J. Semicond. > 2023, Volume 44 > Issue 10 > 101301, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/10/101301
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REVIEWS

Fundamentals and applications of photonic waveguides with bound states in the continuum

Zejie Yu1, 3, 4, , He Gao1, Yi Wang2, Yue Yu2, Hon Ki Tsang2, Xiankai Sun2 and Daoxin Dai1, 3, 4, 5

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 Corresponding author: Zejie Yu, zjyu@zju.edu.cn

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Abstract: Photonic waveguides are the most fundamental element for photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Waveguide properties, such as propagation loss, modal areas, nonlinear coefficients, etc., directly determine the functionalities and performance of PICs. Recently, the emerging waveguides with bound states in the continuum (BICs) have opened new opportunities for PICs because of their special properties in resonance and radiation. Here, we review the recent progress of PICs composed of waveguides with BICs. First, fundamentals including background physics and design rules of a BIC-based waveguide will be introduced. Next, two types of BIC-based waveguide structures, including shallowly etched dielectric and hybrid waveguides, will be presented. Lastly, the challenges and opportunities of PICs with BICs will be discussed.

Key words: photonic waveguide, bound states in the continuum, integrated photonics



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) Strip, slot, ridge, and subwavelength waveguides. (b) A plasmonic slot waveguide. (c) A hybrid waveguide[18]. Copyright 2016, The Optical Society. (d) A photonic crystal waveguide. (e) A hybrid plasmonic cap waveguide[28]. Copyright 2009, The Optical Society.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) A slab waveguide and its s- and p-polarized modal profiles. (b) A strip waveguide with its RI distributions of both s and p polarizations. (c) Modal profiles |E| of the TE and TM modes in a strip waveguide. (d) A ridge waveguide. (e) Modal profiles |E| of TE and TM continuous modes. The RI distributions of the ridge waveguide with nsc > nps (f) and nsc < nps (g). (h) Modal profiles of the TE and TM modes in a thin-ridge waveguide with nsc < nps. (i) Schematically illustration of leakage channels.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) (a) Schematically illustration of a thin-ridge silicon waveguide. (b) The propagation loss of the TM mode as a function of the waveguide width[72]. Copyright 2009, IEEE. (c) Modal profiles of the TM mode at waveguides with “magic width” and “anti-magic width”[72]. Copyright 2009, IEEE. (d) Planar view and modal coupling diagram of a bend thin-ridge waveguide[81]. Copyright 2010, The Optical Society. (e) The propagation loss of the TM mode in a bent waveguide as a function of the waveguide width and radius[81]. Copyright 2010, The Optical Society.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) A fabricated silicon thin-ridge waveguide and the scattering field views of waveguides with “magic width” and “non-magic width”[66]. Copyright 2016, IEEE. (b) The measured propagation loss of the waveguide with different widths[66]. Copyright 2016, IEEE. (c) Modal profiles of the TE and TM modes in a waveguide with “anti-magic” structural parameters[82]. Copyright 2010, The Optical Society. (d) The measured results for the transmissions of the TE and TM modes[82]. Copyright 2010, The Optical Society.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of a silicon thin-ridge waveguide supporting BIC resonances and its simulated transmission spectra as a function of waveguide width and incident angle[77]. Copyright 2018, Chinese Laser Press. (b) A fabricated silicon waveguide supporting BIC resonances and its measured resonance[76]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley & Sons. (c) A fabricated metagrating waveguide and its measured BIC resonance for applications in sensing[83]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley & Sons. (d) A flat-top filter based on BIC waveguides and its simulated transmission and reflection spectra[60]. Copyright 2019, Chinese Laser Press.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of a straight hybrid waveguide[56]. (b) RI distributions of s and p polarizations. (c) Modal profiles of a TM mode in waveguides with BIC and non-BIC parameters[56]. (d) Fabricated straight waveguides and measured propagation loss as a function of waveguide width[56]. (e) Fabricated bent waveguides and measured propagation loss as functions of waveguide width and bending radius[56]. Copyright 2019, The Optical Society.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) Measured transmission spectrum of the fabricated microring cavity with structural parameters satisfying the BIC condition[56]. (b) Optical microscope image of the fabricated directional coupler and the corresponding measured spectrum[56]. (c) Optical microscope image of the fabricated MZI and the corresponding measured spectrum[56]. Copyright 2019, The Optical Society.

