J. Semicond. > 2023, Volume 44 > Issue 3 > 032602, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/3/032602
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ARTICLES

Self-healing Au/PVDF-HFP composite ionic gel for flexible underwater pressure sensor

Ruiyang Yin1, 3, Linlin Li1, 2, Lili Wang1, 2 and Zheng Lou1, 2,

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 Corresponding author: Zheng Lou, zlou@semi.ac.cn

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Abstract: Ionic gels can be potentially used in wearable devices owing to their high humidity resistance and non-volatility. However, the applicability of existing ionic gel pressure sensors is limited by their low sensitivity. Therefore, it is very important to develop an ionic gel pressure sensor with high sensitivity and a wide pressure detection range without sacrificing mechanical stretchability and self-healing ability. Herein, we report an effective strategy for developing pressure sensors based on ionic gel composites consisting of high-molecular-weight polymers, ionic liquids, and Au nanoparticles. The resulting capacitive pressure sensors exhibit high pressure sensitivity, fast response, and excellent self-healing properties. The sensors composed of highly hydrophobic polymers and ionic liquids can be used to track underwater movements, demonstrating broad application prospects in human motion state monitoring and underwater mechanical operations.

Key words: ionic gel, pressure sensor, high performance, underwater operation, self-healing



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Design and fabrication of transparent, mechanically robust, and ultrastable ionic gels enabled by ionic interactions. (a) Schematic diagram of ionic gel design. (b) Potential applications of ionic gel in different fields. (c) Self-healing and sensing mechanism of ionic gel materials. (d) Schematic diagram of ionic gel synthesis process.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 2.  (Color online) Morphology and characterization of ionic gel. (a) Schematic diagram of ionic gel SEM. (b) Element analysis of gel section slices, respectively showing the uniform distribution of S, N, and Au. (c) UV absorption spectra of ionic gels before and after doping Au nanoparticles. After doping with Au nanoparticles, an obvious peak appears in the band around 530 nm. (d) Comparison of infrared absorption spectra before and after doping Au nanoparticles. There was no change in the covalent bond before and after the Au nanoparticles were recombined. (e, f) Raman spectra before and after doping Au nanoparticles. The Raman spectra in the spectral range 720–780 cm–1 corresponding to EMIM+ vibrational bands. The Raman peak in the range of 720–780 cm–1 corresponding to TFSI– anion expansion–contraction mode. (g) Mechanical tensile properties and Young's modulus. The self-healing process of the physical image: (h) The picture above shows self-healing naturally at room temperature for 3 min, and (i) the picture below shows self-healing under water.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 3.  (Color online) Pressure sensor performance. (a) Schematic diagram of the structure for capacitive pressure sensor device. (b) Principle model of pressure sensor. (c) Frequency sweep of capacitive pressure sensor under different pressures. (d) Sensitivity curve of capacitive pressure sensor. (e) Perception of slight pressure. (f, g) Response/recovery speed under 20 Pa and 2 kPa pressure. (h) Continuous testing of different pressures.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 4.  (Color online) Simple application in life. (a) Schematic diagram of the device used for underwater testing. (b) 2 kPa pressure perception under three different conditions (normal, underwater and after self-healing). (c) Finger bending perception. (d) Arm movement perception.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 5.  (Color online) Practical underwater display. Perception of different water depths according to different water pressures. (a) Water depth measurement according to the proportional relationship between water pressure and water depth. (b) Continuous testing at the same water depth. Submarine diving and ascent process underwater (The sensor is attached to the palm of the robotic claw). (c) The sensor capacitance changes during the diving and ascent of the submarine. (d) The sensor capacitance changes when the submarine continuously dives/floats to a certain depth. Manipulator grabbing objects underwater (the sensor is attached to the head of submarine toy). (e) The capacitance of the pressure sensor changes when the mechanical gripper stays in different water depths. (f) The capacitance of the pressure sensor changes when the mechanical claw grabs an object underwater.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
[1]
Rogers J A, Someya T, Huang Y G. Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics. Science, 2010, 327, 1603 doi: 10.1126/science.1182383
[2]
Wang D Y, Wang L L, Shen G Z. Nanofiber/nanowires-based flexible and stretchable sensors. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 041605 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/4/041605
[3]
Darabi M A, Khosrozadeh A, Mbeleck R, et al. Skin-inspired multifunctional autonomic-intrinsic conductive self-healing hydrogels with pressure sensitivity, stretchability, and 3D printability. Adv Mater, 2017, 29, 1700533 doi: 10.1002/adma.201700533
[4]
Li L L, Zhao S F, Ran W H, et al. Dual sensing signal decoupling based on tellurium anisotropy for vr interaction and neuro-reflex system application. Nat Commun, 2022, 13, 5975 doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33716-9
[5]
Zhao S F, Ran W H, Lou Z, et al. Neuromorphic-computing-based adaptive learning using ion dynamics in flexible energy storage devices. Natl Sci Rev, 2022, 9, nwac158 doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwac158
[6]
Mak P I. Lab-on-COS-an in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) tool for a healthier society. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 110301 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/11/110301
[7]
Das C M, Kang L, Ouyang Q Y, et al. Advanced low-dimensional carbon materials for flexible devices. InfoMat, 2020, 2, 698 doi: 10.1002/inf2.12073
[8]
Park J, Hwang J C, Kim G G, et al. Flexible electronics based on one-dimensional and two-dimensional hybrid nanomaterials. InfoMat, 2020, 2, 33 doi: 10.1002/inf2.12047
[9]
Jiang H, Zheng L, Liu Z, et al. Two-dimensional materials: From mechanical properties to flexible mechanical sensors. InfoMat, 2020, 2, 1077 doi: 10.1002/inf2.12072
[10]
Hou Y X, Wang L, Sun R, et al. Crack-across-pore enabled high-performance flexible pressure sensors for deep neural network enhanced sensing and human action recognition. ACS Nano, 2022, 16, 8358 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02609
[11]
