J. Semicond. > 2022, Volume 43 > Issue 12 > 122001, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/12/122001
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ARTICLES

One-step hydrothermal synthesis of Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Congo red

Van Nang Lam1, , Thi Bich Vu2, 3, Quang Dat Do1, Thi Thanh Xuan Le1, Tien Dai Nguyen2, 3, , T.-Thanh-Bao Nguyen4, Hoang Tung Do4 and Thi Tu Oanh Nguyen5

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Van Nang Lam, lvnang@hluv.edu.vn; Tien Dai Nguyen, nguyentiendai@duytan.edu.vn

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Abstract: We report on the synthesis of Sn-doped hematite nanoparticles (Sn-α-Fe2O3 NPs) by the hydrothermal method. The prepared Sn-α-Fe2O3 NPs had a highly pure and well crystalline rhombohedral phase with an average particle size of 41.4 nm. The optical properties of as-synthesized α-Fe2O3 NPs show a higher bandgap energy (2.40–2.57 eV) than that of pure bulk α-Fe2O3 (2.1 eV). By doping Sn into α-Fe2O3 NPs, the Sn-doped hematite was observed a redshift toward a long wavelength with increasing Sn concentration from 0% to 4.0%. The photocatalytic activity of Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 NPs was evaluated by Congo red (CR) dye degradation. The degradation efficiency of CR dye using Sn-α-Fe2O3 NPs catalyst is higher than that of pure α-Fe2O3 NPs. The highest degradation efficiency of CR dye was 97.8% using 2.5% Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 NPs catalyst under visible-light irradiation. These results suggest that the synthesized Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles might be a suitable approach to develop a photocatalytic degradation of toxic inorganic dye in wastewater.

Key words: α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, Sn, Congo red, photocatalytic properties, photodegradation



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) XRD pattern of α-Fe2O3 NPs samples. (b) Magnification of (104) plane vs. Sn concentration. (c) 2θ position of (104) plane vs. Sn concentration plot for changing Sn concentration.

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Fig. 2.  SEM top–view images of α-Fe2O3 NPs with varied Sn concentrations as 0% Sn (S1), 1.0% Sn (S2), 2.5% Sn (S3) and 4.0% Sn (S4) samples.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) (a) TEM image and average diameter size, (b) EDS spectrum and (c) FTIR spectrum of the pure α-Fe2O3 NPs (S1) and 2.5% Sn-α-Fe2O3 NPs (S3) samples and (d) Raman spectrum of S1–S4 samples.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) The absorption spectra of α-Fe2O3 NPs for varying Sn concentration (0%, 1.0%, 2.5% and 4.0%), and (αhν)2 vs. energy plot for calculation of bandgap of different Sn–doping concentrations α-Fe2O3 NPs for (b) 0% Sn (S1), (c) 1.0% Sn (S2), (d) 2.5% Sn (S3), (e) 4.0% Sn (S4) samples, respectively.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) UV–Vis absorption spectra of Congo red during different stage (at 15, and 30 min interval) of photocatalytic reaction of α-Fe2O3 NPs with varied Sn doping concentration as (a) 0% Sn (S1), (b) 1.0% Sn (S2), (c) 2.5% Sn (S3) and (d) 4.0% Sn (S4) samples.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a) Effect of Sn-α-Fe2O3 NPs catalyst dosage on photodegradation efficiency of CR dye solution. (b) Plot of ln (Co/C) as a function of irradiation time for photocatalysis of Congo red solution containing: α-Fe2O3 and Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 NPs.

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Table 1.   The parameters of Sn doped to α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and their degradation characteristics.

SampleSn concentration
(%)		Average
crystallite
size (nm)		BET
surface area
(m2/g)		Eg
(eV)		Unit cell parameter (Å) Congo red
(mg/L)		Degradation efficiency
(%)
ac
Sn-α-Fe2O3−S10.0 20.35 26.46562.575.023713.6904 10 84.6
Sn-α-Fe2O3−S21.0 19.82 27.01812.485.027113.7046 10 69.2
Sn-α-Fe2O3−S32.5 15.89 31.12342.465.023713.7346 10 97.8
Sn-α-Fe2O3−S44.0 21.74 25.95162.405.035113.7411 10 81.8
DownLoad: CSV

Table 2.   Compression of photocatalyst characteristics of α-Fe2O3 and other materials to varying organic dyes.

