J. Semicond. > 2018, Volume 39 > Issue 1 > 011011, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/1/011011
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Special Issue on Flexible and Wearable Electronics: from Materials to Applications

Recent advances in flexible and wearable organic optoelectronic devices

Hong Zhu1, Yang Shen1, Yanqing Li1 and Jianxin Tang1, 2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Jianxin Tang, Email: jxtang@suda.edu.cn

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Abstract: Flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices have been developing to a new stage due to their unique capacity for the possibility of a variety of wearable intelligent electronics, including bendable smartphones, foldable touch screens and antennas, paper-like displays, and curved and flexible solid-state lighting devices. Before extensive commercial applications, some issues still have to be solved for flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices. In this regard, this review concludes the newly emerging flexible substrate materials, transparent conductive electrodes, device architectures and light manipulation methods. Examples of these components applied for various kinds of devices are also summarized. Finally, perspectives about the bright future of flexible and wearable electronic devices are proposed.

Key words: flexible electronics, optoelectronic devices, wearable devices



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) Schematic showing the template polymer infiltration to combine the plastic and paper for a hybrid substrate, and the photo of flexible OLED based on the plastic-paper hybrid substrate under a bending state. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) The schematic image of the electrospinning epoxy backbone and spraying CNF fillers simultaneously, and dual-side emission of flexible OLED based on the hybrid film. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) Device structure (left), photos (middle) and EQE characteristics (right) of phosphorescent white OLED on monolayer graphene. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2013, Macmillan Publishers Limited. (b) Schematic illustration of self-organized Gra HIL (left), device photo (middle) and luminous efficiency (right) of OLED on four-layered graphene anode doped with HNO3 (4L-G-HNO3). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [19]. Copyright 2012, Macmillan Publishers Limited. (c) The device structure (left), luminance photo (middle), and EQE performances (right) of OLED on TiO2/graphene/Gra HIL anode. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [3]. Copyright 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) (a) An illustration of the fabrication process of the hybrid electrode and device, and the SEM images of pristine Ag NWs, IZO-coated Ag NWs, and PEDOT:PSS coating on Ag NWs-IZO. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [79]. Copyright 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited. (b) Explanation of Au-Ag alloy network formation during the solution procedure. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [21]. Copyright 2010, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) The fabrication process of stable Ag NWs@ion-gel composite film. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [78]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH. (b) The procedure and characterization results of Ag NWs embedded TCE. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [4]. Copyright 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited. (c) The illustration of auto-patterned TCE. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 87. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (d) The fabrication process of grid-embedded TCEs (ME-TCEs). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited. (e) The fabrication steps of photo-patternable TCE. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [23]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of the patterning method for flexible TCEs based on Cu NWs using a mask for selective intense pulsed light (IPL) irradiation, and the Cu NWs in the nonirradiated area can be clearly eliminated. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic diagram of the templated self-assembly of ultrathin Au NWs by the nanoimprinting process, and the diagrams below are detailed explanations of the bundling and sintering process. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [24]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a) Photograph of graphene-Ag NW hybrid TCE on PET substrate. Inset shows the SEM image of this hybrid. (b) Photos of the hybrid electrodes wrapped on cylindrical supports. (c) Schematic illustration of a single-pixel contact lens display using an inorganic light-emitting diode and the hybrid electrode. (d) Oxide semiconductor transistors with graphene−AgNW hybrid source/drain electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [65]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) Schematic and SEM images of the nucleation-induced ultrathin metal film growth of (a) the Ca:Ag alloy with a metal seed layer and (b) pure Ag without the seed layer. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [98]. Copyright 2016, Optical Society of America.

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) (a) Angular dependence of emission spectra for blue-, green-, and red-emission flexible OLEDs with periodic grating and quasi-periodic nanostructure. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH. (b) Schematic of the white OLED patterned with DANs on both sides of the ITO glass substrate, and the device performance. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [112]. Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH. (c) Schematic illustration of flexible OELDs using PET-AN/OC as a transparent conductive electrode. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 32. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (d) Flexible OLED with nanostructured metal-dielectric composite electrode on a plastic substrate. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) (a) Schematic process and SEM image for spontaneously formed SnO2-based scattering nanostructures. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [119]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH. (b) Schematic structure of transparent OLEDs with an internal scattering layer, and SEM images of random scattering nanostructures. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Schematic process flow of the SiOx-based internal scattering layer and the SEM images. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 10.  (Color online) (a) Cross-sectional view of an OLED to illustrate the light propagation for released modes (solid line) and trapped modes (dashed line). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [123]. Copyright 2009, Macmillan Publishers Limited. (b) Schematic of OLEDs on industrial-grade PEN (I-PEN) substrate with high refractive index, showing the light propagation. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [124]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH. (c) Schematic of flexible OLED device structure on plastic substrate with high-index stacked electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [127]. Copyright 2011, Macmillan Publishers Limited.

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Fig. 11.  (Color online) (a) Schematic configuration of a firefly lantern (left) and biologically inspired OLED device with hierarchical out-coupling structures on substrate (right). (b) A perspective SEM image of the hierarchical structure. (c) Luminescence appearance comparison with OLEDs in operation without and with structured surfaces. Reproduced with the permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 12.  (Color online) (a) Schematic device structure of an inverted OSC with Ag NPs embedded in the MoO3 hole collection layer, and the SEM image of Ag NPs thermally deposited on the MoO3 layer. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2012, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Schematic fabrication process of nanoholes within the MoO3 layer in the nanostructured device (top) and the corresponding SEM images (bottom). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [143]. Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH.

