Elaboration and characterization of a KCl single crystal doped with nanocrystalsof a Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> semiconductor

L. Bouhdjer; S. Addala; A. Chala; O. Halimi; B. Boudine; M. Sebais

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/34/4/043001

J. Semicond. > 2013, Volume 34 > Issue 4 > 043001

SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS

Elaboration and characterization of a KCl single crystal doped with nanocrystalsof a Sb₂O₃ semiconductor

L. Bouhdjer^1,, S. Addala¹, A. Chala², O. Halimi¹, B. Boudine¹ and M. Sebais¹

+ Author Affiliations

Corresponding author: L. Bouhdjer, Email:bouhdjerlazhar@gmail.com

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/4/043001

Abstract: Undoped and doped KCl single crystals have been successfully elaborated via the Czochralski (Cz) method. The effects of dopant Sb₂O₃ nanocrystals on structural and optical properties were investigated by a number of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis, UV-visible and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometers. An XRD pattern of KCl:Sb₂O₃ reveals that the Sb₂O₃ nanocrystals are in the well-crystalline orthorhombic phase. The broadening of diffraction peaks indicated the presence of a Sb₂O₃ semiconductor in the nanometer size regime. The shift of absorption and PL peaks is observed near 334 nm and 360 nm respectively due to the quantum confinement effect in Sb₂O₃ nanocrystals. Particle sizes calculated from XRD studies agree fairly well with those estimated from optical studies. An SEM image of the surface KCl:Sb₂O₃ single crystal shows large quasi-spherical of Sb₂O₃ crystallites scattered on the surface. The elemental analysis from EDAX demonstrates that the KCl:Sb₂O₃ single crystal is slightly rich in oxygen and a source of excessive quantities of oxygen is discussed.

Key words: Sb₂O₃ semiconductor, KCl single crystal, Cz method, XRD, SEM, UV-vis absorption

