Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes for display applications and beyond

Yongqi Zhang; Shahbaz Ahmed Khan; Dongxiang Luo; Guijun Li

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/45/5/051601

J. Semicond. > 2024, Volume 45 > Issue 5 > 051601, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/5/051601

REVIEWS

Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes for display applications and beyond

Yongqi Zhang¹, Shahbaz Ahmed Khan¹, Dongxiang Luo² and Guijun Li^1,

+ Author Affiliations

Corresponding author: Guijun Li, gliad@connect.ust.hk

Abstract: The flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes (FPeLEDs), which can be expediently integrated to portable and wearable devices, have shown great potential in various applications. The FPeLEDs inherit the unique optical properties of metal halide perovskites, such as tunable bandgap, narrow emission linewidth, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and particularly, the soft nature of lattice. At present, substantial efforts have been made for FPeLEDs with encouraging external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 24.5%. Herein, we summarize the recent progress in FPeLEDs, focusing on the strategy developed for perovskite emission layers and flexible electrodes to facilitate the optoelectrical and mechanical performance. In addition, we present relevant applications of FPeLEDs in displays and beyond. Finally, perspective toward the future development and applications of flexible PeLEDs are also discussed.

Key words: metal halide perovskite, flexible light-emitting diodes, optical properties, mechanical flexibility, display

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Fig. 1. (Color online) (a) Diagram of 3D perovskite crystal structure^[71]. (b) Schematics of crystal structure and multiple quantum wells structure of 2D/quasi-2D perovskite with different n value. Energy can rapidly and efficiently funnel from wide bandgap phase to narrow bandgap phase^[72]. (c) Bandgap of CsPbX₃ NCs, X = Cl, Cl/Br, Br, Br/I or I. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [65]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (d) Emission wavelength of CsPbX₃ NCs. (e) Color gamut of combination of red, green and blue CsPbX₃ NCs emitters (black triangle) on CIE chromatic coordinates compared to LCD (white dashed triangle) and NTSC TV (white solid triangle) standards. (d) and (e) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [14]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (f) Diagram of defect tolerance of conventional semiconductor and perovskites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (g) Young’s modulus of MAPbX₃ single crystals versus Pb−X bond strength, X = Cl, Br or I. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry. (h) Young’s modulus of APbX₃ single crystals versus Pb−X bond distance, A = MA or FA and X = Cl, Br or I. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [75]. Copyright 2017, Wiley−VCH. Out-of-plane elastic modulus of 2D/quasi-2D single crystal perovskites with different (i) B−X bond, (j) n value, (k) length of alkyl chains and (l) species of organic spacers. (i) and (l) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [76]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (j) and (k) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [77]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (m) Stress-strain curve of single crystal and polycrystalline perovskites with different grains amounts under tensile loading. Extensively amorphous occurs in polycrystalline perovskites during yielding process. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [78]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) Diagram of FPeLEDs device structure. (b) Schematic of the synergetic effect of PEABr and PEG on modulating crystallization. (c) SEM images of perovskite films with composition of CsPbBr₃ and CsPbBr₃/PEG/PEABr. (b) and (c) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [86]. Copyright 2018, Wiley−VCH. (d) SEM images of perovskite QDs films without and with PVP. (e) PLQY of perovskite QDs films with PVP under different exciting intensities. (d) and (e) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [87]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (f) SEM images of perovskite films depositing on pristine and ETA-modified PEDOT:PSS films. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [46]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (g) Schematic of mechanism of passivation KI layer between HTL and EML. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (h) Schematic of encapsulation growth method. (i) Comparison of energy transfer between control and modified perovskite films grown by encapsulation growth method. (h) and (i) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (j) Schematics of the N₂-asisted spin-coating method. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [89]. Copyright 2019, Wiley−VCH. (k) Schematics of the mechanism of flash light annealing. (l) Maximum CE of devices using thermal annealing and flash light annealing under different energy density. (k) and (l) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.

