Integrating electrochromic (EC) and photochromic (PC) functions within a single material system holds great significance for the development of next-generation intelligent responsive materials. Traditional organic photochromic materials are all small molecules and oligomers, which require the photochemical response of specific photosensitive groups. However, PEDOT:PSS, a classic electrochromic polymer, has never been reported to exhibit photochromic properties due to the absence of photosensitive groups. Herein, we report for the first time the photochromic properties of PEDOT:PSS films, demonstrating their simultaneous capability of multi-field coupling response in the aspects of light, electricity and chemistry. The composite film undergoes a rapid color change from light blue to dark blue under ultraviolet light irradiation. This is attributed to the transformation process from the bipolarons state to the polarons state in the PEDOT:PSS, induced by photogenerated electrons as confirmed by EPR and Raman analyses. Furthermore, the developed hydrogel system enhances charge separation, yielding a 30.1% relative transmittance change and month-long stability. This work fills the long-standing gap in the understanding of the photochromic and electrochromic mechanisms of PEDOT:PSS, providing fundamental insights into carrier dynamics at organic-inorganic interfaces and laying the foundation for the development of multi-mode stimuli-responsive devices.
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Achieving long-range, high-accuracy depth perception under stringent power constraints remains a critical challenge for stereo vision in edge applications. This work presents a cascadable stereo matching processor that overcomes the inherent trade-off between sensing range and computational efficiency. The core innovation is a scalable semi-global matching (SSGM) algorithm which dynamically optimizes the disparity search range for different baselines, ensuring constant on-chip memory usage and a significant reduction in data movement. The architecture further integrates a raw-domain rectification front-end, which performs direct geometric transformation on Bayer-patterned image streams. This approach eliminates the need for external memory access by bypassing conventional ISP pipelines, thereby maximizing throughput and reducing system memory consumption. Parallel processing paths for multiple baselines converge in a pixel-wise fusion module, which synthesizes a unified depth map by selecting the most reliable disparity estimate for each output pixel. The cascadable stereo matching processor achieves speedups of up to 178x and 97x over CPU and EdgeGPU platforms, respectively, in multi-baseline stereo disparity fusion. Implemented in 40-nm CMOS technology, the processor operates at 160 MHz, achieving a processing speed of 80 frames per second with an energy efficiency of 7.9 pJ/pixel and occupying a core area of 6.04 mm2.
