Wide-bandgap and heavy-metal-free quantum dots for blue light-emitting diodes

Xin Gu; Wen-Long Fei; Bao-Quan Sun; Ya-Kun Wang; Liang-Sheng Liao

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/24100016

J. Semicond. > 2025, Volume 46 > Issue 4 > 041101

SPECIAL TOPIC REVIEWS

Wide-bandgap and heavy-metal-free quantum dots for blue light-emitting diodes

Xin Gu¹, Wen-Long Fei¹, Bao-Quan Sun¹, Ya-Kun Wang^1, and Liang-Sheng Liao^{1, 2,}

+ Author Affiliations

1. Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
2. Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, Taipa 999078, China

Author Bio:

Xin Gu received his B.E. degree from Soochow University in 2024. Currently, he is a master student at the Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University under the supervision of Professor Liang-Sheng Liao and Ya-Kun Wang. His research interests focus on blue light quantum dot materials and their optoelectronic applications.

Wen-Long Fei received his B.E. degree from Henan Polytechnic University in 2023. Currently, he is a master student in Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University under the supervision of Prof. Liang-Sheng Liao and Prof. Ya-Kun Wang. His research interest focus on high-performance quantum dots light-emitting diodes in blue region.

Ya-Kun Wang obtained his Ph.D. in Chemistry from Soochow University (International Visiting Graduate Student (IVGS) in Edward Sargent group from 2018−2020). Following this, he served as a postdoctoral researcher at the Sargent Group at the University of Toronto and Soochow University. Since 2023, he has held the position of associate professor at Soochow University. His research focuses on leveraging emerging quantum dots (QDs) to develop high-performance light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the shortwave IR region.

Liang-Sheng Liao received his Ph.D. degree in physics from Nanjing University, China. After working at Eastman Kodak Company as a senior research scientist from 2000 to 2009, he joined Soochow University as a full professor. He has over 30 years of research experience on organic optoelectronics. His current research interests include materials and architectures of organic light-emitting diodes, quantum light-emitting diodes, organic photonics, organic solar cells, and perovskite solar cells.

Corresponding author: Ya-Kun Wang, wangyakun@suda.edu.cn; Liang-Sheng Liao, lsliao@suda.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24100016CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24100016

Abstract: Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are highly regarded for their outstanding photovoltaic characteristics, including excellent color purity, stability, high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), narrow emission spectra, and ease of solution processing. Despite significant progress in quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) technology since its inception in 1994, blue QLEDs still fall short in efficiency and lifespan compared to red and green versions. The toxicity concerns associated with Cd/Pb-based quantum dots (QDs) have spurred the development of heavy-metal-free alternatives, such as group Ⅱ−Ⅵ (e.g., ZnSe-based QDs), group Ⅲ−Ⅴ (e.g., InP, GaN QDs), and carbon dots (CDs). In this review, we discuss the key properties and development history of quantum dots (QDs), various synthesis approaches, the role of surface ligands, and important considerations in developing core/shell (C/S) structured QDs. Additionally, we provide an outlook on the challenges and future directions for blue QLEDs.

Key words: blue quantum dot light-emitting diodes, heavy-metal-free, Ⅱ−Ⅵ quantum dots, Ⅲ−Ⅴ quantum dots, carbon dots

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Fig. 1. (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram of the QSE. (b) Photoluminescence (PL) spectras of QDs with various sizes^[32]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. (c) QDs solutions of different colors^[33]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (d) Reported spectral ranges of emission for different semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs).

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Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic apparatus for hot-injection mode^[82]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier B. V. (b) Depiction of the monodisperse NCs formation process. Stage Ⅰ: precursor reaction; Stage Ⅱ: nucleation; Stage Ⅲ: growth^[83]. Copyright 2023, Nature Publishing Group. (c) STEM images showing the progression of ZnSe(Te)/ZnSe C/S (5, 10 mL) and ZnSe(Te)/ZnSe/ZnS core/shell/shell (C/S/S) structures (scale bar: 20 nm) (inset: high-resolution STEM images, scale bar: 5 mm, with corresponding PLQY for each set of QDs)^[79]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH. (d) TEM images of ZnSe/ZnS QDs after further Se precursor addition, expanding ZnSe cores to achieve the desired emission wavelength^[75]. Copyright 2013, Elsevier B. V. (e) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process of InP/GaP C/S QDs and the synthesis of InGaP alloy QDs^[77]. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) Progression of absorption (cyan) and emission (orange) spectra during a typical synthesis of B-QDs, with corresponding PL quantum yields indicated^[84]; Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (b) Diagram of the ligand exchange process using liquid-phase ZnCl₂ (ZnCl₂(l)) followed by further exchange via film-washing (ZnCl₂(f))^[49]. Copyright 2020, Nature Publishing Group. (c) Illustrations of the synthesis process for ZnSe(Te) (core), ZnSe(Te)/ZnSe C/S, and ZnSe(Te)/ZnSe/ZnS C/S/S QDs, along with associated TEM images. The atomic ratios determined via ICP-AES are as follows: core (Zn : Te : Se = 0.571 : 0.027 : 0.4), C/S (Zn : Te : Se = 0.521 : 0.002 : 0.476), C/S/S (Zn : Te : Se : S = 0.528 : 0.001 : 0.255 : 0.215)^[49]. Copyright 2020, Nature Publishing Group. (d) Representation of heterostructures showing details of shell thickness^[91]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (e) Normalized PL spectra of ZnSe(Te)/ZnSe/ZnS C/S/S QDs with varying ZnSe inner shell thicknesses (thin, medium, thick)^[92]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier B. V. (f) Energy band structure for a blue ZnSe(Te)/ZnSe/ZnSeS/ZnS multilayer QLEDs^[95]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 4. (Color online) (a) Scheme of the synthesis process for InP/ZnS/ZnS QDs^[129]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier B. V. (b) UV−Vis absorption and PL emission spectra of InP/ZnS QDs at varying P/In ratios, along with UV−Vis absorption, PL emission spectra, and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRPL) decays for QDs with different P/In and I/In ratios^[126]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Energy level diagrams for bulk InP, GaP, and ZnS, as well as their corresponding lattice mismatches^[127]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (d) EQE−J characteristics of QLEDs incorporating InP/ZnS/ZnS-DDT QDs versus InP/ZnS/ZnS-OT QDs^[129]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier B. V. (e) Schematic illustration of the cation-exchange process from In³⁺ to Ga³⁺ for InGaP core formation, followed by ZnSeS/ZnS double-shell growth^[130]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