References

[1]	Brus L E. Electronic wave functions in semiconductor clusters:experiment and theory. Chem Phys, 1986, 90:2555 doi: 10.1021/j100403a003
[2]	Lieber C M. One-dimensional nanostructures:chemistry, physics and application. Solid State Commun, 1998, 107:607 doi: 10.1016/S0038-1098(98)00209-9
[3]	Smalley R E, Yakobson B I. The future of the fullerenes. Solid State Commun, 1998, 107:597 doi: 10.1016/S0038-1098(98)00210-5
[4]	Schneider J J. Nanomaterials:synthesis, properties and applications. Adv Mater, 2004, 9:997
[5]	O'Regan B, Gratzel M. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO₂ films. Letters to Nature, 1991, 353:737 doi: 10.1038/353737a0
[6]	Colvin V L, Schlamp M C, Aliviastos A P. Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer. Letters to Nature, 1994, 370:354 doi: 10.1038/370354a0
[7]	Wyckoff R W G. Crystal structure. 2nd ed. New York:Wiley, 1994
[8]	Orosel D, Balog P, Liu H, et al. Sb₂O₄ at high pressures and high temperatures. Solid State Chem, 2005, 178:2602 doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.05.037
[9]	Nanda K K, Sahu S N, Behera S N. Liquid-drop model for size-dependent melting of low-dimensional systems. Phys Rev, 2002, A66:013208
[10]	Mahdavian A R, Morshedian J, Rezaie M. The comparison between synergistic effect of Sb₂O₃ and Al(OH)₃ on the flame-retardancy of HIPS in the presence of tetrabromobisphenol-A. Iranian Polymer, 2004, 13:219
[11]	Grund, Jonson B. Compositional effect on fining and oxygen activity in mixed alkali silicate glass. Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part A, 2009, 50(1):62
[12]	Haberland H, Insepov Z, Moseler M. Molecular-dynamics simulation of thin-film growth by energetic cluster impact. Phys Rev, 1995, B51:11061
[13]	Fuchs G, Melinon P, Santos Aires F, et al. Cluster-beam deposition of thin metallic antimony films:cluster-size and deposition-rate effects. Phys Rev, 1991, B44:3926
[14]	Burguer P A, Cuendet P, Gratzel M. Ultrafine and specific catalysts affording efficient hydrogen evolution from water under visible light illumination. Am J Chem Soc, 1981, 103:2923 doi: 10.1021/ja00401a002
[15]	Meticos-Hucovic M, Loveric B. Semiconducting properties of anodically formed layer on antimony. Electrochim Acta, 1978, 23:1371 doi: 10.1016/0013-4686(78)80019-X
[16]	Nalin M, Poulain M, Riberio J L, et al. Antimony oxide based glasses. Non-Cryst Solids, 2001, 284:110 doi: 10.1016/S0022-3093(01)00388-X
[17]	Kim H J, Lee S H, Yon S J, et al. Effect of Sb₂O₃ on solarization of photosensitive glasses containing Ag and CeO. Korean J Ceram, 2001, 7:58
[18]	Satyanarayana T, Kityk I V, Ozga K, et al. Role of titanium valence states in optical and electronic features of PbO-Sb₂O₃-B=O₃:TiO₂ glass alloys. Alloys Compd, 2009, 482:283 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.03.185
[19]	Halimi O, Boudine B, Sebais M, et al. Structural and optical characterization of ZnO nanocrystals embedded in bulk KBr single crystal. Mater Sci Eng C, 2003, 23:111
[20]	Boudine B, Sebais M, Halimi O, et al. Structural and optical properties of CdS nanocrystals embedded in NaCl single crystals. Mouras R Catalysis Today, 2004, 89:293 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2003.12.004
[21]	Bensouici A, Plaza J L, Diéguez E, et al. CdTe aggregates in KBr crystalline matrix. Luminescence, 2009, 129:948 doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2009.04.001
[22]	Samah M, Khalfane H, Bouhuerra, et al. Optic and structural properties of the aggregations of AgBr in an ionic matrix. Annales de Chimie Science des Matériaux, 2004, 29:49 doi: 10.3166/acsm.29.2.49-54
[23]	Othmani A, Plenet J C, Berstein E, et al. Nanocrystals of CdS dispersed in a sol-gel silica glass:optical properties. J Cryst Growth, 1994, 144:141 doi: 10.1016/0022-0248(94)90449-9
[24]	Ge S, Wang Q, Li J, et al. Controllable synthesis and formation mechanism of bow-tie-like Sb₂O₃ nanostructures via a surfactant-free solvothermal route. Alloys and Compounds, 2010, 494:169 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.01.064
[25]	Zehani F, Sebais M. UV-visible emission of (O₂-F⁺) centers in KBr. Cryst Res Technol, 2007, 42:1123 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4079
[26]	Naidu B S, Pandey M, Sudarsan V, et al. Interaction of Sb⁺³ ions with Eu⁺³ ions during the room temperature synthesis of luminescent Sb₂O₃ nanorods:probed through Eu⁺³ luminescence. Luminescence, 2010, 113:177

Fig. 1. Photograph of a KCl:Sb₂O₃ single crystal

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Fig. 2. XRD pattern of a pure KCl single crystal

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Fig. 3. XRD pattern of a KCl:Sb₂O₃ single crystal

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Fig. 4. SEM image of a KCl:Sb₂O₃ single crystal after annealing at 550 ℃ (24 h) in air atmosphere

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Fig. 5. Typical EDAX pattern of a KCl:Sb₂O₃ single crystal after annealing at 550 ℃ (24 h) in atmospheric air

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Fig. 6. (a) Optical absorption spectrum of pure KCl crystal (without annealing), and (b) $E_{\rm g}$ of KCl crystal determined by the second derivative

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Fig. 7. Optical absorption spectra of a KCl:Sb₂O₃ single crystal after annealing at 550 ℃ (24 h) in atmospheric air

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Fig. 8. Room temperature PL of a KCl:Sb₂O₃ single crystal after annealing at 550 ℃ (24 h) in atmospheric air

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1. Crystallites sizes calculated from the XRD

