J. Semicond. > 2023, Volume 44 > Issue 1 > 011903, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/1/011903
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Interaction of moiré excitons with cavity photons in two-dimensional semiconductor hetero-bilayers

Yuchen Gao1 and Yu Ye1, 2, 3,

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 Corresponding author: Yu Ye, ye_yu@pku.edu.cn

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Abstract: Moiré materials, composed of two single-layer two-dimensional semiconductors, are important because they are good platforms for studying strongly correlated physics. Among them, moiré materials based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been intensively studied. The hetero-bilayer can support moiré interlayer excitons if there is a small twist angle or small lattice constant difference between the TMDs in the hetero-bilayer and form a type-II band alignment. The coupling of moiré interlayer excitons to cavity modes can induce exotic phenomena. Here, we review recent advances in the coupling of moiré interlayer excitons to cavities, and comment on the current difficulties and possible future research directions in this field.

Key words: moiré interlayer excitons, optical cavity, exciton–polariton, Bose-Einstein condensation



[1]
Tang Y, Li L, Li T, et al. Simulation of Hubbard model physicals in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices. Nature, 2020, 579, 353 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2085-3
[2]
Jinn C, Tao Z, Li T, et al. Stripe phases in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices. Nat Mater, 2021, 20, 940 doi: 10.1038/s41563-021-00959-8
[3]
Kennes D M, Classen M, Xian L, et al. Moiré heterostructures as a condensed-matter quantum simulator. Nat Phys, 2021, 17, 155 doi: 10.1038/s41567-020-01154-3
[4]
Li T, Jiang S, Shen B, et al. Quantum anomalous Hall effect from intertwined moiré bands. Nature, 2021, 600, 641 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04171-1
[5]
Iwasaki T, Endo K, Watanabe E, et al. Bubble-free transfer technique for high-quality graphene/hexagonal boron nitride van der Waals heterostructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12, 8533 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b19191
[6]
Mak K F, Shan J. Semiconductor moiré materials. Nat Nanotechnol, 2022, 17, 686 doi: 10.1038/s41565-022-01165-6
[7]
Choi J, Hsu W T, Lu L S, et al. Moiré potential impedes interlayer exciton diffusion in van der Waals heterostructures. Sci Adv, 2020, 6, eaba8866 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8866
[8]
Seyler K L, Rivera P, Yu H, et al. Signatures of moiré-trapped valley excitons in MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayers. Nature, 2019, 567, 66 doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-0957-1
[9]
Padhi B, Chitra R, Phillips P W. Generalized Wigner crystallization in moiré materials. Phys Rev B, 2021, 103, 125146 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.103.125146
[10]
Regan E C, Wang D, Jin C, et al. Mott and generalized Wigner crystal states in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices. Nature, 2020, 579, 359 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2092-4
[11]
Yan T, Qiao X, Liu X, et al. Photoluminescence properties and exciton dynamics in monolayer WSe2. Appl Phys Lett, 2014, 105, 101901 doi: 10.1063/1.4895471
[12]
Rivera P, Schaibley J R, Jones A M, et al. Observation of long-lived interlayer excitons in monolayer MoSe2-WSe2 heterostructures. Nat Commun, 2015, 6, 6242 doi: 10.1038/ncomms7242
[13]
Gao S, Yang L, Spataru C D. Interlayer coupling and gate-tunable excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures. Nano Lett, 2017, 17, 7809 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04021
[14]
Li W, Lu X, Dubey S, et al. Dipolar interactions between localized interlayer excitons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nat Mater, 2020, 19, 624 doi: 10.1038/s41563-020-0661-4
[15]
Deng H, Haug H, Yamamoto Y. Exciton–polariton Bose-Einstein condensation. Rev Mod Phys, 2010, 82, 1489 doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1489
[16]
Amo A, Lefrère J, Pigeon S, et al. Superfluidity of polaritons in semiconductor microcavities. Nat Phys, 2009, 5, 805 doi: 10.1038/nphys1364
[17]
Fraser M D, Höfling S, Yamamoto Y. Physics and applications of exciton–polariton lasers. Nat Mater, 2016, 15, 1049 doi: 10.1038/nmat4762
[18]
Latini S, Ronca E, Giovannini U D, et al. Cavity control of excitons in two-dimensional materials. Nano Lett, 2019, 19, 3473 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00183
[19]
Förg M, Colombier L, Patel R K, et al. Cavity-control of interlayer excitons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 3697 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11620-z
[20]
Zhang L, Wu F, Hou S, et al. Van der Waals heterostructure polaritons with moiré-induced nonlinearity. Nature, 2021, 591, 61 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03228-5
[21]
Wilson N P, Yao W, Shan J, et al. Exciton and emergent quantum phenomena in stacked 2D semiconductors. Nature, 2021, 599, 383 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03979-1
[22]
Yu H, Yao W. Electrically tunable topological transport of moiré polaritons. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1555 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.05.030
[23]
Camacho-Guardian A, Cooper N R. Moiré-induced optical nonlinearities: single- and multiphoton resonances. Phys Rev Lett, 2022, 128, 207401 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.207401
[24]
Fizgerald J M, Thompson J J P, Malic E. Twist angle tuning of moiré exciton polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nano Lett, 2022, 22, 4468 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01175
[25]
Rivera P, Fryett T K, Chen Y, et al. Coupling of photonic crystal cavity and interlayer exciton in heterobilayer of transition metal dichalcogenides. 2D Mater, 2020, 7, 015027 doi: 10.1088/2053-1583/ab597d
[26]
Paik E Y, Zhang L, Burg G W, et al. Interlayer exciton laser of extended spatial coherence in atomically thin heterostructures. Nature, 2019, 576, 80 doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1779-x
[27]
Ubrig N, Ponomarev E, Zultak J, et al. Design of van der Waals interfaces for broad-spectrum optoelectronics. Nat Mater, 2020, 19, 299 doi: 10.1038/s41563-019-0601-3
[28]
Shanks D N, Mahdikhanysarvejahany F, Stanfill T G, et al. Interlayer exciton diode and transistor. Nano Lett, 2022, 16, 6599 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01905
[29]
Dusel M, Betzold S, Egorov O A, et al. Room temperature organic exciton–polariton condensate in a lattice. Nat Commun, 2020, 11, 2863 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16656-0
[30]
Sala V G, Solnyshkov D D, Carusotto I, et al. Spin-orbit coupling for photons and polaritons in microstructures. Phys Rev X, 2015, 5, 011034 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011034
[31]
Whittaker C E, Cancellieri E, Walker P M, et al. Exciton polaritons in a two-dimensional Lieb lattice with spin-orbit coupling. Phys Rev Lett, 2018, 120, 097401 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.097401
[32]
Alyatkin S, Sigurdsson H, Askitopoulos A, et al. Quantum fluids of light in all-optical scatter lattices. Nat Commun, 2021, 12, 5571 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25845-4
Fig. 1.  (Color online) Moiré lattice. (a) Moiré lattice structure for AA-stacked and AB-stacked TMD semiconductors (top). The high-symmetry sites for each case are labelled; their cross-section views are shown (bottom). The large and small dots label the transition metal atom (where M is Mo and W) and the chalcogen atom (where X is S, Se and Te), respectively. (b) Schematic illustration of an array of moiré atoms that trap electrons, which can tunnel between neighboring sites with amplitude t and experience on-site Coulomb repulsion U. (c) Schematic layer-resolved moiré band structure for semiconductor moiré materials with type-II band alignment. mBZ stands for mini-Brillouin zone, and Eg1 and Eg2 are the bandgap of the first and second TMD layers, respectively[6].

