J. Semicond. > 2023, Volume 44 > Issue 9 > 091604, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/091604
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Organic-inorganic halide perovskites for memristors

Memoona Qammar, Bosen Zou and Jonathan E. Halpert

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 Corresponding author: Jonathan E. Halpert, jhalpert@ust.hk

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Abstract: Organic-inorganic halides perovskites (OHPs) have drawn the attention of many researchers owing to their astonishing and unique optoelectronic properties. They have been extensively used for photovoltaic applications, achieving higher than 26% power conversion efficiency to date. These materials have potential to be deployed for many other applications beyond photovoltaics like photodetectors, sensors, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and resistors. To address the looming challenge of Moore's law and the Von Neumann bottleneck, many new technologies regarding the computation of architectures and storage of information are being extensively researched. Since the discovery of the memristor as a fourth component of the circuit, many materials are explored for memristive applications. Lately, researchers have advanced the exploration of OHPs for memristive applications. These materials possess promising memristive properties and various kinds of halide perovskites have been used for different applications that are not only limited to data storage but expand towards artificial synapses, and neuromorphic computing. Herein we summarize the recent advancements of OHPs for memristive applications, their unique electronic properties, fabrication of materials, and current progress in this field with some future perspectives and outlooks.

Key words: organic-inorganic halide perovskites, resistive switching, memristors



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) The basic four elements of an electrical circuit. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [3]. Copyright 2008, Nature publisher. (b) MIM structure of a memristor. (c) ABX3 structure of perovskite (A and B: cations and X: anion). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [18]. Copyright 2014, Nature publisher.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) Different switching mechanisms in OHP memristors. (a) Iodide vacancies are arbitrarily distributed. (b) Iodide vacancies aligned under influence of applied voltage. Inset: Movement of vacancies along the octahedral edge of structure. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [23]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (c) Architecture of Ag/MAPbI3/Ag device. (d) SEM micrograph showing 1−4 positions for EDS analysis. (e) EDS spectrum of device at LRS showing Pb and I peak intensities at four different positions shown in SEM image. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [24]. Copyright 2017, WILEY. Steps of RS via double-filament model in the Ag/MAPbI3/FTO memory device. (f) The initial state (HRS), (g) forming, (h) SET (LRS), and (i) RESET process of the device with thick MAPbI3 layer. (j) The initial state, (k) forming, (l) SET, and (m) RESET process of the device with relatively thinner MAPbI3. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (n) Mechanism of electrical switching (Ⅰ) initial state corresponding to HRS: hole trapping centres locate at the perovskite surface; (Ⅱ) SET process: Hole trap states are filled, shifting the Fermi level to the valence band; (Ⅲ) remove light electricity: a lowered barrier and quasi ohmic contact are resulted corresponding to LRS; and (Ⅳ) electrical reset: Holes are extracted from the trap states and a transition from LRS to HRS occurs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [30]. Copyright 2018, WILEY.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) High and low resistance states of MBI ReRAM under influence of 10 ns, (a) 10 V writing pulse, (b) -10 V erasing pulse. Insets show the incident writing and erasing voltage pulse. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Schematic illustration of biological (top) and artificial (bottom) nociceptor. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. RS trend in EGaIn/MAPbI3/PEDOT: PSS/ITO (d) SET process and (e) RESET process in dark and in presence of different wavelengths: 636, 588, 507, and 445 nm. Insets show the logarithmic scales of the same processes. (f) Power consumption for SET, RESET and total power consumption under the influence of different light signals. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [17]. Copyright 2023, WILEY.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) Material characterization of FAPbBr3. (a) XRD, (b) UV-VIS and PL spectra, (c) SEM micrograph, (d) device design, (e) RS cycles for as fabricated device, and (f) conductive mechanism via measured and fitted curve for SET state.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) Transmission spectra of pristine PMMA film and MAPbBr3 QDs with a complete device shown in inset. (b) RS cycles of MAPbBr3 QDs based memristor. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2017, AIP Publishing. (c) Device architecture of MAPbI3 QWs/NWs on PET substrate with an enlarged view of QW sandwiched between Ag and Au and crystal structure of MAPbI3. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.

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Table 1.   Summary of device performances of some OHP based memristors.