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Fig. 13.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of light behavior with and without a microlens array (MLA) for OSCs, SEM image of a representative MLA, and Jsc performance of the device under angled incidence white light with and without a MLA. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [148]. Copyright 2012, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Schematic view of the compound parabolic trapper (CPT) consisting of a CPC array, blocking mirrors, spacer, and PV. Photo of the fabricated CPT. Normalized Jsc of OSCs along the cross-sectional incident angle variation. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [149]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH.

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Fig. 14.  (Color online) (a) Microcavity configuration using semitransparent Ag film and top-capping light in-coupling layer as the optical incident electrode. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2014, Viley-VCH. (b) Micro-cavity embedded device configuration using a thick Ag film as cathode and an ultrathin Ag layer with a light in-coupling layer of TeO2 as anode on glass or PET. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [155]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH.

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Fig. 15.  (Color online) (a) Schematic of device structure and images of deformation tests of an ultrathin OLED operating during crumpling and stretching. Reproduced with the permission from Ref. [5]. Copyright 2013, Macmillan Publishers Limited. (b) Schematic of the fabrication process of 1D and 2D stretchable OLEDs, and images of 1D and 2D stretchable OLEDs operating at strains. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [162]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 16.  (Color online) Schematic illustration of the stretchable OSC (top left), exhibiting extreme bending flexibility as demonstrated by wrapping it around a 35-μm-radius human hair (top right) and super stretchability under quasi-linear compression (bottom). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [165]. Copyright 2012, Macmillan Publishers Limited.

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Fig. 17.  (Color online) (a) Schematic of the transparent flexible TFT on an ultrathin glass substrate based on the solution-processed GNSs–a-IGZO channel. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [168]. Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Cross-sectional view of the a-IGZO TFT on PEN substrate, and the photograph of flexible active-matrix OLED display driven by a-IGZO TFT arrays. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [169]. Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Schematic of the flexible and stretchable TFT using printable Ag NWs, CNTs and an elastomeric dielectric, and optical image of a TFT array. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [11]. Copyright 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited.

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Table 1.   Summary of the reported transparent conductive electrodes.

Type Material Transmittance (%) Rs (Ω/□) Flexibility Applications Ref.
Conductive polymers PDMS/PEDOT:PSS > 90% 81–122 Flexible OSC [55]
Acid treated PEDPT:PSS > 90% in visible range 95 Flexible OLED [56]
UV-treated PET/PEDOT:PSS 81% 52.4 Flexible OLED & OSC [57]
Ag@f-rGO/PEDOT:PSS 88% 88 Flexible – [58]
Graphene- based electrodes PET/graphene/Gra HIL More than 85% in visible range 30 Flexible OLED [19]
Graphene oxide/graphene More than 88% in visible range 268 Flexible OLED [20]
PMMA/rGO/SWNT 85% 153 Flexible – [59]
PET/graphene ~90% in visible range ~400 Flexible OSC [60]
rGO-SWCNT hybrid (4 layers) 65.8% @ 550 nm 331 Flexible OSC [61]
Metallic nanowires electrode Embedded Ag network > 87% < 5 Flexible OLED [1]
PET/Ag NWs 80% 8 Flexible – [21]
PDMS/Cu NWs 70% @ 550 nm 4.1 Stretchable – [22]
PET/UV curable polymer/Ag NWs 80.9% @ 550 nm 8.2 Flexible OLED [23]
PDMS/Au NWs 92% @ 550 nm 227 Flexible – [24]
CuNi nanomesh ~81% @ 550 nm 7.5 Flexible OSC [25]
PDMS/Ag NWs ~88.5% @ 550 nm 0.4 Stretchable Sensors [28]
PET/Ag NWs 85% 33 Flexible Touch screen [62]
PU/Ag NWs > 80% < 10 Stretchable LED integrated conductor [63]
Graphene- metallic nanowires hybrid electrode PEDOT:PSS/Ag NWs/graphene 71.21% @ 550 nm 181.67 Flexible OLED [64]
Graphene/Ag NWs hybrid 94% in visible range ~33 Stretchable Transistor & displays [65]
Graphene/Ag NWs hybrid 91% in visible range 1 Stretchable Transistor [66]
DMD electrode ZnS/Ag/WO3 > 80% 6.0 Flexible OLED [30]
PET/ZnS/Ag/MoO3 74.22% @ 550 nm 9.74 Flexible OLED [31]
DownLoad: CSV
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    Received: 23 July 2017 Revised: Online: Accepted Manuscript: 27 December 2017Published: 01 January 2018

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2018  >  39(1): 011011
      Hong Zhu, Yang Shen, Yanqing Li, Jianxin Tang. Recent advances in flexible and wearable organic optoelectronic devices[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2018, 39(1): 011011. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/1/011011 H Zhu, Y Shen, Y Q Li, J X Tang, Recent advances in flexible and wearable organic optoelectronic devices[J]. J. Semicond., 2018, 39(1): 011011. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/1/011011.Export: BibTex EndNote
      Citation:
      Hong Zhu, Yang Shen, Yanqing Li, Jianxin Tang. Recent advances in flexible and wearable organic optoelectronic devices[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2018, 39(1): 011011. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/1/011011

      H Zhu, Y Shen, Y Q Li, J X Tang, Recent advances in flexible and wearable organic optoelectronic devices[J]. J. Semicond., 2018, 39(1): 011011. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/1/011011.
      Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Recent advances in flexible and wearable organic optoelectronic devices

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/1/011011
      • 1.

        College of Nano Science and Technology, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China

      • 2.

        Institute of Organic Optoelectronics (IOO), JITRI, Suzhou 215213, China

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      Project supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2016YFB0400700).

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      • Corresponding author: Email: jxtang@suda.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2017-07-23
      • Published Date: 2018-01-01

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