J. Semicond. > 2022, Volume 43 > Issue 9 > 092201, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092201

ARTICLES

Defect passivation with potassium trifluoroborate for efficient spray-coated perovskite solar cells in air

Chen Gao, Hui Wang, Pang Wang, Jinlong Cai, Yuandong Sun, Cong Yu, Teng Li, Xiaoshuai Zhang, Dan Liu and Tao Wang

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Tao Wang, twang@whut.edu.cn

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Abstract: Defects as non-radiative recombination centers hinder the further efficiency improvements of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Additive engineering has been demonstrated to be an effective method for defect passivation in perovskite films. Here, we employed (4-methoxyphenyl) potassium trifluoroborate (C7H7BF3KO) with ${{\rm{BF}}_3^-}$ and K+ functional groups to passivate spray-coated (FAPbI3)x(MAPbBr3)1–x perovskite and eliminate hysteresis. It is shown that the F of ${{\rm{BF}}_3^-}$ can form hydrogen bonds with the H atom in the amino group of MA+/FA+ ions of perovskite, thus reducing the generation of MA+/FA+ vacancies and improving device efficiency. Meanwhile, K+ and reduced MA+/FA+ vacancies can inhibit ion migration, thereby eliminating hysteresis. With the aid of C7H7BF3KO, we obtained hysteresis-free PSCs with the maximum efficiency of 19.5% by spray-coating in air. Our work demonstrates that additive engineering is promising to improve the performance of spray-coated PSCs.

Key words: perovskite solar cells, spray-coating, additive engineering, defect passivation, hysteresis



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Cheng Y H, Xu X W, Xie Y M, et al. 18% high-efficiency air-processed perovskite solar cells made in a humid atmosphere of 70% RH. Sol RRL, 2017, 1, 1770131 doi: 10.1002/solr.201770131
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Cheng Y H, So F, Tsang S W. Progress in air-processed perovskite solar cells: From crystallization to photovoltaic performance. Mater Horiz, 2019, 6, 1611 doi: 10.1039/C9MH00325H
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Deng Y H, Zheng X P, Bai Y, et al. Surfactant-controlled ink drying enables high-speed deposition of perovskite films for efficient photovoltaic modules. Nat Energy, 2018, 3, 560 doi: 10.1038/s41560-018-0153-9
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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram of one-step spray-coating perovskite films. (b) Structure of the spray-coated devices. (c) Schematic diagram of the action of C7H7BF3KO.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 2.  (Color online) The optical images of (a) reference and (e) C7H7BF3KO based spray-coated perovskite films. The AFM images of (b–d) reference and (f–h) C7H7BF3KO based spray-coated perovskite films at different magnifications.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 3.  (Color online) (a) XRD patterns, (b) UV–vis absorption spectra, (c) steady-state PL spectra and (d) TRPL decay curves of reference and C7H7BF3KO based spray-coated perovskite films. 1H NMR spectra of (e) FAI, C7H7BF3KO and FAI-C7H7BF3KO mixture and (f) MABr, C7H7BF3KO and MABr-C7H7BF3KO mixture in DMSO-d6 solution.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) J–V curves of the reference and C7H7BF3KO based spray-coated PSCs. (b) EQE spectra and corresponding integrated JSC. (c) Mott–Schottky plots and (d) dark J–V curves of PSCs. (e) The SCLC curves of electron-only devices. (f) Nyquist plots of PSCs.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1.   The fitting parameters of TRPL for reference and C7H7BF3KO based spray-coated perovskite films.

Additiveτ1 (ns)A1 (%)τ2 (ns)A2 (%)τave (ns)
w/o1003926661201
C7H7BF3KO1403337067294
DownLoad: CSV

Table 2.   Summary of photovoltaic performance parameters of the reference and C7H7BF3KO based spray-coated PSCs.

