Special Issue on Flexible and Wearable Electronics: from Materials to Applications

Recent progress of flexible and wearable strain sensors for human-motion monitoring

Gang Ge1, Wei Huang1, Jinjun Shao1, and Xiaochen Dong1, 2,

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 Corresponding author: Jinjun Shao, iamxcdong@njtech.edu.cn

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Abstract: With the rapid development of human artificial intelligence and the inevitably expanding markets, the past two decades have witnessed an urgent demand for the flexible and wearable devices, especially the flexible strain sensors. Flexible strain sensors, incorporated the merits of stretchability, high sensitivity and skin-mountable, are emerging as an extremely charming domain in virtue of their promising applications in artificial intelligent realms, human-machine systems and health-care devices. In this review, we concentrate on the transduction mechanisms, building blocks of flexible physical sensors, subsequently property optimization in terms of device structures and sensing materials in the direction of practical applications. Perspectives on the existing challenges are also highlighted in the end.

Key words: wearable devicesflexible sensorshuman-activity detection



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Characteristic features of recent advanced flexible strain sensors to detect human movement and activity under external deformation: Tiny capacitance changes detection on placing and removing a bluebottle fly (20 mg)[27]. Hydrogel based sensors dramatically accommodating the finger movements[28]. Smart glove attached to the composite fiber on each finger[29]. E-skin devices under rolling condition[30]. A piezoelectric sensor in conformal contact with the top of a human wrist[31]. A sensor unit mounted on the joint of a finger[32].

Fig. 2.  (Color online) Three claimed modes to explain the piezoresistivity of flexible sensors: (a) piezoresistivity, (b) capacitance, and (c) piezoelectricity[37].

Fig. 3.  (Color online) SEM illustrations depict Ag NWs/PDMS surface during the (a) stretching and releasing process at 20° and (b) cross-sectional directions[36]. Shape deformation at the contact point of the sensor unit under press, stretch, and flexion is showed in (c) and (d) picture[52].

Fig. 4.  (Color online) Working principle of the metal nanoparticle thin film based strain sensors: (a) The crack variation during the elongation/relaxation process. (b) The current variation during the stretching and releasing course. (c) The corresponding resistance variation during the dynamic course[53].

Fig. 5.  (Color online) Finite element analysis (a) showing von Mises stress distributions of the PEDOT:PSS/PUD coated micropyramid array based pressure sensors and the enhanced pressure sensitivity (b) of pyramid-structured sensor relative to unstructured films[58]. (c) The transduction mechanism of MC-Gel based force-sensitive flexible sensors and the corresponding resistive variation response (d) of the hydrogel based sensors under external deformation[59]. (e) The sensing mechanism of ultrathin gold nanowire-impregnated tissue paper based sensors[60].

Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a) SEM images of the RGO-PU sponge, hydrothermally treated RGO-PU sponge (RGO-PU-HT), and the compressed treated RGO-PU-HT sponge (RGO-PU-HT-P) during the pressing and releasing process. (b) Pressure-response curves for RGO-PU sponges and RGO-PU-HT-P sponges, respectively. (c) Multiple-cycles tests of repeated loading and unloading pressure with different values. The minimum value of detectable pressure is as low as 9 Pa[34].

Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) The structure elasticity of the hollow-sphere-structured PPy based sensors. (b) SEM and TEM images of PPy revealing its interconnected hollow-sphere structure[51]. (c) SEM illustrations showing the morphology of a CNT fiber and pre-strained CNT fiber of the CNT-based flexible sensors in the stretching course. (d) Schematics demonstrating the sliding-disconnecting mechanism of the fabricated sensors[63].

Fig. 8.  (a) SEM and AFM images showing the morphology of a patterned PDMS film molded from an E. aureum leave confirming the hierarchical structures. The enhanced sensitivity, reliability, and stability of ACNT/G pressure sensors. (c) The high stability performance of the fabricated sensors under external dynamic compression of 150 Pa at 2.3 Hz for 35 000 cycles[79].

Fig. 9.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration showing the fabricated process of micro-structured PDMS films and the corresponding pressure sensors. (b) The excellent sensitivity of the bio-inspired pressure sensor under different applied pressures. (c) Current changes and the desirable piezoelectric mechanism of mimosa-inspired flexible pressure sensors in response to pressure and its reversibility[67].

Fig. 10.  (Color online) (a) SEM image of hierarchically structured graphene/PDMS array. Inset is an amplifying image of an individual structure. (b) An illustration depicting the transduction mechanism of the fabricated hierarchical structure based flexible pressure sensors under normal compressive pressure. The contact areas increase with the applied pressure. (c) Superb transparent property of the pressure sensor attached on the wrist and the corresponding electric signal variation showing the health condition of human being[65].

Fig. 12.  (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram illustrating the overall structure design of the fabricated ultra-sensitive flexible sensor. (b) Relative current variation of the two e-skin sensors in the low detective ranges[123]. (c) The nanoarchitecture of graphene-CNT binary percolation networks based all-carbon conductive platform. (d) Frequency response of the fabricated epidermal sensor with an input frequency of 1 Hz. (e) Relative resistance variation of the networked platform versus time under different strain (with an external frequency of 0.1 Hz). (f) AWP (artery wrist pulse) output signal of a healthy tester before (blue line) and after (red line) sports[10].

Fig. 11.  (Color online) (a) Conductive GNN patterns on line, tetragonal-dots and cylindrical pillars and the corresponding SEM images (b) without depositing metal on the samples. (c) Illustration depicting the sensor to detect amplified bio-signals with the presence of micro-lines patterns and the corresponding amplitude obtained by mapping of the capacitive signals[117].

Fig. 13.  (Color online) (a) The desirable illustration of nanopile interlocking to achieve both high-adhesion and high flexibility. (b) Finite Element Modeling simulating the strain distribution among the fabricated sensor with and without nanopiles under external 10% strain. (c) SEM image showing the cross-section view of the stretchable Au film with nanopiles penetrating into PDMS. Insets show the front and reverse sides. The reverse illustration black for sake of absorption of nanopiles[135].

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    Received: 08 August 2017 Revised: 01 December 2017 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 08 December 2017Published: 01 January 2018

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      Gang Ge, Wei Huang, Jinjun Shao, Xiaochen Dong. Recent progress of flexible and wearable strain sensors for human-motion monitoring[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2018, 39(1): 011012. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/1/011012 G Ge, W Huang, J J Shao, X C Dong, Recent progress of flexible and wearable strain sensors for human-motion monitoring[J]. J. Semicond., 2018, 39(1): 011012. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/1/011012.Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Gang Ge, Wei Huang, Jinjun Shao, Xiaochen Dong. Recent progress of flexible and wearable strain sensors for human-motion monitoring[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2018, 39(1): 011012. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/1/011012

      G Ge, W Huang, J J Shao, X C Dong, Recent progress of flexible and wearable strain sensors for human-motion monitoring[J]. J. Semicond., 2018, 39(1): 011012. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/1/011012.
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      Recent progress of flexible and wearable strain sensors for human-motion monitoring

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/1/011012
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      Project supported by the NNSF of China (Nos. 61525402, 61604071), the Key University Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province (No. 15KJA430006), and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20161012).

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      • Corresponding author: iamxcdong@njtech.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2017-08-08
      • Revised Date: 2017-12-01
      • Published Date: 2018-01-01

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