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) Moiré exciton in a FP cavity. (a) Cavity setup at 4.2 K: the fiber-based micro-mirror forms the cavity together with a planar macro-mirror with CVD-grown MoSe2–WSe2 heterostructure on top. Independent translational degrees of freedom enable lateral sample displacement and cavity length detuning. (b) Spectra of interlayer exciton PL for the corresponding cavity lengths. (c) Traces of interlayer exciton PL decay shown for three selected cavity lengths of 35, 17, and 6 μm. The solid lines are fits to the data with three-exponential decay constants. Note the speed up in the decay upon the reduction of the cavity length[19].

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) Hybrid moiré exciton in a FP cavity. (a) Resonantly enhanced interlayer hybridization of TMD double layers can result from interlayer charge hopping (blue arrows) in conduction bands for certain combinations of TMDs. Such band alignment yields nearly degenerate intra- and interlayer exciton species (red arrows)[21]. (b) Top, theoretical optical absorption spectrum calculated from the moiré exciton band structure. Bottom, reflection contrast spectra near the MoSe2 A-exciton resonance, from the WS2–MoSe2 hetero-bilayer (red), MoSe2 monolayer and WS2 monolayer (green). The MoSe2 monolayer A-exciton (XA) splits into two well resolved moiré excitons (X1 and X2) in the hetero-bilayer. (c) Angle-resolved white-light reflection spectra, demonstrating strong coupling between moiré excitons and cavity photon at 5 K. The left and right panels show the measured and simulated results, respectively. (d–f) Shift of exciton energy ΔE, half-linewidth γ, and normalized coupling strength Ω/Ω0 of the hetero-bilayer LPs (red) and monolayer LPs (blue) as a function of carrier density. The hetero-bilayer ΔEhBL-X and γhBL-X (red circles in (d, e)) are approximately constant. The monolayer ΔEML-X and γM-X (blue diamonds in (d, e)) are fitted by a second-order polynomial and a linear fit, respectively (black solid lines in (d, e)). In (f), the black lines and black dashed line are fitting results[20].