AdditiveScan directionPCEmax (PCEave) (%)FF (FFave) (%)JSC (JSCave) (mA/cm2 )VOC (VOCave) (V)
w/oreverse16.3 (14.7 ± 1.1)67.1 (62.0 ± 3.9)21.9 (21.6 ± 0.5)1.11 (1.09 ± 0.02)
forward14.9 (12.6 ± 1.2)61.6 (53.8 ± 4.5)21.9 (21.8 ± 0.5)1.11 (1.07 ± 0.02)
C7H7BF3KOreverse19.4 (17.6 ± 0.8)77.4 (72.4 ± 2.5)22.0 (21.8 ± 0.3)1.14 (1.11 ± 0.01)
forward19.5 (17.6 ± 0.9)77.8 (72.6 ± 3.1)22.0 (21.9 ± 0.3)1.14 (1.11 ± 0.01)
DownLoad: CSV

Table 3.   The fitting parameters of EIS for reference and C7H7BF3KO-based spray-coated perovskite devices.

AdditiveRs (Ω·cm2)Rrec (Ω·cm2)CPE-T (F/cm2)CPE-P
w/o15615 8869.80 × 10−90.93
C7H7BF3KO13618 9727.62 × 10−90.93
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, et al. Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. J Am Chem Soc, 2009, 131, 6050 doi: 10.1021/ja809598r
[2]
NREL, Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart. https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html (last access, January 26, 2022)
[3]
Zhao D W, Dai S J, Li M, et al. Improved efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells using a difluorobenzothiadiazole-based interfacial material. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2021, 4, 10646 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c01668
[4]
Zhang H K, Chen Z L, Qin M C, et al. Multifunctional crosslinking-enabled strain-regulating crystallization for stable, efficient α-FAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater, 2021, 33, e2008487 doi: 10.1002/adma.202008487
[5]
Mo Y P, Wang C, Zheng X T, et al. Nitrogen-doped tin oxide electron transport layer for stable perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 23%. Interdiscip Mater, 2022, 1, 309 doi: 10.1002/idm2.12022
[6]
Zhang L X, Pan X Y, Liu L, et al. Star perovskite materials. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 030203 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/3/030203
[7]
Cheng Y H, Xu X W, Xie Y M, et al. 18% high-efficiency air-processed perovskite solar cells made in a humid atmosphere of 70% RH. Sol RRL, 2017, 1, 1770131 doi: 10.1002/solr.201770131
[8]
Cheng Y H, So F, Tsang S W. Progress in air-processed perovskite solar cells: From crystallization to photovoltaic performance. Mater Horiz, 2019, 6, 1611 doi: 10.1039/C9MH00325H
[9]
Su J, Cai H K, Yang J T, et al. Perovskite ink with an ultrawide processing window for efficient and scalable perovskite solar cells in ambient air. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12, 3531 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b17141
[10]
Uličná S, Dou B J, Kim D H, et al. Scalable deposition of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells by spray-coating. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2018, 1, 1853 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.8b00328
[11]
Zuo C T, Vak D, Angmo D C, et al. One-step roll-to-roll air processed high efficiency perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy, 2018, 46, 185 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.01.037
[12]
Guo A Z, Chou L H, Yang S, et al. Ultrasonic spray-coatings: Multi-channel pumped ultrasonic spray-coating for high-throughput and scalable mixed halide perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater Interfaces, 2021, 8, 2170023 doi: 10.1002/admi.202170023
[13]
Bishop J E, Smith J A, Lidzey D G. Development of spray-coated perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12, 48237 doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c14540
[14]
Su J, Cai H K, Ye X F, et al. Efficient perovskite solar cells prepared by hot air blowing to ultrasonic spraying in ambient air. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11, 10689 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b01843
[15]
Hilt F, Hovish M Q, Rolston N, et al. Rapid route to efficient, scalable, and robust perovskite photovoltaics in air. Energy Environ Sci, 2018, 11, 2102 doi: 10.1039/C8EE01065J
[16]
Bishop J E, Smith J A, Greenland C, et al. High-efficiency spray-coated perovskite solar cells utilizing vacuum-assisted solution processing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10, 39428 doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b14859
[17]
Cai H K, Liang X J, Ye X F, et al. High efficiency over 20% of perovskite solar cells by spray coating via a simple process. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2020, 3, 9696 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.0c01129
[18]
Cassella E J, Spooner E L K, Thornber T, et al. Gas-assisted spray coating of perovskite solar cells incorporating sprayed self-assembled monolayers. Adv Sci, 2022, 9, e2104848 doi: 10.1002/advs.202104848
[19]
Zhang F, Zhu K. Additive engineering for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10, 1902579 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902579
[20]
Fu L, Li H, Wang L, et al. Defect passivation strategies in perovskites for an enhanced photovoltaic performance. Energy Environ Sci, 2020, 13, 4017 doi: 10.1039/D0EE01767A
[21]
Gao F, Zhao Y, Zhang X W, et al. Recent progresses on defect passivation toward efficient perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10, 1902650 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902650
[22]
Chen B, Rudd P N, Yang S, et al. Imperfections and their passivation in halide perovskite solar cells. Chem Soc Rev, 2019, 48, 3842 doi: 10.1039/C8CS00853A
[23]
Byranvand M M, Saliba M. Defect passivation of perovskite films for highly efficient and stable solar cells. Sol RRL, 2021, 5, 2100295 doi: 10.1002/solr.202100295
[24]