StructureMethod of synthesisStructureON/OFF
ratio		Von (V)Voff (V)EnduranceRetention (s)MechanismRef
FTO/MAPbI3-xClx/AuSolution method3D40.8-0.6>103>4 × 104Ag conductive filament[31]
PET/ITO/MAPbI3/Au3Antisolvent assisted spin coatAntisolvent assisted spin coating 3D500.7-0.5400104Defect migrationDefect migration[23]
FTO/c-TiO2/
MAPbI3-xClx/Al		Spin coating3D1.9 × 1091.10−1.65−−Active metal filament[26]
FTO/CH3NH3PbI3/WAntisolvent assisted spin coating3D>1003.1-1.1>100−Schottky emission and ohmic conduction[32]
ITO/PEDOT: PSS/CH3NH3PbI3/
PCBM/Ag		Antisolvent assisted spin coating3D1.3 × 1030.13-0.23103−Ion migration[33]
PET/ITO/MASnBr3/
Au		Antisolvent assisted spin coating3D1000.65 ± 0.15 V−3.1 
± 0.6 V		200104Formation and deformation of VBr[34]
ITO/PEDOT:PSS/
MAPbI3/Au		2 step spin coating3D200−−500−−[35]
ITO/MA3Bi2I9/CuChemical vapor deposition (CVD)3D1041−6.91.73 × 103>3 × 105Active metal filament[36]
EGaIn/MAPbI3/
PEDOT: PSS/ITO		Antisolvent assisted spin coating3D4.3 × 1030.69−0.41104105VI migration[17]
Si/SiO2/Ti/Pt/
BA2MAn-1PbnI3n+1/Ag		Antisolvent assisted spin coating2D1070.4–1.2−1.2 to
−0.4		2501.08 × 104Ag or VI CF[37]
Graphene/
(PEA)2PbBr4/Au		Exfoliation2D10+7.6−1.0100103VBr CF[38]
ITO/BA2PbBr4/AuVapor deposition2D2.4 × 1033−36 0103VBr CF[39]
Si/SiO2/Ti/Pt/
(PEA)2Cs3Pb4I13/Ag		Spin coating2D1090.40−0.102302 × 103Ag CF[40]
F40/MAPbBr1.97Cl1.03/AgSpin coatingNanoparticles5000.55−0.52501 × 103Surface defects/grain boundaries generated due to Cl substitution[41]
PET/ITO/PMMA/41APbBr3 PeQDs: PMMA/PMMA/AgSpin coatingQuantum dots>1031−1−4 × 103Trap controlled SCLC[42]
42u/CH3NH3PbI3/PtVapour deposition−>1031−1500>105−[43]
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[1]
Chua L. Memristor-The missing circuit element. IEEE Trans Circuit Theory, 1971, 18, 507 doi: 10.1109/TCT.1971.1083337
[2]
Hickmott T W. Low-frequency negative resistance in thin anodic oxide films. J Appl Phys, 1962, 33, 2669 doi: 10.1063/1.1702530
[3]
Strukov D B, Snider G S, Stewart D R, et al. The missing memristor found. Nature, 2008, 453, 80 doi: 10.1038/nature06932
[4]
Chua L. Resistance switching memories are memristors. Handbook of memristor networks, 2019, 197
[5]
Kim S, Du C, Sheridan P, et al. Experimental demonstration of a second-order memristor and its ability to biorealistically implement synaptic plasticity. Nano Lett, 2015, 15, 2203 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00697
[6]
Chen W B, Song L K, Wang S B, et al. Essential characteristics of memristors for neuromorphic computing. Adv Elect Materials, 2023, 9, 2200833 doi: 10.1002/aelm.202200833
[7]
Cryer M E, Fiedler H, Halpert J E. Photo-electrosensitive memristor using oxygen doping in HgTe nanocrystal films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2018, 10, 18927 doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b05429
[8]
Hu Z J, Cao F, Yan T T, et al. In situ vulcanization synthesis of CuInS2 nanosheet arrays for a memristor with a high on–off ratio and low power consumption. J Mater Chem C, 2023, 11, 244 doi: 10.1039/D2TC04003D
[9]
Aabel P, Sai Guru Srinivasan S, Amiruddin R, et al. Bi-polar switching properties of FTO/CZTS/Ag device. J Mater Sci Mater Electron, 2023, 34, 1 doi: 10.1007/s10854-022-09392-2
[10]
Li Y, Zhong Y P, Xu L, et al. Ultrafast synaptic events in a chalcogenide memristor. Sci Rep, 2013, 3, 1619 doi: 10.1038/srep01619
[11]
Hu H R, Scholz A, Liu Y, et al. A fully inkjet-printed unipolar metal oxide memristor for nonvolatile memory in printed electronics. IEEE Trans Electron Devices, 2023, 70, 3051 doi: 10.1109/TED.2023.3269405
[12]
Sato K, Hayashi Y, Masaoka N, et al. High-temperature operation of gallium oxide memristors up to 600 K. Sci Rep, 2023, 13, 1 doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26890-9
[13]
Basnet P, Anderson E C, Athena F F, et al. Asymmetric resistive switching of bilayer HfO x /AlO y and AlO y /HfO x memristors: The oxide layer characteristics and performance optimization for digital set and analog reset switching. ACS Appl Electron Mater, 2023, 5, 1859 doi: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c00079
[14]
Prezioso M, Merrikh-Bayat F, Hoskins B D, et al. Training and operation of an integrated neuromorphic network based on metal-oxide memristors. Nature, 2015, 521, 61 doi: 10.1038/nature14441
[15]
Wu Y H, Huang H Y, Xu C, et al. The FAPbI3 perovskite memristor with a PMMA passivation layer as an artificial synapse. Appl Phys A, 2023, 129, 1 doi: 10.1007/s00339-022-06289-z
[16]
Guo Z C, Xiong R, Zhu Y Y, et al. High-performance and humidity robust multilevel lead-free all-inorganic Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-based memristors. Appl Phys Lett, 2023, 122, 053502. doi: 10.1063/5.0129311
[17]
Liu Z H, Cheng P P, Kang R Y, et al. Photo-enhanced resistive switching effect in high-performance MAPbI3 memristors. Adv Materials Inter, 2023, 10, 2201513 doi: 10.1002/admi.202201513
[18]
Green M A, Ho-Baillie A, Snaith H J. The emergence of perovskite solar cells. Nat Photonics, 2014, 8, 506 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.134
[19]
Bati A S R, Zhong Y L, Burn P L, et al. Next-generation applications for integrated perovskite solar cells. Commun Mater, 2023, 4, 1 doi: 10.1038/s43246-022-00329-0
[20]
DeQuilettes D W, Zhang W, Burlakov V M, et al. Photo-induced halide redistribution in organic–inorganic perovskite films. Nat Commun, 2016, 7, 1 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11683
[21]
Xiao Z G, Yuan Y B, Shao Y C, et al. Giant switchable photovoltaic effect in organometal trihalide perovskite devices. Nat Mater, 2015, 14, 193 doi: 10.1038/nmat4150
[22]
Zhang C, Li Y, Ma C L, et al. Recent progress of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites in RRAM, artificial synapse, and logic operation. Small Sci, 2022, 2, 2100086 doi: 10.1002/smsc.202100086
[23]
Gu C, Lee J S. Flexible hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite memory. ACS Nano, 2016, 10, 5413 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01643
[24]
Zhu X J, Lee J H, Lu W D. Perovskite films: Iodine vacancy redistribution in organic-inorganic halide perovskite films and resistive switching effects. Adv Mater, 2017, 29, 1700527 doi: 10.1002/adma.201700527
[25]
Kim D J, Tak Y J, Kim W G, et al. Resistive switching properties through iodine migrations of a hybrid perovskite insulating layer. Adv Mater Interfaces, 2017, 4, 1601035 doi: 10.1002/admi.201601035
[26]
Yan K, Peng M, Yu X, et al. High-performance perovskite memristor based on methyl ammonium lead halides. J Mater Chem C, 2016, 4, 1375 doi: 10.1039/C6TC00141F
[27]
Yoo E, Lyu M Q, Yun J H, et al. Bifunctional resistive switching behavior in an organolead halide perovskite based Ag/CH3NH3PbI3− x Cl x /FTO structure. J Mater Chem C, 2016, 4, 7824 doi: 10.1039/C6TC02503J
[28]
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    Received: 20 June 2023 Revised: 18 August 2023 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 13 September 2023Corrected proof: 14 September 2023Uncorrected proof: 15 September 2023Published: 10 September 2023

