J. Semicond. > 2019, Volume 40 > Issue 5 > 052101, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/5/052101
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ARTICLES

Structural and optical studies on PVA capped SnS films grown by chemical bath deposition for solar cell application

P Mallika Bramaramba Devi, G. Phaneendra Reddy and K. T. Ramakrishna Reddy

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: K. T. Ramakrishna Reddy, e-mail: ktrkreddy@gmail.com

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Abstract: Tin monosulphide (SnS) thin films capped by PVA have been successfully deposited on glass substrates for cost effective photovoltaic device applications by a simple and low-cost wet chemical process, chemical bath deposition (CBD) at different bath temperatures varying in the range, 50–80 °C. X–ray diffraction analysis showed that the deposited films were polycrystalline in nature, showing orthorhombic structure with an intense peak corresponding to (040) plane of SnS. These observations were further confirmed by Raman analysis. FTIR spectra showed the absorption bands which corresponds to PVA in addition to SnS. The scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy studies revealed that the deposited SnS films were uniform and nanostructured with an average particle size of 4.9 to 7.6 nm. The optical investigations showed that the layers were highly absorbing with the optical absorption coefficient ~105 cm–1. A decrease in optical band gap from 1.92 to 1.55 eV with an increase of bath temperature was observed. The observed band gap values were higher than the bulk value of 1.3 eV, which might be due to quantum confinement effect. The optical band gap values were also used to calculate particle size and the results are discussed.

Key words: chemical bath deposition, polyvinyl alcohol, capping agent, SnS thin films, structural properties, optical properties



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Schematic diagram of preparation of PVA capped SnS films.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) X-ray diffraction patterns of SnS films grown at different bath temperatures.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) Change of crystallite size and dislocation density with bath temperature.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) Variation of strain and number of crystallites per unit area of SnS layers with bath temperature.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) W-H plots of SnS layers with bath temperature.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) Rietveld refinement of SnS layers capped by PVA at 80 °C bath temperature.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) Deconvoluted Raman spectra of SnS layers grown at different bath temperatures.

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) FTIR pectra of SnS layers grown at different bath temperatures.

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) SEM images of SnS layers grown at different bath temperatures (a) 50 °C, (b) 60 °C , (c) 70 °C, and (d) 80 °C.

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Fig. 10.  (Color online) 2D and 3D AFM micrographs of SnS layers formed at different bath temperatures (a) 60 °C, (b) 70 °C, and (c) 80 °C.

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Fig. 11.  (Color online) Variation of optical transmittance as a function wavelength in SnS films.

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Fig. 12.  (Color online) Change of absorption coefficient as a function of photon energy in the SnS films. (Inset) Tauc plots of SnS films.

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Table 1.   Data of the SnS thin films deposited on glass substrates at different deposition temperatures reported in literature.

Deposition method Deposition temperature (°C) Phase Sn/S ratio α (cm–1) Band gap (eV) Ref.
CBD (uncapped) 40–80 SnS – 104 1.41–1.30 [47]
Sulfurization 150–450 SnS (300–350 °C), SnS + Sn2S3 (150–
200 °C), SnS + SnS2 (400–450 °C)		 – – 1.2–1.6 [48]
Thermal evaporation 200–400 SnS 0.96-1.10 – 1.36 [49]
RF sputtering 150–300 SnS – – 1.67–1.44 [50]
MOCVD 430–470 SnS 0.92–1.32 104 1.3–1.1 [51]
Spray pyrolysis 250–450 SnS (250–400 °C), SnS + Sn2S3 (450 °C) 1.29–1.11 – 1.70–1.46 [52]
Electron beam evaporation 300 SnS – – 1.38 [11]
CVD 200–400 SnS 2.77–1.15 – – [53]
Spin coating 150–400 SnS (200 °C), SnS + SnS2 (300 °C), SnS + Sn2S3 (400 °C) 1.31–1.03 – 1.88–1.26 [54]
CBD (PVA capping) 50–80 SnS (70–80 °C), SnS + Sn2S3 + SnS2 (70–
80 °C)		 0.46–0.95 105 1.92–1.55 Present work
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Table 2.   Structural parameters of PVA capped SnS layers formed at different bath temperatures with respect to (040) plane.

Tb (°C) FWHM (°) dXRD (Å) dJCPDS (Å) D (nm) δ (1015 lines/m2) ε (10–3) N (1015)
Scherrer’s formula W-H plot Scherrer’s formula W-H plot
50 0.76048 2.828 2.835 11 4.0 7.8 11.8 22.4 62.4
60 0.72434 2.827 2.835 12 4.3 7.0 11.1 22.2 53.8
70 0.40719 2.825 2.835 21 10 2.2 6.1 7.8 9.7
80 0.38693 2.823 2.835 22 11 2.0 5.9 6.9 8.4
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Table 3.   Atomic weight (at.%) composition determined using EDS at different bath temperatures.

Bath temperature (°C) Sn (at.%) S (at.%) Sn/S
50 30.24 65.50 0.46
60 36.36 60.66 0.59
70 46.15 51.53 0.89
80 48.26 50.28 0.95
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Table 4.   Comparison of particle size of SnS nanocrystals capped by PVA estimated using XRD, AFM and optical measurements.