Wu F, Pathak R, Qiao Q Q. Origin and alleviation of J-V hysteresis in perovskite solar cells: A short review. Catal Today, 2021, 374, 86 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.12.025
[25]
Liu P Y, Wang W, Liu S M, et al. Fundamental understanding of photocurrent hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9, 1803017 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201803017
[26]
Ren X X, Zhang L X, Yuan Y B, et al. Ion migration in perovskite solar cells. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 010201 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/1/010201
[27]
Xiong S B, Hou Z Y, Zou S J, et al. Direct observation on p- to n-type transformation of perovskite surface region during defect passivation driving high photovoltaic efficiency. Joule, 2021, 5, 467 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.12.009
[28]
Zhao Y C, Wei J, Li H, et al. A polymer scaffold for self-healing perovskite solar cells. Nat Commun, 2016, 7, 10228 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10228
[29]
Li X D, Ke S Z, Feng X X, et al. Enhancing the stability of perovskite solar cells through cross-linkable and hydrogen bonding multifunctional additives. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9, 12684 doi: 10.1039/D1TA01572A
[30]
Li N X, Tao S X, Chen Y H, et al. Cation and anion immobilization through chemical bonding enhancement with fluorides for stable halide perovskite solar cells. Nat Energy, 2019, 4, 408 doi: 10.1038/s41560-019-0382-6
[31]
Abdi-Jalebi M, Andaji-Garmaroudi Z, Pearson A J, et al. Potassium- and rubidium-passivated alloyed perovskite films: Optoelectronic properties and moisture stability. ACS Energy Lett, 2018, 3, 2671 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01504
[32]
Abdi-Jalebi M, Andaji-Garmaroudi Z, Cacovich S, et al. Maximizing and stabilizing luminescence from halide perovskites with potassium passivation. Nature, 2018, 555, 497 doi: 10.1038/nature25989
[33]
Zheng F, Chen W J, Bu T L, et al. Triggering the passivation effect of potassium doping in mixed-cation mixed-halide perovskite by light illumination. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9, 1901016 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201901016
[34]
Zhang M, Bing J M, Cho Y, et al. Synergistic effect of potassium and iodine from potassium triiodide complex additive on gas-quenched perovskite solar cells. Nano Energy, 2019, 63, 103853 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.06.049
[35]
Bu T L, Li J, Li H Y, et al. Lead halide-templated crystallization of methylamine-free perovskite for efficient photovoltaic modules. Science, 2021, 372, 1327 doi: 10.1126/science.abh1035
[36]
Deng Y H, Zheng X P, Bai Y, et al. Surfactant-controlled ink drying enables high-speed deposition of perovskite films for efficient photovoltaic modules. Nat Energy, 2018, 3, 560 doi: 10.1038/s41560-018-0153-9
[37]
Gao C, Wang P, Wang H, et al. Binary additive engineering enables efficient perovskite solar cells via spray-coating in air. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2021, 4, 11496 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c02235
[38]
Koo D, Cho Y, Kim U, et al. High-performance inverted perovskite solar cells with operational stability via n-type small molecule additive-assisted defect passivation. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10, 2001920 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202001920
[39]
Zhao M, Yan J, Yu G, et al. Grain boundary defects passivated with tert-butyl methacrylate for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl Energy Mater, 2021, 4, 11298 doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c02125
[40]
Wang H H, Wang Z W, Yang Z, et al. Ligand-modulated excess PbI2 nanosheets for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, 2000865 doi: 10.1002/adma.202000865
[41]
Wang A L, Wang J W, Niu X B, et al. Inhibiting octahedral tilting for stable CsPbI2Br solar cells. InfoMat, 2022, 4, e12263 doi: 10.1002/inf2.12263
[42]
Hou M N, Xu Y Z, Zhou B, et al. Aryl diammonium iodide passivation for efficient and stable hybrid organ-inorganic perovskite solar cells. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30, 2002366 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202002366
[43]
Wu X Y, Jiang Y, Chen C, et al. Stable triple cation perovskite precursor for highly efficient perovskite solar cells enabled by interaction with 18C6 stabilizer. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30, 1908613 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201908613
[44]
Gao X X, Luo W, Zhang Y, et al. Stable and high-efficiency methylammonium-free perovskite solar cells. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, e1905502 doi: 10.1002/adma.201905502
[45]
Rao Y, Li Z P, Liu D C, et al. Dual-functional additive to simultaneously modify the interface and grain boundary for highly efficient and hysteresis-free perovskite solar cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13, 20043 doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c01852
[46]
Chen Y L, Zuo X J, He Y Y, et al. Dual passivation of perovskite and SnO2 for high-efficiency MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells. Adv Sci, 2021, 8, 2001466 doi: 10.1002/advs.202001466
[47]
Sha Y M, Bi E B, Zhang Y, et al. A scalable integrated dopant-free heterostructure to stabilize perovskite solar cell modules. Adv Energy Mater, 2021, 11, 2003301 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202003301
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    Received: 19 April 2022 Revised: 02 May 2022 Online: Uncorrected proof: 27 June 2022Published: 02 September 2022

