J. Semicond. > 2013, Volume 34 > Issue 8 > 085011
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SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

A baseband circuit for wake-up receivers with double-mode detection and enhanced sensitivity robustness

Wenrui Zhu1, 2, Haigang Yang1, , Tongqiang Gao1, Fei Liu1, Xiaoyan Cheng1, 2 and Dandan Zhang1, 2

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Yang Haigang, Email:yanghg@mail.ie.ac.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/8/085011

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Abstract: This paper proposes a baseband circuit for wake-up receivers with double-mode detection and enhanced sensitivity robustness for use in the electronic toll collection system. A double-mode detection method, including amplitude detection and frequency detection, is proposed to reject interference and reduce false wake-ups. An improved closed-loop band-pass filter and a DC offset cancellation technique are also newly introduced to enhance the sensitivity robustness. The circuit is fabricated in TSMC 0.18 μm 3.3 V CMOS technology with an area of 0.12 mm2. Measurement results show that the sensitivity is -54.5 dBm with only a ±0.95 dBm variation from the 1.8 to 3.3 V power supply, and that the temperature variation of the sensitivity is ±1.4 dBm from -50 to 100℃. The current consumption is 1.4 to 1.7 μA under a 1.8 to 3.3 V power supply.

Key words: wake-up receiver, double-mode detection, DC offset cancellation



[1]
Yoon D Y, Jeong C J, Cartwright J, et al. A new approach to low-power and low-latency wake-up receiver system for wireless sensor nodes. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2012, 47:2405 doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2012.2209778
[2]
Marinkovic S, Popovici E. Nano-power wake-up radio circuit for wireless body area networks. IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), 2011:398 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5725447/?tp=&arnumber=5725447&contentType=Conference%20Publications&sortType%3Ddesc_p_Publication_Year%26searchField%3DSearch_All%26queryText%3DNano-power%20Circuit
[3]
Milosiu H, Meier F, Preiss H, et al. A novel concept for a long lifetime wireless geofencing system with an integrated sub-10μA wake-up receiver. RFID SysTech 2011; Proceedings of 7th European Workshop on Smart Objects:Systems, Technologies and Applications, 2011:1
[4]
Zou J, Zhu S, Feng K, et al. Design of low power wake-up circuits applied to OBU system chip. International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), 2012 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6229898/authors
[5]
Choi J, Lee K, Yun S O, et al. An interference-aware 5.8 GHz wake-up radio for ETCS. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), 2012:446 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6177084/authors
[6]
Chen W, Che W Y, Wang X, et al. A two-stage wake-up circuit for semi-passive RFID tag. IEEE 8th International Conference on ASIC, 2009:553 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5351345/
[7]
Che W Y, Meng D C, Chang X G, et al. A semi-passive UHF RFID tag with on-chip temperature sensor. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), 2010:1 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5617397/?arnumber=5617397&filter%3DAND(p_IS_Number:5617377)
[8]
Zhang W, Wang Z, Zhang C. A 6.93μW wake-up circuit for active RFID tags. Asia Pacific Conference on Microelectronics & Electronics, 2009:452
[9]
Hambeck C, Mahlknecht S, Herndl T. A 2.4μA wake-up receiver for wireless sensor nodes with -71 dBm sensitivity. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2011:534
[10]
Pletcher N, Gambini S, Rabaey J. A 65μW, 1.9 GHz RF to digital baseband wakeup receiver for wireless sensor nodes. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 2007:539
[11]
Kuduck K, Jaeyoung C, Jeongki C, et al. A 5.8 GHz integrated CMOS dedicated short range communication transceiver for the Korea/Japan electronic toll collection system. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, 2010, 58:2751 doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2010.2077891
[12]
CITA. Chinese DSRC standard for ETC. GB/T 20851-2007, ed. Beijing, 2007
[13]
Lemmerhirt D F, Wise K D. Chip-scale integration of data-gathering microsystems. Proc IEEE, 2006, 94:1138 doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2006.873619
[14]
Barnett R, Jin L. A 0.8 V 1.52 MHz MSVC relaxation oscillator with inverted mirror feedback reference for UHF RFID. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 2006:769 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4115067/keywords
[15]
Zhang Y, Chen S J, Kiyani N F, et al. A 3.72μ W ultra-low power digital baseband for wake-up radios. International Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation and Test (VLSI-DAT), 2011:1
[16]
A. Company, "ATA5283 Preliminary, " Datasheet
Fig. 1.  Block diagram of a typical OBU.

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Fig. 2.  Architecture of the proposed WuRx baseband circuit.

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Fig. 3.  Simplified schematic of capacitive-feedback BPFs. (a) Conventional structure. (b) Proposed structure.

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Fig. 4.  The simulated transient response of BPFs. (a) Input signal. (b) Output of the conventional BPF in Fig. 3(a). (c) Output of the proposed BPF in Fig. 3(b).

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Fig. 5.  The analog front-end of the WuRx baseband circuit with the DC offset cancellation technique.

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Fig. 6.  Schematic of the $V_{\rm gs}/R$ reference circuit.