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) Novel theory prediction of moiré exciton in a cavity. (a) The three lowest bands of the spin-up moiré interlayer exciton with a 5 nm moiré period. The moiré potential leads to three well-separated eigenmodes B↑, A↑ and C↑ at Γ, which have σ–, σ+ and z-polarized optical dipoles, respectively. (b) The gradient of an interlayer bias introduced by a split gate can apply an in-plane force F on the interlayer exciton. (c) Illustration of the polarization Hall effect driven by F. (d) Scattering induced polarization currents under excitation at given energy-momentum points (empty dots) in the LP and UP branches. Cavity photon lifetime is taken as 1 ps[22].

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[1]
Tang Y, Li L, Li T, et al. Simulation of Hubbard model physicals in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices. Nature, 2020, 579, 353 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2085-3
[2]
Jinn C, Tao Z, Li T, et al. Stripe phases in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices. Nat Mater, 2021, 20, 940 doi: 10.1038/s41563-021-00959-8
[3]
Kennes D M, Classen M, Xian L, et al. Moiré heterostructures as a condensed-matter quantum simulator. Nat Phys, 2021, 17, 155 doi: 10.1038/s41567-020-01154-3
[4]
Li T, Jiang S, Shen B, et al. Quantum anomalous Hall effect from intertwined moiré bands. Nature, 2021, 600, 641 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04171-1
[5]
Iwasaki T, Endo K, Watanabe E, et al. Bubble-free transfer technique for high-quality graphene/hexagonal boron nitride van der Waals heterostructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12, 8533 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b19191
[6]
Mak K F, Shan J. Semiconductor moiré materials. Nat Nanotechnol, 2022, 17, 686 doi: 10.1038/s41565-022-01165-6
[7]
Choi J, Hsu W T, Lu L S, et al. Moiré potential impedes interlayer exciton diffusion in van der Waals heterostructures. Sci Adv, 2020, 6, eaba8866 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8866
[8]
Seyler K L, Rivera P, Yu H, et al. Signatures of moiré-trapped valley excitons in MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayers. Nature, 2019, 567, 66 doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-0957-1
[9]
Padhi B, Chitra R, Phillips P W. Generalized Wigner crystallization in moiré materials. Phys Rev B, 2021, 103, 125146 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.103.125146
[10]
Regan E C, Wang D, Jin C, et al. Mott and generalized Wigner crystal states in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices. Nature, 2020, 579, 359 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2092-4
[11]
Yan T, Qiao X, Liu X, et al. Photoluminescence properties and exciton dynamics in monolayer WSe2. Appl Phys Lett, 2014, 105, 101901 doi: 10.1063/1.4895471
[12]
Rivera P, Schaibley J R, Jones A M, et al. Observation of long-lived interlayer excitons in monolayer MoSe2-WSe2 heterostructures. Nat Commun, 2015, 6, 6242 doi: 10.1038/ncomms7242
[13]
Gao S, Yang L, Spataru C D. Interlayer coupling and gate-tunable excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures. Nano Lett, 2017, 17, 7809 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04021
[14]
Li W, Lu X, Dubey S, et al. Dipolar interactions between localized interlayer excitons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nat Mater, 2020, 19, 624 doi: 10.1038/s41563-020-0661-4
[15]
Deng H, Haug H, Yamamoto Y. Exciton–polariton Bose-Einstein condensation. Rev Mod Phys, 2010, 82, 1489 doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1489
[16]
Amo A, Lefrère J, Pigeon S, et al. Superfluidity of polaritons in semiconductor microcavities. Nat Phys, 2009, 5, 805 doi: 10.1038/nphys1364
[17]
Fraser M D, Höfling S, Yamamoto Y. Physics and applications of exciton–polariton lasers. Nat Mater, 2016, 15, 1049 doi: 10.1038/nmat4762
[18]
Latini S, Ronca E, Giovannini U D, et al. Cavity control of excitons in two-dimensional materials. Nano Lett, 2019, 19, 3473 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00183
[19]
Förg M, Colombier L, Patel R K, et al. Cavity-control of interlayer excitons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 3697 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11620-z
[20]
Zhang L, Wu F, Hou S, et al. Van der Waals heterostructure polaritons with moiré-induced nonlinearity. Nature, 2021, 591, 61 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03228-5
[21]
Wilson N P, Yao W, Shan J, et al. Exciton and emergent quantum phenomena in stacked 2D semiconductors. Nature, 2021, 599, 383 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03979-1
[22]
Yu H, Yao W. Electrically tunable topological transport of moiré polaritons. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1555 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.05.030
[23]
Camacho-Guardian A, Cooper N R. Moiré-induced optical nonlinearities: single- and multiphoton resonances. Phys Rev Lett, 2022, 128, 207401 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.207401
[24]
Fizgerald J M, Thompson J J P, Malic E. Twist angle tuning of moiré exciton polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nano Lett, 2022, 22, 4468 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01175
[25]
Rivera P, Fryett T K, Chen Y, et al. Coupling of photonic crystal cavity and interlayer exciton in heterobilayer of transition metal dichalcogenides. 2D Mater, 2020, 7, 015027 doi: 10.1088/2053-1583/ab597d
[26]
Paik E Y, Zhang L, Burg G W, et al. Interlayer exciton laser of extended spatial coherence in atomically thin heterostructures. Nature, 2019, 576, 80 doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1779-x
[27]
Ubrig N, Ponomarev E, Zultak J, et al. Design of van der Waals interfaces for broad-spectrum optoelectronics. Nat Mater, 2020, 19, 299 doi: 10.1038/s41563-019-0601-3
[28]
Shanks D N, Mahdikhanysarvejahany F, Stanfill T G, et al. Interlayer exciton diode and transistor. Nano Lett, 2022, 16, 6599 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01905
[29]
Dusel M, Betzold S, Egorov O A, et al. Room temperature organic exciton–polariton condensate in a lattice. Nat Commun, 2020, 11, 2863 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16656-0
[30]
Sala V G, Solnyshkov D D, Carusotto I, et al. Spin-orbit coupling for photons and polaritons in microstructures. Phys Rev X, 2015, 5, 011034 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011034
[31]
Whittaker C E, Cancellieri E, Walker P M, et al. Exciton polaritons in a two-dimensional Lieb lattice with spin-orbit coupling. Phys Rev Lett, 2018, 120, 097401 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.097401
[32]
Alyatkin S, Sigurdsson H, Askitopoulos A, et al. Quantum fluids of light in all-optical scatter lattices. Nat Commun, 2021, 12, 5571 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25845-4

