REVIEWS

Recent progress on gas sensors based on graphene-like 2D/2D nanocomposites

Songyang Yuan1 and Shaolin Zhang1, 2, 3,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Shaolin Zhang, Email: slzhang@gzhu.edu.cn

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Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have demonstrated great potential in the field of flexible gas sensing due to their inherent high specific surface areas, unique electronic properties and flexibility property. However, numerous challenges including sensitivity, selectivity, response time, recovery time, and stability have to be addressed before their practical application in gas detection field. Development of graphene-like 2D/2D nanocomposites as an efficient strategy to achieve high-performance 2D gas sensor has been reported recently. This review aims to discuss the latest advancements in the 2D/2D nanocomposites for gas sensors. We first elaborate the gas-sensing mechanisms and the collective benefits of 2D/2D hybridization as sensor materials. Then, we systematically present the current gas-sensing applications based on different categories of 2D/2D nanocomposites. Finally, we conclude the future prospect of 2D/2D nanocomposites in gas sensing applications.

Key words: gas sensor2D nanomaterials2D/2D nanocompositeheterojunctionflexible sensor



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) The sensing response of DGr/Gr hybrid fabricated with different (a) irradiation fluence and (b) H2 etching time to 100 ppm NO2 at room temperature. (c) The response-recovery curve of the gas sensor based on DGr/Gr. (d) Dynamic response of the DGr/Gr based sensor to different concentrations of NO2 at room temperature. (e) Cycled response to 100 ppm NO2 at room temperature. (f) Responses of the DGr/Gr based gas sensor toward different gas species at room temperature[34].

Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) Transient response of graphene/MoS2 sensor to NO2 gas molecules (1.2 to 5 ppm). (b) Transient response of graphene/MoS2 sensor to NH3 gas molecules (5 to 100 ppm). All gas-sensing tests were performed at an operating temperature of 150 °C. (c) Optical image of a graphene/MoS2 heterostructured device on a bent polyimide substrate, inset displays the semitransparent sensing device placed on a paper with the KIMS logo. (d) Comparison of the gas response characteristics of the flexible heterostructured device before/after the bending cycle test, inset is the 3D schematic images showing the bending test condition. No serious performance degradation was observed, even after performing 5000 bending cycle tests[45].

Fig. 3.  (Color online) Typical sensing response of (a) the exfoliated MoS2 based thin film sensor and (b) the co-exfoliated MoS2/graphene-based thin film sensor to 10, 20, and 50 ppm methanol. (c) The synergetic effect of the MoS2/graphene nanocomposite as methanol gas sensor. (d) Repeated sensing response of the co-exfoliated MoS2/graphene thin film sensor to 50 ppm methanol[46].

Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) Real time response of the MoS2/graphene hybrid aerogel (MGA) sensor at room temperature toward different NO2 concentrations. (b) Real time resistance change of the MGA sensor with the microheater temperature of 200 °C. (c) MGA sensor response to 0.5 ppm NO2 at various microheater temperatures, displaying improvement in response and recovery time. (d) Selectivity peroperties of the MGA sensor compared to that of GA alone at microheater temperature of 200 °C[47].

Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) Schematic and (b) optical microscope images of the graphene/MoS2 heterojunction (GMH) device with a gas barrier layer. (c) Metal–semiconductor–metal diode model for n-type MoS2 with graphene and Ti asymmetric contacts and its band diagram. (d) Time-dependent sensor responses of GMH under different bias conditions (VDS = −1, 1, and 3 V) in linear scale (top) and semilogarithmic scale (bottom). (e) Time-dependent sensor responses of GMH under different gate voltages (VBG = 0 and 40 V) in linear scale (top) and semilogarithmic scale (bottom). (f) Transfer curves of the GMH device measured at VDS = 1 V in linear (top) and in semilogarithmic scales (bottom)[48].

Fig. 6.  (Color online) Statistical graph of (a) average response, (b) response time and (c) recovery time of rGO/MoS2 composites gas sensors. (d) Plots of the fitting of response vs. concentration. (e) Dynamic response of MoS2/rGO sensor to different concentrations of H2O2 vapor[50].

Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) The UV–vis transmittance spectra of patterned MoS2/rGO layer. (b) Resistivity of the MoS2/rGO layer on PET as the function of bending radius. (c) Dynamic response of (i) rGO, (ii) MoS2/rGO (1 : 10), (iii) MoS2/rGO (1 : 5) and (iv) MoS2/rGO (1 : 2.5) thin film gas sensor with different concentrations of NO2[52].

Fig. 8.  (Color online) (a) Sensing responses of rGO sensor and rGO/MoS2 sensor toward various concentrations of NO2. (b) Histogram analysis obtained from (a). (c) Schematic illustration of resistance configuration of interdigital electrode sensors. I–V relationships of (d) rGO-Au, (e) MoS2-Au and (f) rGO/MoS2-Au contacts[53].