Jia M, Yi C, Han Y, et al. Hierarchical network enabled flexible textile pressure sensor with ultrabroad response range and high-temperature resistance. Adv Sci, 2022, 9, 2105738 doi: 10.1002/advs.202105738
[12]
Chen M, Wang Z X, Ge X, et al. Controlled fragmentation of single-atom-thick polycrystalline graphene. Matter, 2020, 2, 666 doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.11.004
[13]
Yuk H, Lu B, Zhao X, et al. Hydrogel bioelectronics. Chem Soc Rev, 2019, 48, 1642 doi: 10.1039/C8CS00595H
[14]
Lei Z Y, Wang Q K, Sun S, et al. A bioinspired mineral hydrogel as a self-healable, mechanically adaptable ionic skin for highly sensitive pressure sensing. Adv Mater, 2017, 29, 1700321 doi: 10.1002/adma.201700321
[15]
Zhang H, Han W, Xu K, et al. Metallic sandwiched-aerogel hybrids enabling flexible and stretchable intelligent sensor. Nano Lett, 2020, 20, 3449 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00372
[16]
Ma Z, Kong D S, Pan L J, et al. Skin-inspired electronics: emerging semiconductor devices and systems. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 041601 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/4/041601
[17]
Kim Y, Liu M J, Ishida Y, et al. Thermoresponsive actuation enabled by permittivity switching in an electrostatically anisotropic hydrogel. Nat Mater, 2015, 14, 1002 doi: 10.1038/nmat4363
[18]
Fukushima T, Asaka K, Kosaka A, et al. Fully plastic actuator through layer-by-layer casting with ionic-liquid-based bucky gel. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2005, 44, 2410 doi: 10.1002/anie.200462318
[19]
He Y, Sun J, Qian C, et al. Solution-processed natural gelatin was used as a gate dielectric for the fabrication of oxide field-effect transistors. Org Electron, 2016, 38, 357 doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2016.09.017
[20]
Lu Y, Qu X, Zhao W, et al. Highly stretchable, elastic, and sensitive mxene-based hydrogel for flexible strain and pressure sensors. Research, 2020, 2020, 2038560 doi: 10.34133/2020/203856
[21]
Yang J, Yu X, Sun X, et al. Polyaniline-decorated supramolecular hydrogel with tough, fatigue-resistant, and self-healable performances for all-in-one flexible supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12, 9736 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b20573
[22]
Cheng H, He X, Fan Z, et al. Flexible quasi-solid state ionogels with remarkable seebeck coefficient and high thermoelectric properties. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9, 1901085 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201901085
[23]
Shen Z, Zhu X, Majidi C, et al. Cutaneous ionogel mechanoreceptors for soft machines, physiological sensing, and amputee prostheses. Adv Mater, 2021, 33, 2102069 doi: 10.1002/adma.202102069
[24]
Kwon J, Kim Y, Moon H, et al. Porous ion gel: A versatile ionotronic sensory platform for high-performance, wearable ionoskins with electrical and optical dual output. ACS Nano, 2021, 15, 15132 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05570
[25]
Wang Y, Huang J. Recent advancements in flexible humidity sensors. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 040401 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/4/040401
[26]
Ma Y, Zhang Y, Cai S, et al. Flexible hybrid electronics for digital healthcare. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, 1902062 doi: 10.1002/adma.201902062
[27]
Ma X H, Jiang Z F, Lin Y J. Flexible energy storage devices for wearable bioelectronics. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 101602 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/101602
[28]
Li C, Li P, Yang S, et al. Recently advances in flexible zinc ion batteries. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 101603 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/101603
[29]
Zhang Z, Chen C, Fei T, et al. Wireless communication and wireless power transfer system for implantable medical device. J Semicond, 2020, 41, 102403 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/10/102403
[30]
Zhao S F, Ran W H, Wang L L, et al. Interlocked MXene/rGO aerogel with excellent mechanical stability for a health-monitoring device. J Semicond, 2022, 43, 082601 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/8/082601
[31]
Fang Y, Cheng H, He H, et al. Stretchable and transparent ionogels with high thermoelectric properties. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30, 2004699 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202004699
[32]
Xu L, Huang Z, Deng Z, et al. A transparent, highly stretchable, solvent-resistant, recyclable multifunctional ionogel with underwater self-healing and adhesion for reliable strain sensors. Adv Mater, 2021, 33, 2105306 doi: 10.1002/adma.202105306
[33]
Cao Y, Tan Y, Li S, et al. Self-healing electronic skins for aquatic environments. Nat Electron, 2019, 2, 75 doi: 10.1038/s41928-019-0206-5
[34]
Ren Y, Guo J, Liu Z, et al. Ionic liquid-based click-Ionogels. Sci Adv, 2019, 5, eaax0648 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0648
[35]
Cao Y, Morrissey T, Acome E, et al. A transparent, self-healing, highly stretchable ionic conductor. Adv Mater, 2017, 29, 1605099 doi: 10.1002/adma.201605099
[36]
Li T, Wang Y, Li S, et al. Mechanically robust, elastic, and healable ionogels for highly sensitive ultra-durable ionic skins. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, 2002706 doi: 10.1002/adma.202002706
[37]
Keum K, Eom J, Lee J, et al. Fully-integrated wearable pressure sensor array enabled by highly sensitive textile-based capacitive ionotronic devices. Nano Energy, 2021, 79, 105479 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105479
[38]
Chen M, Luo W, Xu Z, et al. An ultrahigh resolution pressure sensor based on percolative metal nanoparticle arrays. Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 4024 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12030-x
[39]
Shi L, Li Z, Chen M, et al. Quantum effect-based flexible and transparent pressure sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity and sensing density. Nat Commun, 2020, 11, 3529 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17298-y
[40]
Gong S. Schwalb W, Wang Y, et al. A wearable and highly sensitive pressure sensor with ultrathin gold nanowires. Nat Commun, 2014, 5, 3132 doi: 10.1038/ncomms4132
[41]
Mannsfeld S, Tee B C K, Stoltenberg R M, et al. Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors with microstructured rubber dielectric layers. Nat Mater, 2010, 9, 859 doi: 10.1038/nmat2834
[42]
Burnworth M, Tang L, Kumpfer J, et al. Optically healable supramolecular polymers. Nature, 2011, 472, 334 doi: 10.1038/nature09963
[43]
Meis CM, Grosskopf AK, Correa S, et al. Injectable supramolecular polymer-nanoparticle hydrogels for cell and drug delivery applications. J Vis Exp, 2021, 168, e62234 doi: 10.3791/62234
[44]
Appel E, Tibbitt M, Webber M, et al. Self-assembled hydrogels utilizing polymer-nanoparticle interactions. Nat Commun, 2015, 6, 6295 doi: 10.1038/ncomms7295