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Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) SEM images of different perovskite films without and with 2.5 wt% PEO before and after stretching. (b) PL intensity of perovskite film with 2.5 wt% PEO after tensile tests. (a) and (b) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (c) PL intensity of EC-treated perovskite films as a function of bending cycles at a curvature radius of 3 mm. EL luminance of EC-treated perovskite films as a function of curvature radius. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [130]. Copyright 2022, WILEY-VCH. (d) Cohesion energy and PLQY of control, BAI, DDAI, PMAI, PEAI and FPMAI-modified perovskite films. (e) Normalized EQE of FPMAI-modified perovskite films as a function of bending cycles at a curvature radius of 1 and 2 mm. Normalized EQE of perovskite films modified by different additives as a function of curvature radius. (d) and (e) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH. (f) Schematic of self-healing ability of perovskite films with MDI-PU. (g) SEM images of perovskite films with and without MDI-PU before and after annealing. (f) and (g) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [45]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (h) Schematic of self-healing ability of perovskites/fluoroelastomer composite films through strong dipole-dipole interaction between -CF₃ groups. (i) Images of broken perovskites/fluoroelastomer composite films during self-healing process. (j) Normalized PL intensity of perovskite/fluoroelastomer composite films after different mechanical tests. (h)−(j) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [131]. Copyright 2022, WILEY-VCH. (k) Schematic of fabrication of perovskite/polymer composite nanofibers membrane through electrospinning. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [132]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (l) Images of perovskite/polymer composite nanofibers membrane emitting bright white light under 365 nm ultraviolet irradiation before and during stretching. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [133]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 5. (Color online) (a) Image of the fully printed FPeLED emitting bright green light at a bending state with a curvature radius of 5 mm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (b) Normalized CE of FPeLEDs based on ITO and graphene anodes as a function of bending strain and cycles. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2017, WILEY-VCH. (c) Normalized sheet resistance of PEDOT:PSS with and without PEO films as a function of tensile strain. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (d) Luminance variation of FPeLEDs based on PEDOT:PSS/DMSO/Zonyl electrodes as a function of operation time and bending cycles at a curvature radius of 1.0 or 2.5 mm. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [94]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (e) Diagram of FPeLEDs based on photopatterned PEDOT:PSS anodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [159]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (f) Schematic of mechanism of tunable work function AnoHIL^[162]. (g) Resistance of PI/AgNWs as a function of stretch-release counts. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2019, WILEY-VCH. (h) Sheet resistance of AgNWs/H₂SO₄-treated PEDOT:PSS composite electrodes (left) and luminance of corresponding FPeLEDs as a function of bending cycles at a curvature radius of 2.5 mm. (i) Images of FPeLEDs based on AgNWs/H₂SO₄-treated PEDOT:PSS composite anodes emitting bright light at different bending states. (h) and (i) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [39]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (j) Cross-sectional HRTEM image of Ag-Ni core-shell NWs composite electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [98]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (k) Resistance of different composite electrodes samples. Sample 1, 2 and 3 stand for AgNWs/AgNPs, AgNWs/AgNPs/PEDOT:PSS and AgNWs/AgNPs/PEDOT:PSS/MXenes composite electrodes, respectively. (l) Normalized resistance (left) and EQE (right) as a function of bending cycles at a curvature radius of 1 cm. (k) and (l) are reproduced with permission from Ref. [97]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 6. (Color online) (a) Energy band structure of bi-HTLs FPeLEDs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [91]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Energy band structure of FPeLEDs using Buf-HTL. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2017, WILEY-VCH. (c) Energy band structure of FPeLEDs using PEDOT:PSS HTL modified by different contents of Zonyl. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [39]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (d) Energy band structure of FPeLEDs using pristine, IPA and PSS-Na-modified PEDOT:PSS HTL. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [99]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (e) Schematic of perovskite films with dendritic structure. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [171]. Copyright 2021, WILEY-VCH. (f) Energy band structure of FPeLEDs adopting perovskite/CDs composite films. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [172]. Copyright 2021, WILEY-VCH.

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Fig. 7. (Color online) (a) Schematic of fabrication process of FPeLEDs with patterned electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [159]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (b) Schematic of pixelated FPeLEDs arrays prepared by double-layer transfer printing technique. (c) EL images of ultrathin skin-attachable displays attached to human skin, leaf and edge of blade. (d) EL images of ultrathin skin-attachable displays under 20% compression, twists and water droplet^[107]. (e) Schematic of writable and wipeable FPeLEDs^[109]. (f) EL images of writable and wipeable FPeLEDs before and after wiping^[109]. (g) Schematic of mechanism of flexible perovskite LETDs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [90]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (h) Schematic of mechanism of ECG monitor using multi-color FPeLEDs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [122]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.

