J. Semicond. > 2023, Volume 44 > Issue 11 > 111701, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/111701
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REVIEWS

Photocatalytic removal of heavy metal ions and antibiotics in agricultural wastewater: A review

Jiaxin Song, Malik Ashtar, Ying Yang, Yuan Liu, Mingming Chen and Dawei Cao

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 Corresponding author: Ying Yang, yingyang@ujs.edu.cn

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Abstract: In recent years, the treatment of agricultural wastewater has been an important aspect of environmental protection. The purpose of photocatalytic technology is to degrade pollutants by utilizing solar light energy to stimulate the migration of photocarriers to the surface of photocatalysts and occur reduction-oxidation reaction with pollutants in agricultural wastewater. Photocatalytic technology has the characteristics of high efficiency, sustainability, low-energy and free secondary pollution. It is an environmental and economical method to recover water quality that only needs sunlight. In this paper, the mechanism and research progress of photocatalytic removal of heavy metal ions and antibiotics from agricultural water pollution were reviewed by combining photocatalytic degradation process with agricultural treatment technology. The mechanism of influencing factors of photocatalytic degradation efficiency was discussed in detail and corresponding strategies were proposed, which has certain reference value for the development of photocatalytic degradation.

Key words: photocatalysis, agricultural pollution, water quality remediation, heavy metals, antibiotics



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Common semiconductor energy level relationships.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) Mechanism of removal of pollutants by photocatalytic reactions[4].

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) Schematic illustration of charge transfer and charge separation mechanism in the hemin-Bi4Ti3O12 biomimetic nanocomposite photocatalyst under visible light irradiation[21].

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) Postulated mechanism, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms and photocatalytic activities of visible light-induced photoreduction of Cr(Ⅵ) with the Cd3(TMT)2/CdS composites[26].

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) Schematic diagram, the amount of metal obtained and chemical mechanism of selective dissolution of Cu, Ag, Au and Pt by metal catalysts[17].

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) Chemical mechanism and efficiency of TC degradation by CN/NBO photocatalysis[51].

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) Mechanism and efficiency of Cv-CNNs degradation of sulfadiazine under visible light irradiation[58].

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) Synthesis process, degradation efficiency and principle of D-TCN450[61].

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Table 1.   Photocatalytic removal of heavy metal pollutants in agricultural wastewater.

Heavy metal element Agricultural sources Agricultural standard (c) (mg·kg−1) Toxicity hazards caused by enrichment Photocatalysts Cycles index (times) Reaction condition concentration of removal (c) (mg·L−1), pH, illuminator Removal time (t) (min) Removal product Removal degree (%) References
Arsenic As(Ⅲ) Arsenic in fertilizer, sewage sludge and fungi 0.1 Produce toxic genes, immunotoxins, etc. Defect-type BiVO4 3 c = 10
pH = 7
300 W Xenon lamp
(λ≥420nm)		 180 As(Ⅴ) 95.7 [30]
ZnO 5 c = 5
pH = 8
ultraviolet irradiation
(388nm > λ > 300 nm)		 60 98.3 [31]
Cadmium Cd(Ⅱ) Pesticide production, fertilizer, landfill, fertilizer sewage sludge 0.01 Chronic lung disease, interference with brain and liver function, etc. RGO/TiO2 5 c = 100
pH = 5.5		 90 Cd(s) 90 [32, 33]
Chromium Cr(Ⅵ) Fertilizer, landfill, fertilizer sewage sludge 0.1 Respiratory tract cancer, asthma, dermatitis skin diseases, etc. Bi5O7I/ZnAlBi-CLDHs 5 c = 0.1
pH = 6.5
300 W Xenon lamp 100 mW/cm2
(λ > 420 nm)		 60 Cr(Ⅲ) 98 [34, 35]
In2S3/Ti3C2 5 c = 0.1
pH = 7
300 W Xenon lamp 100 mW/cm2
(λ > 420 nm)		 6 100 [36]
PANI/W18O49 10 c = 0.1
pH = 2
visible light
(λ > 420 nm)		 50 100 [37]
Copper Cu(Ⅱ) Landfill, fertilizer industry, fertilizer sewage sludge 1.0 Toxic plants, reproductive capillary damage, etc. TiO2/ZnO-calcium 3 c = 60
pH = 7
UV lamp
(λ = 254 nm)		 120 Cu(s) 98.9 [38, 39]
POPD-CoFe2O4 5 c = 100
pH = 7
300 W Xenon lamp 100 mW/cm2 (780nm > λ > 380 nm)		 60 45.98 [40]
Nickel Ni(Ⅱ) Fertilizer industry, landfill, nickel fuel combustion, fertilizer sewage 0.00248 Skin allergy, gene damage, high toxicity to plants, etc. TiO2 3 c = 20
pH = 7
ultraviolet irradiation
(388 nm > λ > 300 nm)		 540 Ni(s) 36.4 [41]
CuCo2O4/TiO2 4 c = 30
pH = 7
200 W Tungsten lamp × 3		 180 65 [42]
CrFeO3/TiO2 4 C = 15
pH = 7.2
simulated sunlight 100 mW/cm2		 240 96 [43]
Plumbum Pb(Ⅱ) Fertilizer, landfill, fertilizer sewage sludge, lead arsenate pesticide 0.1 Kidney damage, metabolic toxicants, reproductive abnormalities, etc. N-doped TiO2 4 c = 15
pH = 8
300 W Xenon lamp 100 mW/cm2
(λ > 420 nm)		 30 Pb(s) 81 [44]
γ-Fe2O3 4 c = 1mg·L-1
pH = 7 visible light
(λ > 420 nm)		 60 96 [45]
Bi2O3/TiO2 5 c = 20
pH = 7
300 W Xenon lamp 100 mW/cm2
(λ > 420 nm)		 720 100 [46]
Zinc Zn(Ⅱ) Fertilizer, landfill, fertilizer sewage sludge 2.0 Skin irritation, agitation, harmful to plants, etc. His-TiO2 Many times c = 20
pH = 7.5 ultraviolet irradiation
(388 nm > λ > 300 nm)		 160 Zn(s) 98 [47]
TiO2/Graphene 3 c = 20
pH = 7 simulated sunlight
(650 nm > λ > 300 nm)		 90 100 [48]
DownLoad: CSV

