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Wearable sweat biosensors on textiles for health monitoring

Yuqing Shi1, 2, Ziyu Zhang1, Qiyao Huang2, , Yuanjing Lin1, and Zijian Zheng2, 3, 4

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Qiyao Huang, qihuang@polyu.edu.hk; Yuanjing Lin, linyj2020@sustech.edu.cn

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Abstract: With the rapid technological innovation in materials engineering and device integration, a wide variety of textile-based wearable biosensors have emerged as promising platforms for personalized healthcare, exercise monitoring, and pre-diagnostics. This paper reviews the recent progress in sweat biosensors and sensing systems integrated into textiles for wearable body status monitoring. The mechanisms of biosensors that are commonly adopted for biomarkers analysis are first introduced. The classification, fabrication methods, and applications of textile conductors in different configurations and dimensions are then summarized. Afterward, innovative strategies to achieve efficient sweat collection with textile-based sensing patches are presented, followed by an in-depth discussion on nanoengineering and system integration approaches for the enhancement of sensing performance. Finally, the challenges of textile-based sweat sensing devices associated with the device reusability, washability, stability, and fabrication reproducibility are discussed from the perspective of their practical applications in wearable healthcare.

Key words: biosensortextile-based electronicswearable devicesweat analysishealth monitoring



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Textile-based sweat biosensors show promising applications in non-invasive and wearable health monitoring. Research advances in understanding the biosensing mechanism, efficient sweat collection strategies, high-performance biosensor fabrication, and system integration are critical to achieving desired textile-based sensing platforms.

Fig. 2.  (Color online) Schematic diagram of electrochemical biosensor system. A typical electrochemical biosensor includes identification module, sensor module, signal processing, transmission module, and power supply module.

Fig. 3.  (Color online) Response mechanisms of ion-selective membrane. (a) The capacitive redox mechanism (with PEDOT as an example). (b) The capacitance mechanism of EDL (with carbon as an example).

Fig. 4.  (Color online) Example for 1D fiber-based sensor and 2D cloth-based sensor. (a) The morphology and mechanism of lactate working electrode. (b) Schematic diagram and physical diagram of the lactic acid sensor,

Fig. 5.  (Color online) Sampling in wearable sweat sensors. (a) Sweat rate of various parts of the human body under different exercise intensities[70]. (b) Efficient sweat collection strategy on textiles with fast water absorption properties and laser-engraved dendritic bifurcated channels[67]. (c) A superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic Janus structure on textiles for directional sweat transport[69]. (d) Sweat collection system using absorbent material for storage and hydrophilic cotton thread to transport sweat[68].

Fig. 6.  (Color online) Examples of nano-structure functional material for Improvement. (a) Improving the detection limit of sweat sensors for biomarkers by incorporating dendritic gold nanostructures on electrodes[76]. (b) Using semiconductor ZnO nanowires to improve the sensitivity of test equipment[77]. (c) Strategies for controlling standard potentials without the need for external instruments[78].

Fig. 7.  (Color online) Two common types of physically bonded connections. (a) Electronic components are connected to wires by soldering and then integrated with other modules on the garment. (b) The snap fasteners, wires, components, and cloth are connected using a compilation.

Fig. 8.  (Color online) Textile-based sensor system integration approaches. (a) Using near-field clothing systems to establish wireless power and data connections around the human body[97]. (b) Textile-based micro networks rely on human activities to work together and modulate harvested energy via supercapacitors for high power output[98]. (c) Textile system embroidered with liquid metal[99]. (d) Textile-based embroidery antenna[100].

Table 1.   Examples based on two types of textile substrates.