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Table 1. Performance of recently reported FPeLEDs.

Device structure	EL (nm)	Luminance (cd∙m⁻²)	EQE_max (%)	CE_max (cd∙A⁻¹)	Bending radius (mm)	Strain (%)	Ref.
PDMS/CNT/PEO + MAPbBr₃/AgNWs	−	360	0.14	0.6	5	−	[40]
PET/ITO/Buf-HTL/MAPbBr₃/TPBi/Al	543	24	−	0.02	10.5	−	[29]
PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbBr₃:PEO/AgNWs/PU	532	1030	−	−	6	−	[90]
Graphene/Buf-HTL/MAPbBr₃/TPBi/LiF/Al	542	13 000	−	16.1	1.9	5.3	[43]
PDMS/PEDOT:PSS + PEO/ MAPbBr₃ + PEO/EInGa	−	15 960	0.62	2.7	−	40	[37]
PET/AgNWs/PEDOT:PSS/PVK:TAPC/CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ QDs/TmPyPB/CsF/Al	−	7000	2.7	10.5	2.5	−	[91]
PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/(PEA)₂(FA)Pb₂I₇/Bphen/LiF/Al	720	212	0.148	0.44	−	−	[92]
PET/PEDOT:PSS/CsPbBr₃/TPBi/LiF/AgNWs	−	−	10.1	31	−	−	[86]
PI/AgNWs/PEDOT:PSS/Poly-TPD/perovskite/TPBi/LiF/Al	−	−	13	−	2	−	[34]
PEN/ITO/LiF/CsPbBr₃ + Cs₄PbBr₆/TPBi/NiO_x/Al	520	2012	1.37	4.16	1	−	[93]
NOA63/composite electrode/Zonyl-treated PEDOT:PSS/ quasi-2D perovskite/TPBi/LiF/Al	532	1060	3.98	17.9	2.5	−	[39]
PET/PDZ/MAPbBr₃/SPW-111/PFN/AgNWs	550	1260	0.17	0.79	2.5	11.1	[94]
PU/PEDOT:PSS-PEO/PVP/CsPbBr₃-PEO-PVP/PU-AgNWs	524	380	0.27	−	5	30	[36]
PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS:PFI/CsPbBr₃/TPBi/LiF/Al	534	17 795	6.18	28.17	4	−	[95]
Photopolymer/Ag/ZnO/PEI/CsPbI₃/TCTA/MoO₃/Au	692	827	8.2	0.8	−	−	[38]
PET/ITO/HAT-CN/TAPC/CsPbBr₃/PO-T2T/Liq/Al	520	17 550	−	10.3	10	−	[96]
Composite electrode/PEDOT:PSS + KCA/PEA₂Cs_n-1PbnBr_3n+1/ TPBi/LiF/Al	−	50 000	16.5	−	10	−	[97]
PET/Ag–Ni core–shell NW/Buf-HIL/FAPbBr₃/TPBI/LiF/Al	−	1378	9.67	44.01	−	1	[98]
PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS + PSS-Na/PEA₂(FAPbBr₃)₂PbBr₄ /TPBi/LiF/Al	529	3936	5.91	25.13	−	−	[99]
PET/PDMS/PEDOT:PSS/PEO/perovskite/PEO/PEI/AgNWs	535	10 227	0.804	2.01	2.5	−	[100]
PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite + PEG/ZnO/SMF	533	98 000	4.6	22.3	−	−	[101]
AgNWs/PET/ZnO/PEDOT:PSS/CsPbBr₃/TPBi/LiF/Al	514	10 000	24.5	75	3	−	[46]
PEN/ITO/TB(MA)/perovskite/TPBi/LiF/Al	488	2967	8.3	14.7	−	−	[35]
PET/ITO/NiO_x/CsPbBr₃/TPBi/LiF/Al	516	−	7.1	−	−	−	[102]
Al/Al₂O₃/perovskite QWs/NiO_x/IZO	520	31 667	7.3	22	8	−	[103]
Kapton/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Poly-TPD/FAPbBr₃ + PMMA/ 3TPYMB/LiF/Al	529	−	0.85	3.47	10	−	[104]
NOA63/SU-8/MoO₃/Au/PEDOT:PSS/MaPbBr₃/TPBi/LiF/Al	550	11 270	−	3.3	5	−	[105]
PEN/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbBr₃/BCP/LiF/Al	530	2434	−	1.05	−	−	[31]
VHBf/PI/AgNWs/PEDOT:PSS/TAPC:PVK/perovskite QDs/TPBi/CsF/Al	532	3187	−	9.2	−	50	[106]
PET/PEDOT:PSS/quasi-2D perovskite/TPBi/LiF/Al	493	8300	12.8	47.1	1	−	[88]
Encapsulation/Cu/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Poly-TPD/CsPbBr₃/ TPBi/LiF/Al/encapsulation	516	−	6.2	−	0.25	−	[107]
PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbBr₃/TPBi/AgNWs	550	657	−	−	−	−	[108]
PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/PEDOT:PSS/LiF/Al	520	10 000	1.35	−	−	−	[109]