Tb (°C) Particle size from XRD analysis (nm) Particle size from AFM micrographs analysis (nm) Particle size from optical measure-ments (nm)
50 4.0 – 5.1
60 4.3 4.9 5.3
70 10 5.3 6.1
80 11 7.6 8.4
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[1]
Kana A T, Hibbert T G, Mahon M F, et al. Organotin unsymmetric dithiocarbamates: Synthesis, formation and characterization of tin (II) sulphide films by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition. Polyhedron, 2001, 20, 2989 doi: 10.1016/S0277-5387(01)00908-1
[2]
Reddy K T R, Reddy N K, Miles R W, et al. Photovoltaic properties of SnS based solar cells. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2006, 90, 3041 doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2006.06.012
[3]
Guneri E, Gode F, Ultas C, et al. Effect of deposition time on structural, electrical, optical properties of SnS thin films deposited by chemical bath deposition. App Surf Sci, 2010, 257, 1189 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.07.104
[4]
Reddy N K, Reddy K T R. Optical behaviour of sprayed tin sulphide thin films. Mater Res Bull, 2006, 41, 414 doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2005.08.001
[5]
Kawano Y, Chantana J, Minemoto T, et al. Impact of growth temperature on the properties of SnS films prepared by thermal evaporation and its photovoltaic performance. Curr Appl Phys, 2015, 15, 897 doi: 10.1016/j.cap.2015.03.026
[6]
Ganchev M, Vitanvov P, Sendova-Vassileva M, et al. Properties of SnS thin films grown by physical vapour deposition. J Phys: Conf Ser, 2016, 682, 012019 doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/682/1/012019
[7]
Cheng S, Chen Y, He Y, et al. The structure and properties of SnS thin films prepared by pulse electro deposition. Mater Lett, 2007, 61, 1408 doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2006.07.067
[8]
EI-Nahass M M, Zeyada H M, Aziz M S, et al. Optical properties of thermally evaporated SnS thin films. Opt Mater, 2002, 20, 159 doi: 10.1016/S0925-3467(02)00030-7
[9]
Andrade-Arvizu J A, Garcia-Sanchez M F, Courel-Piedrahita M, et al. Suited growth parameters including type of conductivity conversions on chemical spray pyrolysis synthesized SnS thin films. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 2016, 121, 347 doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2016.08.016
[10]
Haraa K O, Suzuki S, Usami N, et al. Formation of metastable cubic phase in SnS thin films fabricated by thermal evaporation. Thin Solid Films, 2017, 639, 7 doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2017.08.025
[11]
Tanusevski A, Poelman D. Optical and photoconductive properties of SnS thin films prepared by electron beam evaporation. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2003, 80, 297 doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2003.06.002
[12]
Ana V, Dronova M, Zakharov A, et al. Optical and AFM studies on p-SnS films deposited by magnetron sputtering. Chalcogenide Lett, 2015, 12, 483
[13]
Banu S, Ahn S J, Eo Y J, et al. Thin monosulphide (SnS) thin films grown by liquid-phase deposition. Solar Energy, 2017, 145, 33 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.12.013
[14]
Jana S, Thapa R, Maity R, et al. Optical and dielectric properties of PVA capped nanocrystalline PbS thin films synthesized by chemical bath depostition. Physica E, 2008, 40, 3121 doi: 10.1016/j.physe.2008.04.015
[15]
Subramaniam E P, Rajesh G, Muthukumarasamy N, et al. Solar cells of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition method. Indian J Pure Ap Phy, 2014, 52, 620
[16]
Jing J, Cao M, Wu C, et al. Chemical bath deposition of SnS nanosheet thin films for FTO/SnS/CdS/Pt photocathode. J Alloys Compd, 2017, 726, 720 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.303
[17]
Chalapathi U, Poornaprakash B, Park S H, et al. Chemically deposited cubic SnS thin films for solar cell applications. Solar Energy, 2016, 139, 238 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.09.046
[18]
Chaki S H, Chaudhary M D, Deshpande M P. SnS thin films deposited by chemical bath deposition, dip coating and SILAR. J Semicond, 2016, 37, 053001 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/5/053001
[19]
Nair M T S, Nair P K. Simplified chemical bath deposition for good quality SnS thin films. Semicond Sci Technol, 1991, 6, 132 doi: 10.1088/0268-1242/6/2/014
[20]
Nair P K, Nair M T S, Garcia V M, et al. Semiconductor thin films by chemical bath deposition for solar energy related applications. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 1998, 52, 313 doi: 10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00237-7
[21]
Reighima M, Akkari A, Guasch C, Kamoun N T, et al. Synthesis and characterization of Fe-doped SnS thin films by chemical bath deposition technique for solar cell applications. J Renew Sustain Energy, 2013, 5, 063109 doi: 10.1063/1.4830256
[22]
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    Received: 22 January 2019 Revised: 30 March 2019 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 19 April 2019Uncorrected proof: 26 April 2019Published: 08 May 2019

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2019  >  40(5): 052101
      P Mallika Bramaramba Devi, G. Phaneendra Reddy, K. T. Ramakrishna Reddy. Structural and optical studies on PVA capped SnS films grown by chemical bath deposition for solar cell application[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(5): 052101. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/5/052101 P M B Devi, G P Reddy, K T R Reddy, Structural and optical studies on PVA capped SnS films grown by chemical bath deposition for solar cell application[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(5): 052101. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/5/052101.Export: BibTex EndNote
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      P Mallika Bramaramba Devi, G. Phaneendra Reddy, K. T. Ramakrishna Reddy. Structural and optical studies on PVA capped SnS films grown by chemical bath deposition for solar cell application[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(5): 052101. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/5/052101

      P M B Devi, G P Reddy, K T R Reddy, Structural and optical studies on PVA capped SnS films grown by chemical bath deposition for solar cell application[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(5): 052101. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/5/052101.
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      Structural and optical studies on PVA capped SnS films grown by chemical bath deposition for solar cell application

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/5/052101

      • Solar Energy Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517502, India

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      • Corresponding author: e-mail: ktrkreddy@gmail.com
      • Received Date: 2019-01-22
      • Revised Date: 2019-03-30
      • Published Date: 2019-05-01

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