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2022  >  43(9): 092201
      Chen Gao, Hui Wang, Pang Wang, Jinlong Cai, Yuandong Sun, Cong Yu, Teng Li, Xiaoshuai Zhang, Dan Liu, Tao Wang. Defect passivation with potassium trifluoroborate for efficient spray-coated perovskite solar cells in air[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(9): 092201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092201 C Gao, H Wang, P Wang, J L Cai, Y D Sun, C Yu, T Li, X S Zhang, D Liu, T Wang. Defect passivation with potassium trifluoroborate for efficient spray-coated perovskite solar cells in air[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(9): 092201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092201Export: BibTex EndNote
      Citation:
      Chen Gao, Hui Wang, Pang Wang, Jinlong Cai, Yuandong Sun, Cong Yu, Teng Li, Xiaoshuai Zhang, Dan Liu, Tao Wang. Defect passivation with potassium trifluoroborate for efficient spray-coated perovskite solar cells in air[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(9): 092201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092201

      C Gao, H Wang, P Wang, J L Cai, Y D Sun, C Yu, T Li, X S Zhang, D Liu, T Wang. Defect passivation with potassium trifluoroborate for efficient spray-coated perovskite solar cells in air[J]. J. Semicond, 2022, 43(9): 092201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092201
      Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Defect passivation with potassium trifluoroborate for efficient spray-coated perovskite solar cells in air

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/9/092201

      • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China

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      • Author Bio:

        Chen Gao received his B.Sc. in Polymer Materials and Engineering at Wuhan University of Technology. He is currently a graduate student under the supervision of Prof. Tao Wang in the School of Material Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology. His research focuses on the fabrication of perovskite solar cells via spray-coating

        Tao Wang received his B.Sc. in Polymer Materials (2002) and M.Sc. in Materials Science (2005). He obtained his Ph.D. in Soft Condensed Matter Physics from the University of Surrey (UK) in 2009, and then worked as a post-doc at the University of Sheffield (UK). He became a professor at Wuhan University of Technology (China) in 2013, and was admitted as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) in 2019. His research interests are optoelectronic materials and devices

      • Corresponding author: twang@whut.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2022-04-19
      • Revised Date: 2022-05-02
        • Available Online: 2022-06-27

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