Table 2. Overage atomic percentage of a KCl:Sb₂O₃ single crystal after annealing

[1]	Brus L E. Electronic wave functions in semiconductor clusters:experiment and theory. Chem Phys, 1986, 90:2555 doi: 10.1021/j100403a003
[2]	Lieber C M. One-dimensional nanostructures:chemistry, physics and application. Solid State Commun, 1998, 107:607 doi: 10.1016/S0038-1098(98)00209-9
[3]	Smalley R E, Yakobson B I. The future of the fullerenes. Solid State Commun, 1998, 107:597 doi: 10.1016/S0038-1098(98)00210-5
[4]	Schneider J J. Nanomaterials:synthesis, properties and applications. Adv Mater, 2004, 9:997
[5]	O'Regan B, Gratzel M. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO₂ films. Letters to Nature, 1991, 353:737 doi: 10.1038/353737a0
[6]	Colvin V L, Schlamp M C, Aliviastos A P. Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer. Letters to Nature, 1994, 370:354 doi: 10.1038/370354a0
[7]	Wyckoff R W G. Crystal structure. 2nd ed. New York:Wiley, 1994
[8]	Orosel D, Balog P, Liu H, et al. Sb₂O₄ at high pressures and high temperatures. Solid State Chem, 2005, 178:2602 doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.05.037
[9]	Nanda K K, Sahu S N, Behera S N. Liquid-drop model for size-dependent melting of low-dimensional systems. Phys Rev, 2002, A66:013208
[10]	Mahdavian A R, Morshedian J, Rezaie M. The comparison between synergistic effect of Sb₂O₃ and Al(OH)₃ on the flame-retardancy of HIPS in the presence of tetrabromobisphenol-A. Iranian Polymer, 2004, 13:219
[11]	Grund, Jonson B. Compositional effect on fining and oxygen activity in mixed alkali silicate glass. Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part A, 2009, 50(1):62
[12]	Haberland H, Insepov Z, Moseler M. Molecular-dynamics simulation of thin-film growth by energetic cluster impact. Phys Rev, 1995, B51:11061
[13]	Fuchs G, Melinon P, Santos Aires F, et al. Cluster-beam deposition of thin metallic antimony films:cluster-size and deposition-rate effects. Phys Rev, 1991, B44:3926
[14]	Burguer P A, Cuendet P, Gratzel M. Ultrafine and specific catalysts affording efficient hydrogen evolution from water under visible light illumination. Am J Chem Soc, 1981, 103:2923 doi: 10.1021/ja00401a002
[15]	Meticos-Hucovic M, Loveric B. Semiconducting properties of anodically formed layer on antimony. Electrochim Acta, 1978, 23:1371 doi: 10.1016/0013-4686(78)80019-X
[16]	Nalin M, Poulain M, Riberio J L, et al. Antimony oxide based glasses. Non-Cryst Solids, 2001, 284:110 doi: 10.1016/S0022-3093(01)00388-X
[17]	Kim H J, Lee S H, Yon S J, et al. Effect of Sb₂O₃ on solarization of photosensitive glasses containing Ag and CeO. Korean J Ceram, 2001, 7:58
[18]	Satyanarayana T, Kityk I V, Ozga K, et al. Role of titanium valence states in optical and electronic features of PbO-Sb₂O₃-B=O₃:TiO₂ glass alloys. Alloys Compd, 2009, 482:283 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.03.185
[19]	Halimi O, Boudine B, Sebais M, et al. Structural and optical characterization of ZnO nanocrystals embedded in bulk KBr single crystal. Mater Sci Eng C, 2003, 23:111
[20]	Boudine B, Sebais M, Halimi O, et al. Structural and optical properties of CdS nanocrystals embedded in NaCl single crystals. Mouras R Catalysis Today, 2004, 89:293 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2003.12.004
[21]	Bensouici A, Plaza J L, Diéguez E, et al. CdTe aggregates in KBr crystalline matrix. Luminescence, 2009, 129:948 doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2009.04.001
[22]	Samah M, Khalfane H, Bouhuerra, et al. Optic and structural properties of the aggregations of AgBr in an ionic matrix. Annales de Chimie Science des Matériaux, 2004, 29:49 doi: 10.3166/acsm.29.2.49-54
[23]	Othmani A, Plenet J C, Berstein E, et al. Nanocrystals of CdS dispersed in a sol-gel silica glass:optical properties. J Cryst Growth, 1994, 144:141 doi: 10.1016/0022-0248(94)90449-9
[24]	Ge S, Wang Q, Li J, et al. Controllable synthesis and formation mechanism of bow-tie-like Sb₂O₃ nanostructures via a surfactant-free solvothermal route. Alloys and Compounds, 2010, 494:169 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.01.064
[25]	Zehani F, Sebais M. UV-visible emission of (O₂-F⁺) centers in KBr. Cryst Res Technol, 2007, 42:1123 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4079
[26]	Naidu B S, Pandey M, Sudarsan V, et al. Interaction of Sb⁺³ ions with Eu⁺³ ions during the room temperature synthesis of luminescent Sb₂O₃ nanorods:probed through Eu⁺³ luminescence. Luminescence, 2010, 113:177