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2023  >  44(9): 091604
      Memoona Qammar, Bosen Zou, Jonathan E. Halpert. Organic-inorganic halide perovskites for memristors[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(9): 091604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/091604 M Qammar, B Zou, J E. Halpert. Organic-inorganic halide perovskites for memristors[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(9): 091604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/091604Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Memoona Qammar, Bosen Zou, Jonathan E. Halpert. Organic-inorganic halide perovskites for memristors[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(9): 091604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/091604

      M Qammar, B Zou, J E. Halpert. Organic-inorganic halide perovskites for memristors[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(9): 091604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/091604
      Export: BibTex EndNote
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      Organic-inorganic halide perovskites for memristors

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/9/091604

      • Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China

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      • Author Bio:

        Memoona Qammar got her bachelor’s degree in chemistry from University of Sargodha Pakistan in 2014 and master’s degree from National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Pakistan in 2017. Now she is a doctoral student at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) Hong Kong under supervision of Prof. Jonathan Halpert. Currently, her work focusses on the optoelectronic properties of perovskites

        Jonathan E. Halpert received his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2008. He is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry at The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology (HKUST). His work is currently focused on optoelectronic devices made from perovskite and copper halide nanocrystals

      • Corresponding author: jhalpert@ust.hk
      • Received Date: 2023-06-20
      • Revised Date: 2023-08-18
        • Available Online: 2023-09-13

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