ClassificationSubstrateFabrication methodConductivitySensitivityBiomarkerLong-term stabilityReference
FiberCarbon fibersIntegrated TiO2 nanotubes into the conductive carbon yarns (CCY)High electrical conductivity: CCY has high electrical conductivity.Desirable sensitivity, wide-range response (10 fg to 1 µg/mL), and good limit of detection (6 fg/mL)CortisolInitial current response remained at 94.70 % after 4 weeks[49]
Gold fiber
Prussian blue and glucose oxidaseHigh electrical conductivity: The average conductivity of the stretchable Au fibers glucose is about 93 S/cm, it has chemical inertness and high conductivity.A linear range of 0–500 µM and a sensitivity of 11.7 µA/(mM·cm2)Glucose
Stable chronoamperometric
responses in 6 h operation and 8 days of storage
[50]
Gold fiberDry spinningHigh electrical conductivity: superior performance in conductivity19.13 µA/(mM·cm2) in PBS and 14.6 µA/(mM·cm2) in artificial sweatLactate88% current retention after 100 stretching cycles; 71% redox current retention after a 6-day storage[44]
ClothCarbon textileDigital laser writingHigh electrical conductivity: CCY has high electrical conductivity.Desirable sensitivity, wide-range response (10 fg to 1 µg/mL), and good limit of detection (6 fg/mL), along with accuracy.Glucose, lactate acid, AA, UA, Na+, and K+Negligible changes over 4 weeks (<6.4 %)[51]
ClothScreen-printing and coatingHigh electrical conductivity: the MWCNTs were an excellent conductive material and could facilitate the electron transfer rateAcceptable detection range (0.05−1 mM) and sensitivity (105.93 µA/(mM·cm2))GlucoseGood long-term stability[52]
Graphene-based nanocompositeCounter electrodes (CE) filled with modified G-PU-RGO-PB pasteHigh electrical conductivity: functionalize graphene oxide (GO) using TEPA by solution mixing method to enhance electrical conductivityThe RSD is 3.06%. It can potentially be utilized in detecting lactate from sweat with LOD of 0.4 mM and LOQ of 1.3 mM reliably.Lactate
The change in anodic
and the cathodic current was very negligible after washing.
[46]
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      Yuqing Shi, Ziyu Zhang, Qiyao Huang, Yuanjing Lin, Zijian Zheng. Wearable sweat biosensors on textiles for health monitoring[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(2): 021601. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/2/021601 Y Q Shi, Z Y Zhang, Q Y Huang, Y J Lin, Z J Zheng. Wearable sweat biosensors on textiles for health monitoring[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(2): 021601. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/2/021601Export: BibTex EndNote
      Citation:
      Yuqing Shi, Ziyu Zhang, Qiyao Huang, Yuanjing Lin, Zijian Zheng. Wearable sweat biosensors on textiles for health monitoring[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(2): 021601. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/2/021601

      Y Q Shi, Z Y Zhang, Q Y Huang, Y J Lin, Z J Zheng. Wearable sweat biosensors on textiles for health monitoring[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(2): 021601. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/2/021601
      Export: BibTex EndNote

      Wearable sweat biosensors on textiles for health monitoring

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/2/021601
      More Information
      • Author Bio:

        Yuqing Shi received her B.E. degree from Southern University of Science and Technology in 2020. She is currently a Ph.D. student in the joint program of Southern University of Science and Technology and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Her research focuses on textile-based sensors using nanomaterials and novel technologies

        Ziyu Zhang is currently pursuing the B.E. degree in School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology. Her research interests focuses on flexible sensors

        Qiyao Huang currently is an Assistant Professor at School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. She received her B.A degree in Fashion and Textiles (2014) and Ph.D. degree in Textile Technology from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Her research interests include conductive textiles, fiber-based flexible and stretchable electrodes, and devices for flexible energy storage and wearable sensing applications

        Yuanjing Lin received her Ph.D. degree in Electronic and Computer Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in 2018. From 2019 to 2020, she was a Postdoctoral Fellow in Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at the University of California, Berkeley. She is currently an Assistant Professor at the Southern University of Science and Technology. Her research interests focus on nanomaterial innovation for wearable and printable electronics, micro/nanostructured sensors, flexible energy storage devices and their applications in smart systems

        Zijian Zheng is a full professor at Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He received B.Eng. (2003) in chemical engineering at Tsinghua University, Ph.D. (2007) in chemstry and nanoscience at the University of Cambridge, and postdoctoral training at Northwestern University between 2008 and 2009. His research interests include surface and polymer science, nanofabrication, flexible and wearable materials and devices, and energy. He was elected as founding member of The Young Academia of Science of Hong Kong, and was the recipient of RGC Senior Research Fellowship Scheme

      • Corresponding author: qihuang@polyu.edu.hklinyj2020@sustech.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2022-11-22
      • Revised Date: 2022-12-29
      • Available Online: 2023-01-06

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