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Received: 20 September 2012 Revised: 17 October 2012 Online: Published: 01 April 2013

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2013 > 34(4): 043001

L. Bouhdjer, S. Addala, A. Chala, O. Halimi, B. Boudine, M. Sebais. Elaboration and characterization of a KCl single crystal doped with nanocrystalsof a Sb2O3 semiconductor[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34(4): 043001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/4/043001 ****L. Bouhdjer, S. Addala, A. Chala, O. Halimi, B. Boudine, M. Sebais. Elaboration and characterization of a KCl single crystal doped with nanocrystalsof a Sb2O3 semiconductor[J]. J. Semicond., 2013, 34(4): 043001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/4/043001.

Citation:

L. Bouhdjer, S. Addala, A. Chala, O. Halimi, B. Boudine, M. Sebais. Elaboration and characterization of a KCl single crystal doped with nanocrystalsof a Sb₂O₃ semiconductor[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34(4): 043001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/4/043001 ****

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Elaboration and characterization of a KCl single crystal doped with nanocrystalsof a Sb₂O₃ semiconductor

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/4/043001

1.
Laboratory of Crystallography, Department of Physics, Mentouri-University of Constantine, Constantine 25000, Algeria
2.
Laboratory Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical, Mohamed Khaider-University of Biskra, Biskra 07000, Algeria

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Project supported by the Crystallography Laboratory of the University of Constantine, Algeria

the Crystallography Laboratory of the University of Constantine, Algeria

More Information

Corresponding author: L. Bouhdjer, Email:bouhdjerlazhar@gmail.com
Received Date: 2012-09-20
Revised Date: 2012-10-17
Published Date: 2013-04-01

Abstract

Abstract

Undoped and doped KCl single crystals have been successfully elaborated via the Czochralski (Cz) method. The effects of dopant Sb₂O₃ nanocrystals on structural and optical properties were investigated by a number of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis, UV-visible and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometers. An XRD pattern of KCl:Sb₂O₃ reveals that the Sb₂O₃ nanocrystals are in the well-crystalline orthorhombic phase. The broadening of diffraction peaks indicated the presence of a Sb₂O₃ semiconductor in the nanometer size regime. The shift of absorption and PL peaks is observed near 334 nm and 360 nm respectively due to the quantum confinement effect in Sb₂O₃ nanocrystals. Particle sizes calculated from XRD studies agree fairly well with those estimated from optical studies. An SEM image of the surface KCl:Sb₂O₃ single crystal shows large quasi-spherical of Sb₂O₃ crystallites scattered on the surface. The elemental analysis from EDAX demonstrates that the KCl:Sb₂O₃ single crystal is slightly rich in oxygen and a source of excessive quantities of oxygen is discussed.
- Sb₂O₃ semiconductor,
- KCl single crystal,
- Cz method,
- XRD,
- SEM,
- UV-vis absorption

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References(26)