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Received: 25 September 2023 Revised: 12 November 2023 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 26 January 2024Uncorrected proof: 19 February 2024Published: 10 May 2024

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2024 > 45(5): 051601

Yongqi Zhang, Shahbaz Ahmed Khan, Dongxiang Luo, Guijun Li. Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes for display applications and beyond[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2024, 45(5): 051601. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/5/051601 Y Q Zhang, S A Khan, D X Luo, and G J Li, Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes for display applications and beyond[J]. J. Semicond., 2024, 45(5), 051601 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/5/051601Export: BibTex EndNote

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Yongqi Zhang, Shahbaz Ahmed Khan, Dongxiang Luo, Guijun Li. Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes for display applications and beyond[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2024, 45(5): 051601. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/5/051601

Y Q Zhang, S A Khan, D X Luo, and G J Li, Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes for display applications and beyond[J]. J. Semicond., 2024, 45(5), 051601 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/5/051601

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Y Q Zhang, S A Khan, D X Luo, and G J Li, Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes for display applications and beyond[J]. J. Semicond., 2024, 45(5), 051601 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/5/051601

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Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes for display applications and beyond

doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/45/5/051601

1.
Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
2.
Huangpu Hydrogen Innovation Center/Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China

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Author Bio:
Yongqi Zhang Yongqi Zhang got his bachelor's degree in 2022 from Shenzhen University and now is pursuing a master's degree in Shenzhen University. His research interests focus on the development of high-efficiency light-emitting diodes for displays

Shahbaz Ahmed Khan Shahbaz Ahmed Khan got his bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, and he is now pursuing his PhD degree at Shenzhen University. His research interests focus on the development of high-efficiency, highly stable perovskite solar cells

Dongxiang Luo Dongxiang Luo is an associate professor in Huangpu Hydrogen Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University in July 2021. He received the B.S. degree in electronic science and technology from Shenyang University of Technology in June 2009, with Ph.D. degree in materials physics and chemistry from South China University of Technology in June 2014. He worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology from 2014 to 2016. His research focuses on semiconductor optoelectronic materials and devices

Guijun Li Guijun Li is a professor at the College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, China. He received his PhD degree in electronic and computer engineering from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) in 2016, and worked at the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Displays and Optoelectronics (SKL) of HKUST as a research associate. His current research interest focuses on advanced photovoltaics and displays
Corresponding author: gliad@connect.ust.hk
Received Date: 2023-09-25
Revised Date: 2023-11-12

Available Online: 2024-01-26

Abstract

Abstract

The flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes (FPeLEDs), which can be expediently integrated to portable and wearable devices, have shown great potential in various applications. The FPeLEDs inherit the unique optical properties of metal halide perovskites, such as tunable bandgap, narrow emission linewidth, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and particularly, the soft nature of lattice. At present, substantial efforts have been made for FPeLEDs with encouraging external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 24.5%. Herein, we summarize the recent progress in FPeLEDs, focusing on the strategy developed for perovskite emission layers and flexible electrodes to facilitate the optoelectrical and mechanical performance. In addition, we present relevant applications of FPeLEDs in displays and beyond. Finally, perspective toward the future development and applications of flexible PeLEDs are also discussed.
- metal halide perovskite,
- flexible light-emitting diodes,
- optical properties,
- mechanical flexibility,
- display

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References

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Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes for display applications and beyond

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Flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes for display applications and beyond

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