Fig. 9.  (Color online) (a) Dynamic response curves and (b) summarized response values of the devices based on MoS2, rGO and rGO/MoS2 hybrids film toward HCHO at room temperature. (c) Comparison of the response time of the three devices to HCHO. (d) Reproducibility and (e) stability properties of the rGO and rGO/MoS2 hybrid films toward 2.5 ppm HCHO. Schematic illustrations of (f) the fabricated sensing device and (g) the energy diagram of rGO, MoS2 and formaldehyde[54].

Fig. 10.  (Color online) (a) Photo image of the flexible device based on rGO/MoS2 hybrid film in the bending state. (b) Adsorption model of HCHO molecule on rGO/MoS2 hybrid film. (c) Schematic illustration of HCHO sensing mechanism of rGO/MoS2 hybrid film. (d) Real-time sensing response curves of the rGO/MoS2-HT and rGO/MoS2-CE sensors to 2.5–15 ppm HCHO. (e) Real-time sensing response curves of the rGO/MoS2-HT sensor to 2.5–15 ppm HCHO upon different bending angles. (f) Long-term stability of rGO/MoS2-HT sensor[57].

Fig. 11.  (Color online) (a) Sensing responses of single rGO (red line) and WS2-decorated rGO films (blue line) in dry air and 2–10 ppm NO2 operated at (left) 25 °C and (right) 50 °C. (b) Schematic illustration of the proposed sensing mechanism of WS2-decorated rGO hybrid upon NO2 exposure[56].

Fig. 12.  (Color online) (a) Response of four types of MoS2/WS2 heterojunction toward different concentrations of NO2 at room temperature. (b and c) Response time and recovery time of the sensors, respectively. (d) Response, and response/recovery time of optimized MoS2/WS2 heterojunction as the functions of gas concentrations. (e) Reproducibility of MoS2/WS2 heterojunction sensor toward 10 ppm NO2 at room temperature. (f) Selective response of MoS2/WS2 heterojunction sensor[61].

Fig. 13.  (Color online) (a) Sensing response values of rGO-MoS2-CdS nanocomposite film to 0.2 ppm of different target gases at 75 °C. (b) Normalized responses of rGO-MoS2-CdS nanocomposite gas sensor as a function of NO2 gas concentrations under different operation temperatures: (a) 25 °C, (b) 50 °C, (c) 75 °C, and (d) 100 °C. (c) Dynamic responses of three types of rGO-MoS2-CdS nanocomposite sensors toward different concentration of NO2 at 75 °C. (d) Cyclic response of three types of rGO-MoS2-CdS nanocomposite sensors toward 0.2 ppm of NO2[62].

Fig. 14.  (Color online) (a) Schematic of the ternary 2D nanomaterial-based FET device. (b) Band structure of the FET device before and (c) after NO2 adsorption. (d) Transfer and (e) output curves of the FET before and after exposure to 100 ppb NO2 for 10 min. (f) Real-time sensing response of the FET to NO2. (g) Real-time sensing response of the FET device to NH3. (h) Real-time sensing response of the FET device to DCM, hexane, acetone and DMF. (i) Relative resistance change as a function of the square root of the gas concentrations[63].

Table 1.   Literature study on gas sensor performance of 2D/2D nanocomposites-based gas sensors.

