J. Semicond. > 2020, Volume 41 > Issue 1 > 011201, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/1/011201
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REVIEWS

Progress on the controllable synthesis of all-inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals and their optoelectronic applications

Yi Yuan and Aiwei Tang

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 Corresponding author: Aiwei Tang, Email: awtang@bjtu.edu.cn

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Abstract: In the past five years, all-inorganic metal halide perovskite (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals have been intensely studied due to their outstanding optical properties and facile synthesis, which endow them with potential optoelectronic applications. In order to optimize their physical and chemical properties, different strategies have been developed to realize the controllable synthesis of CsPbX3 nanocrystals. In this short review, we firstly present a comprehensive and detailed summary of existed synthesis strategies of CsPbX3 nanocrystals and their analogues. Then, we introduce the regulations of several reaction parameters and their effects on the morphologies of CsPbX3 nanocrystals. At the same time, we provide stability improvement methods and representative applications. Finally, we propose the current challenges and future perspectives of the promising materials.

Key words: metal halide perovskite, nanocrystals, synthesis, optical properties



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) The crystal structure of cubic CsPbX3 NCs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [24]. (b) Images of CsPbX3 NCs dispersions with different emission colors under the UV light. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [26]. (c) The TEM image of CsPbBr3 NCs with the cubic morphology. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [26]. (d) Absorption and PL spectra of CsPbX3 NCs with different compositions. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [26].

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) Schematic of the hot-injection method. The digital graph and TEM image of the corresponding sample are shown as insets. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [24]. (b) Schematic of the room temperature fabrication strategy. The digital graph of as prepared CsPbBr3 NCs dispersion is presented aside. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [24]. (c) Schematic of the single-step tip ultrasonication synthesis. The digital images of as-prepared CsPbBr3 and CdsPbI3 NCs are shown as below. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37].

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) (a) Flowchart of the template-assisted synthesis of CsPbX3 NCs in the pores of mesoporous silica, and photographs of mesoporous silica impregnated with CsPbBr3 (left) and CsPb(Br0.25I0.75)3 NCs (right) under daylight and under UV illumination. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. (b) Illustration of the droplet-based microfluidic platform integrated with online absorbance and fluorescence detection for the synthesis and real time characterization of CsPbX3 NCs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. (c) Illustration of in-situ growth of all-inorganic CsPbX3 nanocrystals in the polymers via one-step electrospinning technique. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. (d) Schematic and photographs of mechano-synthesis of CsPbX3 NCs and their fluorescence under UV light irradiation during ball milling. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [45].

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) Overview of the different anion-exchange routes and precursors within the cubic CsPbX3 NCs and their corresponding XRD patterns reported by (a) Kovalenko group and (b) Manna group respectively. Reproduced with permission from Refs. [49, 50].

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram of the evolution process of Cs4PbBr6 to CsPbBr3 NCs with addition of extra PbBr2. Corresponding emission and PL spectra, XRD patterns and TEM images before and after the treatment are shown aside. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [62]. (b) Schematic illustration of of the transformation from Cs4PbBr6 to CsPbBr3 NCs with stripping of CsBr. Below are photographs under daylight and UV light, showing the stability of CsPbBr3 NCs obtained through hot-injection method (upper row) and water-triggered transformation process (bottom row). Top layer, CsPbBr3 NCs dispersed in hexane; bottom layer, water. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [65]. (c) Illustration of Cs4PbBr6 to CsPbBr3 NCs through the extraction of CsBr achieved either by thermal annealing (physical approach) or by chemical reaction with Prussian Blue (chemical approach). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [66]. (d) Illustration of ligand mediated transformation of pre-synthesized CsPbBr3 to Cs4PbBr6 NCs initiated by amine addition. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [63]. (e) Schematic of the ligand control of the dynamic reversibility between CsPbBr3 and Cs4PbBr6 NCs. On the left are TEM images of cubic CsPbBr3 to Cs4PbBr6 NCs from left to right, and on the right are two complete CsPbBr3 to Cs4PbBr6 NCs cycles by ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [69].

