J. Semicond. > 2025, Volume 46 > Issue 1 > 011607
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REVIEWS

Recent progress in flexible sensors based on 2D materials

Xiang Li1, 2, Guancheng Wu3, 4, Caofeng Pan1, 2, and Rongrong Bao2, 4,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Caofeng Pan, pancaofeng@buaa.edu.cn; Rongrong Bao, baorongrong@ucas.as.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090044CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24090044

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Abstract: With the rapid development of the internet of things (IoT) and wearable electronics, the role of flexible sensors is becoming increasingly irreplaceable, due to their ability to process and convert information acquisition. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been widely welcomed by researchers as sensitive layers, which broadens the range and application of flexible sensors due to the advantages of their large specific surface area, tunable energy bands, controllable thickness at the atomic level, stable mechanical properties, and excellent optoelectronic properties. This review focuses on five different types of 2D materials for monitoring pressure, humidity, sound, gas, and so on, to realize the recognition and conversion of human body and environmental signals. Meanwhile, the main problems and possible solutions of flexible sensors based on 2D materials as sensitive layers are summarized.

Key words: 2D materials, flexible sensors, layered structure, solution method



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Summary of the review. Different kinds of materials with different sensing mechanism, thus for different sensors.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) Graphene-based sensors. (a) Graphene-paper pressure sensors for detecting physiological signals. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [56], Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (b) Graphene-based multifunctional sensors. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [58], Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (c) Conformal electronic skin based on graphene. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [59], Copyright 2022, Wiley. (d) Mixed-modality speech recognition and interaction using a wearable AT. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [60], Copyright 2023, Nature Publishing Group.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) MXene-based sensors. (a) Micro-force sensor combined with MXene and microchannel. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [68], Copyright 2020, Wiley. (b) Pressure sensor with electromagnetic shielding based on MXene of kirigami-inspired structure. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [69], Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (c) Self-healing strain sensor based on PU-TA@MXene Janus architecture. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [70], Copyright 2023, Wiley. (d) Piezoresistive sensor based on MXene/PEDOT:PSS. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [71], Copyright 2021, American Institute of Physics. (e) Pressure sensor with PAN/MXene nanofiber as the sensitive layer. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [72], Copyright 2022, Wiley. (f) Piezoelectric sensor with confined MXene/PVDF nanofiber. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [73], Copyright 2023, Springer.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) BN-based sensors. (a) Humidity sensor with BN as sensitive layer. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [89], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (b) Pressure sensor based on BN combining with MXene. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [91], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (c) Piezoelectric sensor with hierarchical structure for cardiovascular monitoring. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [92], Copyright 2024, Wiley. (d) Composites of liquid metal@BN with highly thermal conductive. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [93], Copyright 2023, Elsevier.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) MoS2-based and MoSe2-based sensors. (a) Tactile sensor based on MoS2. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [113], Copyright 2016, Wiley. (b) Temperature sensor based on monolayer MoS2 channel. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [114], Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (c) Strain and tempture sensor based on MoS2 by inkjet printing. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [115], Copyright 2023, Wiley. (d) Humidity sensor with PVA/MXene nanofiber. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [116], Copyright 2021, Springer.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) WS2-based and WSe2-based sensors. (a) Humidity sensor based on rGO-WS2 heterojunctions. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [131], Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (b) Gas sensor for detecting NO2. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [132], Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (c) Hybrid sensor for ethanol detection. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [133], Copyright 2020, Nature Publishing Group.

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    Received: 23 September 2024 Revised: 10 October 2024 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 04 November 2024Uncorrected proof: 16 December 2024Published: 15 January 2025

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2025  >  46(1): 011607
      Xiang Li, Guancheng Wu, Caofeng Pan, Rongrong Bao. Recent progress in flexible sensors based on 2D materials[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, 46(1): 011607. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090044 ****X Li, G C Wu, C F Pan, and R R Bao, Recent progress in flexible sensors based on 2D materials[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(1), 011607 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090044
      Citation:
      Xiang Li, Guancheng Wu, Caofeng Pan, Rongrong Bao. Recent progress in flexible sensors based on 2D materials[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, 46(1): 011607. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090044 ****
      X Li, G C Wu, C F Pan, and R R Bao, Recent progress in flexible sensors based on 2D materials[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(1), 011607 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090044
      shu

      Recent progress in flexible sensors based on 2D materials

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24090044
      CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24090044
      • 1.

        School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

      • 2.

        Institute of Atomic Manufacturing, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

      • 3.

        Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China

      • 4.

        School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

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      • Xiang Li received B.S. degree from Southwest Jiaotong University in 2020, and M.S. degree from Nankai University in 2023, respectively. Currently, she is pursuing her Ph.D. under the guidance of Prof. Caofeng Pan at Beihang University. Her research is mainly focused on stretchable electronics and their applications in human−machine interactions
      • Caofeng Pan was conferred his Bachelor of Science degree in 2005 and his Ph.D. degree in 2010, both in Materials Science and Engineering, from Tsinghua University, China. Subsequently, he undertook a postdoctoral fellowship at the Georgia Institute of Technology from 2010 to 2013. In 2013, he assumed the role of a full professor at the Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since 2023, he has been serving as a distinguished professor and leads a research group at the Institute of Atomic Manufacturing, Beihang University. His research endeavors predominantly focus on the exploration and application of low-dimensional materials in the development of smart wearable electronics and optoelectronic devices for tactile sensing. For further information, please visit http://www.piezotronics.cn
      • Rongrong Bao received her B.S. degree from Tianjin University in 2007 and Ph.D. degree from Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) in 2012. She was a postdoc fellow in the same institute. She has been a Professor in the group of Prof. Caofeng Pan at the Institute of Atomic Manufacturing, Beihang University. Her main research interests focus on the fields of the production and characterization of organic−inorganic composite nanodevices and flexible pressure sensors
      • Corresponding author: pancaofeng@buaa.edu.cn; baorongrong@ucas.as.cn
      • Received Date: 2024-09-23
      • Revised Date: 2024-10-10
        • Available Online: 2024-11-04

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