MaterialDevice typeSynthesis methodSubstrateAnalyteLimit of detectionWorking temperatureResponse (recovery) timeRef
Graphene + MoS2ResistiveCVD + mechanical exfoliationPolyimideNO21.2 ppm150 °C30 min[45]
Graphene + MoS2ResistiveLiquid-phase co-exfoliationSi/SiO2Methanol10 ppm210 s (220 s)[46]
Graphene + MoS2ResistiveGA + ATMPoly-SiNO250 ppb25 °C21.6 s (< 29.4 s)[47]
Graphene + MoS2FETCVD + mechanical exfoliationSi/SiO2NO21 ppmRT[48]
rGO + MoS2ResistiveMicrowave-assisted exfoliationPDMSNH30.48 mbarRT15 s[51]
rGO + MoS2ResistiveSoft lithographic patterningPETNO20.15 ppm90 °C[52]
rGO + MoS2ResistiveLithographySiO2/SiNO22 ppm60 °C30 min[53]
rGO + MoS2ResistiveLayer-bylayer self-assemblySiO2/SiFormaldehyde2.5 ppmRT73 s[54]
rGO + MoS2ResistiveSelf-assemblyPENFormaldehyde2.5 ppmRT10 min (13 min)[57]
MoS2/WS2ResistiveHydrothermal processNO210 ppbRT1.6 s (27.7 s)[61]
rGO/WS2ResistiveBall milling and sonicationSi3N4NO21 ppmRT22 min (26 min)[56]
Defective graphene/
pristinegraphene
CurrentAPCVDGeNO21 ppmRT28 s (238 s)[42]
rGO-MoS2-CdSResistiveSolvothermalNO20.2 ppm75 °C25 s (34 s)[62]
BP/h-BN/MoS2FETMechanically exfoliated + e-beam lithographySiO2/SiNO23.3 ppbRT8 min (8 min)[63]
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
Yamazoe N. Toward innovations of gas sensor technology. Sens Actuators B, 2005, 108(1/2), 2 doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2004.12.075
[2]
Kohl D. Function and applications of gas sensors. J Phys D, 2001, 34(19), 125 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/34/19/201
[3]
Lee E, Yoon Y S, Kim D J. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and metal oxide hybrids for gas sensing. ACS Sens, 2018, 3(10), 2045 doi: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01077
[4]
Wang C, Cui X, Liu J, et al. Design of superior ethanol gas sensor based on Al-doped NiO nanorod-flowers. ACS Sens, 2015, 1(2), 131 doi: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00123
[5]
Zhang Q, Wang X, Fu J, et al. Electrospinning of ultrafine conducting polymer composite nanofibers with diameter less than 70 nm as high sensitive gas sensor. Materials (Basel), 2018, 11(9), 1744 doi: 10.3390/ma11091744
[6]
Ngo Y H, Brothers M, Martin J A, et al. Chemically enhanced polymer-coated carbon nanotube electronic gas sensor for isopropyl alcohol detection. ACS Omega, 2018, 3(6), 6230 doi: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01039
[7]
Suematsu K, Shin Y, Ma N, et al. Pulse-driven micro gas sensor fitted with clustered Pd/SnO2 nanoparticles. Anal Chem, 2015, 87(16), 8407 doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01767
[8]
Zhang S, Nguyen S, Nguyen T, et al. Effect of the morphology of solution-grown ZnO nanostructures on gas-sensing properties. J Am Ceram Soc, 2017, 100, 5629 doi: 10.1111/jace.15096
[9]
Ghoorchian A, Alizadeh N. Chemiresistor gas sensor based on sulfonated dye-doped modified conducting polypyrrole film for high sensitive detection of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene in air. Sens Actuators B, 2018, 255, 826 doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.08.093
[10]
Ong K, Zeng K, Grimes C. A wireless, passive carbon nanotube-based gas sensor. IEEE Sens J, 2002, 2(2), 82 doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2002.1000247
[11]
Ponomarenko L, Gorbachev R, Yu G, et al. Cloning of Dirac fermions in graphene superlattices. Nature, 2013, 497(7451), 594 doi: 10.1038/nature12187
[12]
Schedin F, Geim A, Morozov S, et al. Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. Nat Mater, 2007, 6(9), 652 doi: 10.1038/nmat1967
[13]
Liu X, Ma T, Pinna N, et al. Two-dimensional nanostructured materials for gas sensing. Adv Funct Mater, 2017, 27(37), 1702168 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201702168
[14]
Zhang S, Nguyen T H, Zhang W, et al. Correlation between lateral size and gas sensing performance of MoSe2 nanosheets. Appl Phys Lett, 2017, 111, 161603 doi: 10.1063/1.4986781
[15]
Song Z, Fan Y, Sun Z, et al. A new strategy for integrating superior mechanical performance and high volumetric energy density into a Janus graphene film for wearable solid-state supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5(39), 20797 doi: 10.1039/C7TA06040H
[16]
Zhang S, Zhang Z, Yang W. High-yield exfoliation of graphene using ternary-solvent strategy for detecting volatile organic compounds. Appl Surf Sci, 2016, 360, 323 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.220
[17]
Tan L, Li N, Chen S, et al. Self-assembly synthesis of CuSe@ graphene–carbon nanotubes as efficient and robust oxygen reduction electrocatalysts for microbial fuel cells. J Mater Chem A, 2016, 4(31), 12273 doi: 10.1039/C6TA02891H
[18]
Chen G, Kou X, Huang S, et al. Allochroic-graphene oxide linked 3D oriented surface imprinting strategy for glycoproteins assays. Adv Funct Mater, 2018, 28(40), 1804129 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201804129
[19]
Varghese S, Varghese S, Swaminathan S, et al. Two-dimensional materials for sensing: graphene and beyond. Electronics, 2015, 4(3), 651 doi: 10.3390/electronics4030651
[20]
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    Received: 22 October 2019 Revised: 28 October 2019 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 01 November 2019Uncorrected proof: 01 November 2019Published: 08 November 2019

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      Songyang Yuan, Shaolin Zhang. Recent progress on gas sensors based on graphene-like 2D/2D nanocomposites[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(11): 111608. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/11/111608 S Y Yuan, S L Zhang, Recent progress on gas sensors based on graphene-like 2D/2D nanocomposites[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(11): 111608. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/11/111608.Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Songyang Yuan, Shaolin Zhang. Recent progress on gas sensors based on graphene-like 2D/2D nanocomposites[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(11): 111608. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/11/111608

      S Y Yuan, S L Zhang, Recent progress on gas sensors based on graphene-like 2D/2D nanocomposites[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(11): 111608. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/11/111608.
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      Recent progress on gas sensors based on graphene-like 2D/2D nanocomposites

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/11/111608
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      • Corresponding author: Email: slzhang@gzhu.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2019-10-22
      • Revised Date: 2019-10-28
      • Published Date: 2019-11-01

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