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of the transformation from CsPbBr3 to CsPb2Br5 NCs induced by alkyl-thiols, with controlled morphologies by tuning the ratios of alkyl-thiols to amines and acids. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [70]. (b) Schematic diagram of reversible light-induced structural transitions from orthorhombic CsPbBr3 to tetragonal CsPb2Br5 nanosheets. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [67].

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) Summary of the shape and size dependence on the chain length of carboxylic acids and amines via hot injection method. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [82]. (b) Overview of CsPbX3 NCs with different morphologies by varying the organic acid and amine ligands at room temperature. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83]. (c) Illustration of the effect of increasing the ratio of short chain carboxylic acid to amine ligands on controlling the width of the CsPbBr3 NWs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [84]. (d) Illustration of the morphology control of perovskite NCs tuned by the amount of organic amines and organic acids during the synthesis process. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [86].

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) (a) The sketch showing the change of concentration of different species along with time during CsPbBr3 synthesis. Inset: schematic illustration of the morphology evolution during CsPbBr3 synthesis. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [88]. (b) Schematic diagram of the effects of the reaction temperature on tuning the thickness and self-assembly of CsPbX3 nanoplates. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [90].

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) (a) The structure illustration of CsPbI2+xBr1−x perovskite solar cell using CsPbBrI2 and CsPbI3 quantum dots (QDs) as component cells. (b) The halide-ion-profiled heterojunction designed at the CsPbBrI2/CsPbI3 QD interface to achieve proper band-edge. (c) The optimization of CsPbI3 QD layer in the graded bandgap structure to achieve maximum overall light harvesting. (d) The remarkable PCE of the as-fabricated device. Reproduced with permission [153].

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Fig. 10.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration and (b) cross-sectional TEM image of an LED device. (c-e) Photographs and (f) EL spectra (straight line) of LED devices with different halide compositions, and the PL spectra (dashed line) of NCs dispersed in hexane. (g) The Commission Internationale del’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of the three-color QLEDs (circular) compared to the National Television System Committee (NTSC) color standards (stars). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [155].

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Fig. 11.  (Color online) (a) Schematic structure of photodetector based on all–inorganic perovskite CsPbIxBr3–x. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [140]. (b) Schematic diagram of CO2 photoreduction over the CsPbBr3 QD/GO photocatalyst. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [119]. (c) Schematic of a CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, or I) plate on mica substrate pumped by a 400 nm laser excitation. On the right are the emission spectra at five different optical pump fluencies, showing the transition from spontaneous emission to amplified spontaneous emission and to lasing. Inset: 2D pseudo–color plot of the plate emission spectra under different pump fluence (P). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [144]. (d) Schematic illustration of the CsPbBr3/MoS2 heterojunction phototransistor. On the right is the comparison of Isd–Vsd characteristics of this heterojunction in darkness and under a 442 nm laser with different intensities. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [160].

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    Received: 27 September 2019 Revised: 18 November 2019 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 27 November 2019Uncorrected proof: 27 November 2019Corrected proof: 10 December 2019Published: 02 January 2020

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2020  >  41(1): 011201
      Yi Yuan, Aiwei Tang. Progress on the controllable synthesis of all-inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals and their optoelectronic applications[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2020, 41(1): 011201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/1/011201 Y Yuan, A W Tang, Progress on the controllable synthesis of all-inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals and their optoelectronic applications[J]. J. Semicond., 2020, 41(1): 011201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/1/011201.Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Yi Yuan, Aiwei Tang. Progress on the controllable synthesis of all-inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals and their optoelectronic applications[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2020, 41(1): 011201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/1/011201

      Y Yuan, A W Tang, Progress on the controllable synthesis of all-inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals and their optoelectronic applications[J]. J. Semicond., 2020, 41(1): 011201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/1/011201.
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      Progress on the controllable synthesis of all-inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals and their optoelectronic applications

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/1/011201

      • Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China

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      • Corresponding author: Aiwei Tang, Email: awtang@bjtu.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2019-09-27
      • Revised Date: 2019-11-18
      • Published Date: 2020-01-01

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