Table 2.   Effects and hazards of common agricultural antibiotics.

Antibiotics Structural formula Effect Agricultural standard concentration
(c) (mg·kg−1)		 Side effect Photocatalyst Cycle index (times) Reaction condition concentration of degradation (c) (mg·L−1), pH, illuminator Removal time (t) (min) Removal degree (%) References
Oxytetracycline Insecticide, antibacterial agent 0.5 Abdominal discomfort vomiting, etc. AgI-ZnSn(OH)6 4 c = 10 mg·L−1
pH = 9
visible light
(λ > 420 nm)		 20 96.57 [64]
HDMP 4 c = 30
pH = 6.7
300 W Xenon lamp
100 mW/cm2
(λ > 420 nm)		 60 79.3 [65]
BiOBr/Ag/g-C3N4 5 c = 10
pH = 9
visible light
(780 nm > λ > 380 nm)		 60 91.7 [66]
Tetracycline Poultry and husbandry antibacterial 0.5 Affect bone growth, vomiting, etc. N-CQDs/OV-BiOBr 5 c =30
pH = 4.3
visible light
(λ ≥ 400 nm)		 60 80 [67]
BP/BiOBr 4 c = 30
pH = 7
visible light
(λ ≥ 400 nm)		 90 85 [68]
h-BN/Bi2MoO6 5 c = 20
pH = 7
visible lLight
(λ ≥ 400 nm)		 140 99.19 [69]
Norfloxacin Poultry and husbandry antibacterial 1.4 Slow bone development, immune deficiency, crystallization urine etc. CdS/Au/TiO2 5 c = 5
pH = 5
simulated sunlight		 60 64.67 [70, 71]
copper-doped BiOBr 5 c = 10
pH = 5−7
200 W Xenon lamp
100 mW/cm2		 90 100 [72]
BiFeO3/CuBi2O4/BaTiO3 5 c = 10
pH = 5
simulated sunlight		 60 93.5 [52]
Ciprofloxacin Poultry and husbandry antibacterial 0.8 Crystallized urine,septicemia, ear, nose, and throat infection OCN-1 5 c = 10
pH = 8
500 W Xenon lamp
(λ > 380 nm)		 20 95 [63]
ZnFe2O4/RGO 4 c = 20
pH = 8
125 W Xenon lamp
(λ > 400 nm)		 60 73.4 [73]
ZnFe2O4/BiOBr 4 c = 15
pH = 8
visible light
(λ > 420 nm)		 60 84 [74]
DownLoad: CSV
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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2023  >  44(11): 111701
      Jiaxin Song, Malik Ashtar, Ying Yang, Yuan Liu, Mingming Chen, Dawei Cao. Photocatalytic removal of heavy metal ions and antibiotics in agricultural wastewater: A review[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(11): 111701. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/111701 J X Song, M Ashtar, Y Yang, Y Liu, M M Chen, D W Cao. Photocatalytic removal of heavy metal ions and antibiotics in agricultural wastewater: A review[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(11): 111701. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/111701Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Jiaxin Song, Malik Ashtar, Ying Yang, Yuan Liu, Mingming Chen, Dawei Cao. Photocatalytic removal of heavy metal ions and antibiotics in agricultural wastewater: A review[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(11): 111701. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/111701

      J X Song, M Ashtar, Y Yang, Y Liu, M M Chen, D W Cao. Photocatalytic removal of heavy metal ions and antibiotics in agricultural wastewater: A review[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(11): 111701. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/111701
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      Photocatalytic removal of heavy metal ions and antibiotics in agricultural wastewater: A review

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/111701

      • School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China

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      • Author Bio:

        Jiaxin Song graduated from Northeastern University with a bachelor's degree in 2021 and is now studying for a master's degree in Jiangsu University under the supervision of Professor Cao Dawei. Her main research interest is the regulation of photocatalytic degradation efficiency of ferroelectric materials

        Malik Ashtar received Master's degree from Air University Islamabad in 2015 and PhD from the prestigious Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan in 2021. At present, he is diligently contributing as a postdoc fellow at Jiangsu University. His research mainly revolves around the intricate domains of frustrated magnetic materials and innovative ferroelectric materials

        Ying Yang received her B.Sc. from Huaiyin Normal University in 2008 and Ph.D. from Nanjing University in 2014. Then she worked at the Ilmenau University of Technology as a postdoc. She joined Jiangsu University in 2017 as an Associate Professor. Her research interest includes oxide materials and nonlinear optics

      • Corresponding author: yingyang@ujs.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2023-05-08
      • Revised Date: 2023-06-15
        • Available Online: 2023-09-07

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