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    Received: 16 October 2022 Revised: 05 December 2022 Online: Uncorrected proof: 13 December 2022Accepted Manuscript: 13 December 2022Published: 14 January 2023

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2023  >  44(1): 011903
      Yuchen Gao, Yu Ye. Interaction of moiré excitons with cavity photons in two-dimensional semiconductor hetero-bilayers[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(1): 011903. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/1/011903 Y C Gao, Y Ye. Interaction of moiré excitons with cavity photons in two-dimensional semiconductor hetero-bilayers[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(1): 011903. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/1/011903Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Yuchen Gao, Yu Ye. Interaction of moiré excitons with cavity photons in two-dimensional semiconductor hetero-bilayers[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(1): 011903. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/1/011903

      Y C Gao, Y Ye. Interaction of moiré excitons with cavity photons in two-dimensional semiconductor hetero-bilayers[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(1): 011903. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/1/011903
      Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Interaction of moiré excitons with cavity photons in two-dimensional semiconductor hetero-bilayers

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/1/011903
      • 1.

        State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

      • 2.

        Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China

      • 3.

        Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong 226010, China

      More Information
      • Author Bio:

        Yuchen Gao received his bachelor's degree in physics at Peking University in 2022. After that, he became a Ph.D. student at Peking University with Yu Ye as his advisor. His scientific interests are focused on the physics of optical spectroscopy and electrical transport in 2D materials and their van der Waals heterostructures

        Yu Ye is a tenured associated professor in School of Physics at Peking University. He received his Ph.D. degree in condensed matter physics from Peking University in 2012. Prior to joining PKU in July 2016, Yu was working as a postdoctoral researcher at University of California, Berkeley. His group currently is interested in light-matter interactions and electrical transport properties in condensed matter physics, with an emphasis on novel physical phenomena emerging in atomically thin materials, van der Waals heterostructures and surfaces/interfaces by nanoscale device designs, optical spectroscopy, electrical transport, and scanning photocurrent measurements

      • Corresponding author: ye_yu@pku.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2022-10-16
      • Revised Date: 2022-12-05
        • Available Online: 2022-12-13

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