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) (a) An optical microscope image of the fabricated mode (de)multiplexer integrated with EO modulators[55]. (b) Propagation loss and effective RIs of the different orders of TM modes as a function of the waveguide width w[55]. (c) Normalized spectra of light transmission for a fabricated mode (de)multiplexer[55]. (d) Measured modulated signals for each order of modes[55]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature Limited.

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of AO cavity modulation[59]. (b) Measured AO modulation signals with a frequency higher than 4 GHz[59]. (c) Measured AO-induced transparency and absorption[59]. Copyright 2020, Light: Science & Applications. (d) Schematic illustration of AO waveguide modulation[61]. (e) Measured frequency shifts[61]. Copyright 2021, ACS.

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Fig. 10.  (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of a 2D material integrated with a BIC waveguide[63]. (b) A fabricated hybrid graphene thermo-optic modulator with BICs and its measured spectra[63]. (c) A fabricated hybrid graphene photodetector with BICs and its measured optoelectrical response[63]. (d) A fabricated hybrid graphene EO modulation with BIC and its measured EO response[63]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley & Sons. (e) A fabricated hybrid PtSe2 photodetector with BICs and its measured optoelectrical response[62]. Copyright 2020, ACS.

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    Received: 15 March 2023 Revised: 09 May 2023 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 14 July 2023Uncorrected proof: 14 September 2023Published: 10 October 2023

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2023  >  44(10): 101301
      Zejie Yu, He Gao, Yi Wang, Yue Yu, Hon Ki Tsang, Xiankai Sun, Daoxin Dai. Fundamentals and applications of photonic waveguides with bound states in the continuum[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/10/101301 Z J Yu, H Gao, Y Wang, Y Yu, H K Tsang, X K Sun, D X Dai. Fundamentals and applications of photonic waveguides with bound states in the continuum[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/10/101301Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Zejie Yu, He Gao, Yi Wang, Yue Yu, Hon Ki Tsang, Xiankai Sun, Daoxin Dai. Fundamentals and applications of photonic waveguides with bound states in the continuum[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/10/101301

      Z J Yu, H Gao, Y Wang, Y Yu, H K Tsang, X K Sun, D X Dai. Fundamentals and applications of photonic waveguides with bound states in the continuum[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(10): 101301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/10/101301
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      Fundamentals and applications of photonic waveguides with bound states in the continuum

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/10/101301
      • 1.

        Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

      • 2.

        Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China

      • 3.

        Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing 314000, China

      • 4.

        Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314000, China

      • 5.

        Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China

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      • Author Bio:

        Zejie Yu received the B.E. degree in Optical Engineering from Zhejiang University and the Ph.D. degree in Electronic Engineering from The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Later he was a Postdoctoral Scholar at the Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. He is currently a tenure-track Professor with the College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University. His research interests include silicon photonics and heterogeneous integration

        Hon Ki Tsang (Fellow, IEEE) received the B.A. (Hons.) and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., in 1987 and 1991, respectively. He joined The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, in 1993 and was the Chairman of the Department of Electronic Engineering during 2010–2016. He is currently an Associate Dean (Research) of the Faculty of Engineering. He has coauthored more than 400 papers in journals and conference proceedings. His research interests include photonic integrated circuits, silicon photonics, nonlinear waveguides, hybrid integration of two-dimensional materials, optical communications, and integrated quantum photonics. He is currently the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

      • Corresponding author: zjyu@zju.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2023-03-15
      • Revised Date: 2023-05-09
        • Available Online: 2023-07-14

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