PhotocatalystParticle
size
(nm)		 DyesDopant concentration
(%)		Weight
catalyst
(mg)		Irradiation
time
(min)		Degradation
efficiency
(%)		Ref.
Sn/α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles41.4Congo red2.53012097.8This work
Sn/α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles12Methylene blue5.0509094.7[10]
α-Fe2O3/ASCM nanoparticles5095400100100[6]
3,5 diacrylamidobenzoic acid based resin−Congo red−280144092.03[8]
Ni1–xMxFe2O3 nanosheets20–24Congo red101030097[49]
2, 2’-bpy/α-Fe2O3-S nanorods80, 300Bisphenol A−5036095.2[12]
Ni/α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles35Rose bengal4.0509080.0[13]
γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles35Methylene blue−254098.9[10]
α–Fe2O3 nanoparticles27Rose bengal−1513598.0[30]
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
Zhang Y J, Kang L, Liu L C. Alkali-activated cements for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. In: Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015, 729 doi: https://doi.org/10.1533/9781782422884.5.729
[2]
Zheng Y Q, Cheng B, Fan J J, et al. Review on nickel-based adsorption materials for Congo red. J Hazard Mater, 2021, 403, 123559 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123559
[3]
Waheed A, Mansha M, Kazi I W, et al. Synthesis of a novel 3, 5-diacrylamidobenzoic acid based hyper-cross-linked resin for the efficient adsorption of Congo Red and Rhodamine B. J Hazard Mater, 2019, 369, 528 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.058
[4]
Jiao C L, Liu D, Wei N N, et al. Efficient Congo red removal using porous cellulose/gelatin/sepiolite gel beads: Assembly, characterization, and adsorption mechanism. Polymers, 2021, 13, 3890 doi: 10.3390/polym13223890
[5]
Olivo-Alanis D, Garcia-Reyes R B, Alvarez L H, et al. Mechanism of anaerobic bio-reduction of azo dye assisted with lawsone-immobilized activated carbon. J Hazard Mater, 2018, 347, 423 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.019
[6]
Zhang Y J, Liu L C, Ni L L, et al. A facile and low-cost synthesis of granulated blast furnace slag-based cementitious material coupled with Fe2O3 catalyst for treatment of dye wastewater. Appl Catal B, 2013, 138/139, 9 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.02.025
[7]
Souza J B Jr, Souza F L, Vayssieres L, et al. On the relevance of understanding and controlling the locations of dopants in hematite photoanodes for low-cost water splitting. Appl Phys Lett, 2021, 119, 200501 doi: 10.1063/5.0066931
[8]
Bonancêa C E, do Nascimento G M, de Souza M L, et al. Substrate development for surface-enhanced Raman study of photocatalytic degradation processes: Congo red over silver modified titanium dioxide films. Appl Catal B, 2006, 69, 34 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.05.016
[9]
Zhao C W, Yang B, Han J L, et al. Preparation of carboxylic multiwalled-carbon-nanotube-modified poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) hollow fiber nanofiltration membranes with improved performance and application for dye removal. Appl Surf Sci, 2018, 453, 502 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.05.149
[10]
Dutta A K, Maji S K, Adhikary B. γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles: An easily recoverable effective photo-catalyst for the degradation of rose Bengal and methylene blue dyes in the waste-water treatment plant. Mater Res Bull, 2014, 49, 28 doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.08.024
[11]
Li X, Liu Y, Zhang C L, et al. Porous Fe2O3 microcubes derived from metal organic frameworks for efficient elimination of organic pollutants and heavy metal ions. Chem Eng J, 2018, 336, 241 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.188
[12]
Guo S Q, Hu Z Z, Zhen M M, et al. Insights for optimum cation defects in photocatalysis: A case study of hematite nanostructures. Appl Catal B, 2020, 264, 118506 doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118506
[13]
Suman, Chahal S, Singh S, et al. Understanding the role of Ni ions on the photocatalytic activity and dielectric properties of hematite nanostructures: An experimental and DFT approach. J Phys Chem Solids, 2021, 156, 110118 doi: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2021.110118
[14]
Lv K Z, Li J, Qing X X, et al. Synthesis and photo-degradation application of WO3/TiO2 hollow spheres. J Hazard Mater, 2011, 189, 329 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.038
[15]
Ling Y C, Wang G M, Wheeler D A, et al. Sn-doped hematite nanostructures for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett, 2011, 11, 2119 doi: 10.1021/nl200708y
[16]
Valenzuela M A, Bosch P, Jiménez-Becerrill J, et al. Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO, Fe2O3 and ZnFe2O4. J Photochem Photobiol A, 2002, 148, 177 doi: 10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00040-0
[17]
Ollis D. Heterogeneous photoassisted catalysis: Conversions of perchloroethylene, dichloroethane, chloroacetic acids, and chlorobenzenes. J Catal, 1984, 88, 89 doi: 10.1016/0021-9517(84)90053-8
[18]
Al-Ekabi H, Serpone N, Pelizzetti E, et al. Kinetic studies in heterogeneous photocatalysis. 2. Titania-mediated degradation of 4-chlorophenol alone and in a three-component mixture of 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol in air-equilibrated aqueous media. Langmuir, 1989, 5, 250 doi: 10.1021/la00085a048
[19]
Sauer T, Cesconeto Neto G, José H J, et al. Kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes in a TiO2 slurry reactor. J Photochem Photobiol A, 2002, 149, 147 doi: 10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00015-1
[20]
Jang J S, Lee J, Ye H, et al. Rapid screening of effective dopants for Fe2O3 photocatalysts with scanning electrochemical microscopy and investigation of their photoelectrochemical properties. J Phys Chem C, 2009, 113, 6719 doi: 10.1021/jp8109429
[21]
Mahmoodi N M. Synthesis of magnetic carbon nanotube and photocatalytic dye degradation ability. Environ Monit Assess, 2014, 186, 5595 doi: 10.1007/s10661-014-3805-7
[22]
Rasheed R T, Al-Algawi S D, Kareem H H, et al. Preparation and characterization of hematite iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) by Sol-gel method. Chem Sci J, 2018, 9, 2 doi: 10.1039/C8SC90002G
[23]
Tsege E L, Atabaev T S, Hossain M A, et al. Cu-doped flower-like hematite nanostructures for efficient water splitting applications. J Phys Chem Solids, 2016, 98, 283 doi: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2016.07.014
[24]
Meng Q L, Wang Z B, Chai X Y, et al. Fabrication of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles using electrochemical deposition. Appl Surf Sci, 2016, 368, 303 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.02.007
[25]
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    Received: 06 June 2022 Revised: 15 July 2022 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 05 September 2022Uncorrected proof: 06 September 2022Published: 02 December 2022