References

[1]	Brus L E. Electronic wave functions in semiconductor clusters:experiment and theory. Chem Phys, 1986, 90:2555 doi: 10.1021/j100403a003
[2]	Lieber C M. One-dimensional nanostructures:chemistry, physics and application. Solid State Commun, 1998, 107:607 doi: 10.1016/S0038-1098(98)00209-9
[3]	Smalley R E, Yakobson B I. The future of the fullerenes. Solid State Commun, 1998, 107:597 doi: 10.1016/S0038-1098(98)00210-5
[4]	Schneider J J. Nanomaterials:synthesis, properties and applications. Adv Mater, 2004, 9:997
[5]	O'Regan B, Gratzel M. A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO₂ films. Letters to Nature, 1991, 353:737 doi: 10.1038/353737a0
[6]	Colvin V L, Schlamp M C, Aliviastos A P. Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer. Letters to Nature, 1994, 370:354 doi: 10.1038/370354a0
[7]	Wyckoff R W G. Crystal structure. 2nd ed. New York:Wiley, 1994
[8]	Orosel D, Balog P, Liu H, et al. Sb₂O₄ at high pressures and high temperatures. Solid State Chem, 2005, 178:2602 doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2005.05.037
[9]	Nanda K K, Sahu S N, Behera S N. Liquid-drop model for size-dependent melting of low-dimensional systems. Phys Rev, 2002, A66:013208
[10]	Mahdavian A R, Morshedian J, Rezaie M. The comparison between synergistic effect of Sb₂O₃ and Al(OH)₃ on the flame-retardancy of HIPS in the presence of tetrabromobisphenol-A. Iranian Polymer, 2004, 13:219
[11]	Grund, Jonson B. Compositional effect on fining and oxygen activity in mixed alkali silicate glass. Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part A, 2009, 50(1):62
[12]	Haberland H, Insepov Z, Moseler M. Molecular-dynamics simulation of thin-film growth by energetic cluster impact. Phys Rev, 1995, B51:11061
[13]	Fuchs G, Melinon P, Santos Aires F, et al. Cluster-beam deposition of thin metallic antimony films:cluster-size and deposition-rate effects. Phys Rev, 1991, B44:3926
[14]	Burguer P A, Cuendet P, Gratzel M. Ultrafine and specific catalysts affording efficient hydrogen evolution from water under visible light illumination. Am J Chem Soc, 1981, 103:2923 doi: 10.1021/ja00401a002
[15]	Meticos-Hucovic M, Loveric B. Semiconducting properties of anodically formed layer on antimony. Electrochim Acta, 1978, 23:1371 doi: 10.1016/0013-4686(78)80019-X
[16]	Nalin M, Poulain M, Riberio J L, et al. Antimony oxide based glasses. Non-Cryst Solids, 2001, 284:110 doi: 10.1016/S0022-3093(01)00388-X
[17]	Kim H J, Lee S H, Yon S J, et al. Effect of Sb₂O₃ on solarization of photosensitive glasses containing Ag and CeO. Korean J Ceram, 2001, 7:58
[18]	Satyanarayana T, Kityk I V, Ozga K, et al. Role of titanium valence states in optical and electronic features of PbO-Sb₂O₃-B=O₃:TiO₂ glass alloys. Alloys Compd, 2009, 482:283 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.03.185
[19]	Halimi O, Boudine B, Sebais M, et al. Structural and optical characterization of ZnO nanocrystals embedded in bulk KBr single crystal. Mater Sci Eng C, 2003, 23:111
[20]	Boudine B, Sebais M, Halimi O, et al. Structural and optical properties of CdS nanocrystals embedded in NaCl single crystals. Mouras R Catalysis Today, 2004, 89:293 doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2003.12.004
[21]	Bensouici A, Plaza J L, Diéguez E, et al. CdTe aggregates in KBr crystalline matrix. Luminescence, 2009, 129:948 doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2009.04.001
[22]	Samah M, Khalfane H, Bouhuerra, et al. Optic and structural properties of the aggregations of AgBr in an ionic matrix. Annales de Chimie Science des Matériaux, 2004, 29:49 doi: 10.3166/acsm.29.2.49-54
[23]	Othmani A, Plenet J C, Berstein E, et al. Nanocrystals of CdS dispersed in a sol-gel silica glass:optical properties. J Cryst Growth, 1994, 144:141 doi: 10.1016/0022-0248(94)90449-9
[24]	Ge S, Wang Q, Li J, et al. Controllable synthesis and formation mechanism of bow-tie-like Sb₂O₃ nanostructures via a surfactant-free solvothermal route. Alloys and Compounds, 2010, 494:169 doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.01.064
[25]	Zehani F, Sebais M. UV-visible emission of (O₂-F⁺) centers in KBr. Cryst Res Technol, 2007, 42:1123 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1521-4079
[26]	Naidu B S, Pandey M, Sudarsan V, et al. Interaction of Sb⁺³ ions with Eu⁺³ ions during the room temperature synthesis of luminescent Sb₂O₃ nanorods:probed through Eu⁺³ luminescence. Luminescence, 2010, 113:177

Elaboration and characterization of a KCl single crystal doped with nanocrystalsof a Sb₂O₃ semiconductor

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Elaboration and characterization of a KCl single crystal doped with nanocrystalsof a Sb₂O₃ semiconductor

Elaboration and characterization of a KCl single crystal doped with nanocrystalsof a Sb₂O₃ semiconductor