Ways to suppress click and pop for class D amplifiers

Wang Haishi; Zhang Bo; Sun Jiang

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/33/8/085005

J. Semicond. > 2012, Volume 33 > Issue 8 > 085005

SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Ways to suppress click and pop for class D amplifiers

Wang Haishi, Zhang Bo and Sun Jiang

+ Author Affiliations

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/33/8/085005

Abstract: Undesirable audio click and pop may be generated in a speaker or headphone. Compared to linear (class A/B/AB) amplifiers, class D amplifiers that comprise of an input stage and a modulation stage are more prone to producing click and pop. This article analyzes sources that generate click and pop in class D amplifiers, and corresponding ways to suppress them. For a class D amplifier with a single-ended input, click and pop is likely to be due to two factors. One is from a voltage difference (V_DIF) between the voltage of an input capacitance (V_CIN) and a reference voltage (V_REF) of the input stage, and the other one is from the non-linear switching during the setting up of the bias and feedback voltages/currents (BFVC) of the modulation stage. In this article, a fast charging loop is introduced into the input stage to charge V_CIN to roughly near V_REF. Then a correction loop further charges or discharges V_CIN, substantially equalizing it with V_REF. Dummy switches are introduced into the modulation stage to provide switching signals for setting up BFVC, and the power switches are disabled until the BFVC are set up successfully. A two channel single-ended class D amplifier with the above features is fabricated with 0.5 μm Bi-CMOS process. Road test and fast Fourier transform analysis indicate that there is no noticeable click and pop.

Key words: class D amplifier, click and pop, fast turn on, fast charging

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Wang Haishi, Zhang Bo, Sun Jiang. Ways to suppress click and pop for class D amplifiers[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2012, 33(8): 085005. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/33/8/085005

Wang H S, Zhang B, Sun J. Ways to suppress click and pop for class D amplifiers[J]. J. Semicond., 2012, 33(8): 085005. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/33/8/085005.

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Received: 20 August 2015 Revised: 05 March 2012 Online: Published: 01 August 2012

Undesirable audio click and pop may be generated in a speaker or headphone. Compared to linear (class A/B/AB) amplifiers, class D amplifiers that comprise of an input stage and a modulation stage are more prone to producing click and pop. This article analyzes sources that generate click and pop in class D amplifiers, and corresponding ways to suppress them. For a class D amplifier with a single-ended input, click and pop is likely to be due to two factors. One is from a voltage difference (V_DIF) between the voltage of an input capacitance (V_CIN) and a reference voltage (V_REF) of the input stage, and the other one is from the non-linear switching during the setting up of the bias and feedback voltages/currents (BFVC) of the modulation stage. In this article, a fast charging loop is introduced into the input stage to charge V_CIN to roughly near V_REF. Then a correction loop further charges or discharges V_CIN, substantially equalizing it with V_REF. Dummy switches are introduced into the modulation stage to provide switching signals for setting up BFVC, and the power switches are disabled until the BFVC are set up successfully. A two channel single-ended class D amplifier with the above features is fabricated with 0.5 μm Bi-CMOS process. Road test and fast Fourier transform analysis indicate that there is no noticeable click and pop.

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