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2022  >  43(12): 122001
      Van Nang Lam, Thi Bich Vu, Quang Dat Do, Thi Thanh Xuan Le, Tien Dai Nguyen, T.-Thanh-Bao Nguyen, Hoang Tung Do, Thi Tu Oanh Nguyen. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Congo red[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(12): 122001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/12/122001 V N Lam, T B Vu, Q D Do, T T X Le, T D Nguyen, T T B Nguyen, H T Do, T T O Nguyen. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Congo red[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(12): 122001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/12/122001Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Van Nang Lam, Thi Bich Vu, Quang Dat Do, Thi Thanh Xuan Le, Tien Dai Nguyen, T.-Thanh-Bao Nguyen, Hoang Tung Do, Thi Tu Oanh Nguyen. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Congo red[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(12): 122001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/12/122001

      V N Lam, T B Vu, Q D Do, T T X Le, T D Nguyen, T T B Nguyen, H T Do, T T O Nguyen. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Congo red[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(12): 122001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/12/122001
      Export: BibTex EndNote
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      One-step hydrothermal synthesis of Sn-doped α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Congo red

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/12/122001
      • 1.

        Department of Natural Sciences, Hoa Lu University, Ninh Nhat, Ninh Binh City, Viet Nam

      • 2.

        Institute of Theoretical and Applied Research, Duy Tan University, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam

      • 3.

        Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam

      • 4.

        Institute of Physics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 10 Dao Tan, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam

      • 5.

        Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam

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      • Author Bio:

        Van Nang Lam is a lecturer at Department of Natural Sciences, Hoa Lu University. He received Ph.D. degree in Materials Science and Engineering in 2013 at Chungnam National University in Korea. His current research focuses on synthesis, characterizations of nanomaterials for photocatalytic and sensing applications

        Tien Dai Nguyen is a lecturer/researcher at Duy Tan University, Vietnam. He received his B.S., and Ph.D. degrees in engineering physics, and advanced materials and engineering from VNU University of Engineering and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2009 and Chungnam National University, South Korea, in 2018. His current research interests are epitaxial growth of semiconductor nanostructures, metal oxide nanomaterials for optoelectronic devices, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalyst applications

      • Corresponding author: lvnang@hluv.edu.vn; nguyentiendai@duytan.edu.vn
      • Received Date: 2022-06-06
      • Revised Date: 2022-07-15
        • Available Online: 2022-09-05

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