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    Received: 04 November 2022 Revised: 13 December 2022 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 31 January 2023Uncorrected proof: 07 February 2023Published: 10 March 2023

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2023  >  44(3): 032602
      Ruiyang Yin, Linlin Li, Lili Wang, Zheng Lou. Self-healing Au/PVDF-HFP composite ionic gel for flexible underwater pressure sensor[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(3): 032602. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/3/032602 R Y Yin, L L Li, L L Wang, Z Lou. Self-healing Au/PVDF-HFP composite ionic gel for flexible underwater pressure sensor[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(3): 032602. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/3/032602Export: BibTex EndNote
      Citation:
      Ruiyang Yin, Linlin Li, Lili Wang, Zheng Lou. Self-healing Au/PVDF-HFP composite ionic gel for flexible underwater pressure sensor[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(3): 032602. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/3/032602

      R Y Yin, L L Li, L L Wang, Z Lou. Self-healing Au/PVDF-HFP composite ionic gel for flexible underwater pressure sensor[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(3): 032602. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/3/032602
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      Self-healing Au/PVDF-HFP composite ionic gel for flexible underwater pressure sensor

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/3/032602
      • 1.

        State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China

      • 2.

        Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China

      • 3.

        Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

      More Information
      • Author Bio:

        Ruiyang Yin received his master’s degree from the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Now, he is a Ph.D. student at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, and his research direction is the wearable sensing performance and preparation of large-area perovskite solar cells

        Linlin Li is currently a Ph.D. candidate at Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His current scientific interests focus on Te semiconductor materials-based multimodal integrated system

        Lili Wang is a professor in the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. She earned her B.S. (2010) degree in Chemistry and Ph.D. degree in Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics from Jilin University in 2014. Her current research interests focus on semiconductor materials-based multimodal sensing integrated systems for Human-Cyber-Physical Systems

        Zheng Lou is a professor in the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He received his B.S. degree (2009) and his Ph.D. degree (2014) from Jilin University. His current research focuses on semiconductor photodetectors

      • Corresponding author: zlou@semi.ac.cn
      • Received Date: 2022-11-04
      • Revised Date: 2022-12-13
        • Available Online: 2023-01-31

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