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Fig. 5. (Color online) (a) Schematic representation of the edge amination approach^[50]. Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group. (b) PL spectra of HCP-DB-CDs with the color scale presented in arbitrary units^[50]. Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group. (c) EQE−J curves for varying concentration HCP-DB-CDs LEDs^[50]. Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group. (d) PL spectra of PVK, CDs, and PVK films blended with CDs at varying concentrations^[135]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. (e) PL spectra of GaN CQDs excited at 280 nm^[136]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (f) J−V characteristics of GaN: Zn QLEDs (inset: image of GaN: Zn QLEDs)^[51]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. (g) EQE−J curve for QLEDs incorporating GaN: Zn QDs^[51]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH.

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Received: 06 November 2024 Revised: 09 December 2024 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 27 December 2024Uncorrected proof: 27 February 2025Published: 10 April 2025

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2025 > 46(4): 041101

Xin Gu, Wen-Long Fei, Bao-Quan Sun, Ya-Kun Wang, Liang-Sheng Liao. Wide-bandgap and heavy-metal-free quantum dots for blue light-emitting diodes[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, 46(4): 041101. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24100016 ****X Gu, W L Fei, B Q Sun, Y K Wang, and L S Liao, Wide-bandgap and heavy-metal-free quantum dots for blue light-emitting diodes[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(4), 041101 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24100016

Citation:

Xin Gu, Wen-Long Fei, Bao-Quan Sun, Ya-Kun Wang, Liang-Sheng Liao. Wide-bandgap and heavy-metal-free quantum dots for blue light-emitting diodes[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, 46(4): 041101. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24100016 ****

X Gu, W L Fei, B Q Sun, Y K Wang, and L S Liao, Wide-bandgap and heavy-metal-free quantum dots for blue light-emitting diodes[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(4), 041101 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24100016

Citation:

X Gu, W L Fei, B Q Sun, Y K Wang, and L S Liao, Wide-bandgap and heavy-metal-free quantum dots for blue light-emitting diodes[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(4), 041101 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24100016

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Wide-bandgap and heavy-metal-free quantum dots for blue light-emitting diodes

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24100016

CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24100016

1.
Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
2.
Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, Taipa 999078, China

More Information

Xin Gu received his B.E. degree from Soochow University in 2024. Currently, he is a master student at the Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University under the supervision of Professor Liang-Sheng Liao and Ya-Kun Wang. His research interests focus on blue light quantum dot materials and their optoelectronic applications
Wen-Long Fei received his B.E. degree from Henan Polytechnic University in 2023. Currently, he is a master student in Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University under the supervision of Prof. Liang-Sheng Liao and Prof. Ya-Kun Wang. His research interest focus on high-performance quantum dots light-emitting diodes in blue region
Ya-Kun Wang obtained his Ph.D. in Chemistry from Soochow University (International Visiting Graduate Student (IVGS) in Edward Sargent group from 2018−2020). Following this, he served as a postdoctoral researcher at the Sargent Group at the University of Toronto and Soochow University. Since 2023, he has held the position of associate professor at Soochow University. His research focuses on leveraging emerging quantum dots (QDs) to develop high-performance light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the shortwave IR region
Liang-Sheng Liao received his Ph.D. degree in physics from Nanjing University, China. After working at Eastman Kodak Company as a senior research scientist from 2000 to 2009, he joined Soochow University as a full professor. He has over 30 years of research experience on organic optoelectronics. His current research interests include materials and architectures of organic light-emitting diodes, quantum light-emitting diodes, organic photonics, organic solar cells, and perovskite solar cells
Corresponding author: wangyakun@suda.edu.cn; lsliao@suda.edu.cn
Received Date: 2024-11-06
Revised Date: 2024-12-09

Available Online: 2024-12-27

Abstract

Abstract

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are highly regarded for their outstanding photovoltaic characteristics, including excellent color purity, stability, high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), narrow emission spectra, and ease of solution processing. Despite significant progress in quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) technology since its inception in 1994, blue QLEDs still fall short in efficiency and lifespan compared to red and green versions. The toxicity concerns associated with Cd/Pb-based quantum dots (QDs) have spurred the development of heavy-metal-free alternatives, such as group Ⅱ−Ⅵ (e.g., ZnSe-based QDs), group Ⅲ−Ⅴ (e.g., InP, GaN QDs), and carbon dots (CDs). In this review, we discuss the key properties and development history of quantum dots (QDs), various synthesis approaches, the role of surface ligands, and important considerations in developing core/shell (C/S) structured QDs. Additionally, we provide an outlook on the challenges and future directions for blue QLEDs.
- blue quantum dot light-emitting diodes,
- heavy-metal-free,
- Ⅱ−Ⅵ quantum dots,
- Ⅲ−Ⅴ quantum dots,
- carbon dots

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