J. Semicond. > 2022, Volume 43 > Issue 10 > 101301, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301
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Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators

Yan Wang1, Tongtong Liu1, Jiangyi Liu1, Chuanbo Li1, Zhuo Chen2, and Shuhui Bo1,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Zhuo Chen, chenzhuo@mail.ipc.ac.cn; Shuhui Bo, boshuhui@muc.edu.cn

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Abstract: High performance electro-optic modulator, as the key device of integrated ultra-wideband optical systems, have become the focus of research. Meanwhile, the organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators, which make full use of the advantages of organic electro-optic (OEO) materials (e.g. high electro-optic coefficient, fast response speed, high bandwidth, easy processing/integration and low cost) have attracted considerable attention. In this paper, we introduce a series of high-performance OEO materials that exhibit good properties in electro-optic activity and thermal stability. In addition, the recent progress of organic-based hybrid electro-optic devices is reviewed, including photonic crystal-organic hybrid (PCOH), silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) and plasmonic-organic hybrid (POH) modulators. A high-performance integrated optical platform based on OEO materials is a promising solution for growing high speeds and low power consumption in compact sizes.

Key words: organic electro-optic materials, modulator, organic-based hybrid modulator, heterogeneous integration



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Fig. 1.  EO chromophores with stronger electron-donors.

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Fig. 2.  High performance chromophores for neat film poling.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) (a) Chemical structure for chromophores HLD1, HLD2, cross-linker C1, and polymer P1. (b) Temporal stability of the poled films HLD1/HLD2, HLD2/C1, HLD2/P1, JRD1/APC, and JRD1/PMMA at the curing temperature of 85 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [27]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) Schematic of the slot-photonic crystal slow-light phase modulator and dominant electric field component Ex at quasi-TE mode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [70], Copyright 2008, The Optical Society. (b) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fabricated device. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [73], Copyright 2016, The Optical Society.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) The SOH phase modulator with an SiO2 film on top of the silicon strips which cover with the gate electrode. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2011, Optical Society of America. (b) 100 GHz SOH phase modulator. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [10]. Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group. (c) Ultra-low half-wave voltage of 0.21 V SOH MZM. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright 2018, Optical Society of America. (d) Capacitivity coupled SOH MZM with high-κ slotlines. Reproduced with permission from Ref.[75]. Copyright 2021, Optical Society of America. (e) High-temperature-resistant SOH MZM working up to 200 Gbit/s over 100 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [77]. Copyright 2020, Nature Publishing Group. (f) The structure of SOH MZM by optimizing the strip-to-slot mode converter. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [78]. Copyright 2020, Optics and Precision Engineering.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a) The relative size of all-organic, SOH and POH modulator. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [1]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (b) Variation of halfwave voltage (Vπ) with electrode length/device length (L) for various types of devices. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [79]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (c) Comparison measured (symbols) and computationally predicted (lines) VπL values for JRD1, DLD164, and BAH13 organic OEO materials at 1550 nm in a POH MZM. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [69]. Copyright 2022, Royal Society of Chemistry.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) A high-speed POH phase modulator designed and fabricated. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [11]. Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group. (b) POH MZM with metal-insulator-metal plasmonic slot waveguide. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [12]. Copyright 2015, Nature Publishing Group. (c) All-plasmonic MZM using a single metal layer without the silicon waveguide. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [38]. Copyright 2017, Nature Publishing Group. (d) Low-loss plasmonic electro-optic ring modulator. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2018, Nature Publishing Group.

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) (a) Beyond 500 GHz POH MZM used for sub-THz microwave photonics. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2019. American Institute of Physics. (b) 222 GBd on-off-keying transmitter based on POH MZM. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [80]. Copyright 2020. Optical Society of America. (c) Compact IQ electro-optic modulator operated with sub-1-V driving electronics. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2019. Nature Publishing Group. (d) Symbol rates 100 GBd monolithically integrated electro-optical transmitter based on POH MZM. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2020. Nature Publishing Group.

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Table 1.   The MZM on various EO platforms with operating principle of Pockels effect. The best result reported is given in parenthesis.

Platform3-dB EO bandwidth (GHz)Vπ (V)Footprint (mm)Loss (dB/cm)
SOH>60 (76 [75])0.21 V [34]<1~20 (22 [83])
POH>100 (500 [41])4.8 V [24]<0.02~500 (400[12])
PCOH78 [70]0.94[73]~0.3~200[73]
LNOI>67 (110[81])1.4 [81]5–20~0.3
LN/Si70 (106 [82])5.1 [15]>5~1 (0.98 [15])
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    Received: 06 April 2022 Revised: 13 May 2022 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 26 July 2022Uncorrected proof: 27 July 2022Published: 01 October 2022

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2022  >  43(10): 101301
      Yan Wang, Tongtong Liu, Jiangyi Liu, Chuanbo Li, Zhuo Chen, Shuhui Bo. Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301 Y Wang, T T Liu, J Y Liu, C B Li, Z Chen, S H Bo. Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Yan Wang, Tongtong Liu, Jiangyi Liu, Chuanbo Li, Zhuo Chen, Shuhui Bo. Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301

      Y Wang, T T Liu, J Y Liu, C B Li, Z Chen, S H Bo. Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301
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      Organic electro-optic polymer materials and organic-based hybrid electro-optic modulators

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/10/101301
      • 1.

        Optoelectronics Research Centre, School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China

      • 2.

        Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

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      • Author Bio:

        Yan Wang got his BS from Tianjin University of Technology in 2019. Now he is a master degree candidate in Minzu University of China under the supervision of Prof. Shuhui Bo. His research interest is electro-optic modulator of organic polymer materials

        Zhuo Chen received his Ph.D. degree from Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, in 2011. He is currently a research associate in Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS. His research interests include organic electro-optic materials, micro-nano optical devices

        Shuhui Bo received her Ph.D. degree from Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, in 2008. She is currently a professor in Optoelectronics Research Centre, Minzu University of China. Her research interests include organic electro-optic materials and organic-based modulators

      • Corresponding author: chenzhuo@mail.ipc.ac.cn; boshuhui@muc.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2022-04-06
      • Revised Date: 2022-05-13
        • Available Online: 2022-07-26

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