys, 1981, 52/11: 6685 doi: 10.1063/1.328618
[48]
Roth A P, Webb J B, Williams D F. Absorption edge shift in ZnO thin films at high carrier densities. Solid State Commun, 1981, 39: 1269 doi: 10.1016/0038-1098(81)90224-6
[49]
Mariappan R, Ponnuswamy V, Bose A C, et al. Structural, optical and electrical characterization of nebulizer-sprayed ZnO nanorods. Superlattices Microstruct, 2014, 65: 184 doi: 10.1016/j.spmi.2013.10.005
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      Ali Arif, Okba Belahssen, Salim Gareh, Said Benramache. The calculation of band gap energy in zinc oxide films[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2015, 36(1): 013001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/36/1/013001 S Benramache, B T M m, O Belahssen, S Gareh. Influence of precursor molarity on the optical properties of ZnO thin films[J]. J. Semicond., 2015, 36(1): 013001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/36/1/013001.Export: BibTex EndNote
      Citation:
      Ali Arif, Okba Belahssen, Salim Gareh, Said Benramache. The calculation of band gap energy in zinc oxide films[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2015, 36(1): 013001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/36/1/013001

      S Benramache, B T M m, O Belahssen, S Gareh. Influence of precursor molarity on the optical properties of ZnO thin films[J]. J. Semicond., 2015, 36(1): 013001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/36/1/013001.
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      The calculation of band gap energy in zinc oxide films

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/36/1/013001
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