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Fig. 7.  Schematic of the comparator.

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Fig. 8.  Block diagram of the proposed frequency detector.

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Fig. 9.  The transfer function of the frequency detector.

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Fig. 10.  Schematic of the relaxation oscillator.

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Fig. 11.  The die photograph of the implemented circuit.

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Fig. 12.  The input and output of the wake-up circuit.

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Fig. 13.  Wake-up sensitivity versus input frequency.

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Fig. 14.  Measured sensitivity and DC current versus temperature.

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Fig. 15.  Measured sensitivity and DC current versus supply voltage.

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Table 1.   Comparison of the proposed circuit with previous designs.
[1]
Yoon D Y, Jeong C J, Cartwright J, et al. A new approach to low-power and low-latency wake-up receiver system for wireless sensor nodes. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits, 2012, 47:2405 doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2012.2209778
[2]
Marinkovic S, Popovici E. Nano-power wake-up radio circuit for wireless body area networks. IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), 2011:398 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5725447/?tp=&arnumber=5725447&contentType=Conference%20Publications&sortType%3Ddesc_p_Publication_Year%26searchField%3DSearch_All%26queryText%3DNano-power%20Circuit
[3]
Milosiu H, Meier F, Preiss H, et al. A novel concept for a long lifetime wireless geofencing system with an integrated sub-10μA wake-up receiver. RFID SysTech 2011; Proceedings of 7th European Workshop on Smart Objects:Systems, Technologies and Applications, 2011:1
[4]
Zou J, Zhu S, Feng K, et al. Design of low power wake-up circuits applied to OBU system chip. International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), 2012 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6229898/authors
[5]
Choi J, Lee K, Yun S O, et al. An interference-aware 5.8 GHz wake-up radio for ETCS. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC), 2012:446 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6177084/authors
[6]
Chen W, Che W Y, Wang X, et al. A two-stage wake-up circuit for semi-passive RFID tag. IEEE 8th International Conference on ASIC, 2009:553 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5351345/
[7]
Che W Y, Meng D C, Chang X G, et al. A semi-passive UHF RFID tag with on-chip temperature sensor. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), 2010:1 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5617397/?arnumber=5617397&filter%3DAND(p_IS_Number:5617377)
[8]
Zhang W, Wang Z, Zhang C. A 6.93μW wake-up circuit for active RFID tags. Asia Pacific Conference on Microelectronics & Electronics, 2009:452
[9]
Hambeck C, Mahlknecht S, Herndl T. A 2.4μA wake-up receiver for wireless sensor nodes with -71 dBm sensitivity. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2011:534
[10]
Pletcher N, Gambini S, Rabaey J. A 65μW, 1.9 GHz RF to digital baseband wakeup receiver for wireless sensor nodes. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 2007:539
[11]
Kuduck K, Jaeyoung C, Jeongki C, et al. A 5.8 GHz integrated CMOS dedicated short range communication transceiver for the Korea/Japan electronic toll collection system. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, 2010, 58:2751 doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2010.2077891
[12]
CITA. Chinese DSRC standard for ETC. GB/T 20851-2007, ed. Beijing, 2007
[13]
Lemmerhirt D F, Wise K D. Chip-scale integration of data-gathering microsystems. Proc IEEE, 2006, 94:1138 doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2006.873619
[14]
Barnett R, Jin L. A 0.8 V 1.52 MHz MSVC relaxation oscillator with inverted mirror feedback reference for UHF RFID. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 2006:769 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4115067/keywords
[15]
Zhang Y, Chen S J, Kiyani N F, et al. A 3.72μ W ultra-low power digital baseband for wake-up radios. International Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation and Test (VLSI-DAT), 2011:1
[16]
A. Company, "ATA5283 Preliminary, " Datasheet

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    Received: 03 January 2013 Revised: 26 February 2013 Online: Published: 01 August 2013

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2013  >  34(8): 085011
      Wenrui Zhu, Haigang Yang, Tongqiang Gao, Fei Liu, Xiaoyan Cheng, Dandan Zhang. A baseband circuit for wake-up receivers with double-mode detection and enhanced sensitivity robustness[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34(8): 085011. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/8/085011 ****W R Zhu, H G Yang, T Q Gao, F Liu, X Y Cheng, Dandan Zhang and A Zhang. A baseband circuit for wake-up receivers with double-mode detection and enhanced sensitivity robustness[J]. J. Semicond., 2013, 34(8): 085011. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/8/085011.
      Citation:
      Wenrui Zhu, Haigang Yang, Tongqiang Gao, Fei Liu, Xiaoyan Cheng, Dandan Zhang. A baseband circuit for wake-up receivers with double-mode detection and enhanced sensitivity robustness[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2013, 34(8): 085011. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/8/085011 ****
      W R Zhu, H G Yang, T Q Gao, F Liu, X Y Cheng, Dandan Zhang and A Zhang. A baseband circuit for wake-up receivers with double-mode detection and enhanced sensitivity robustness[J]. J. Semicond., 2013, 34(8): 085011. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/8/085011.
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      A baseband circuit for wake-up receivers with double-mode detection and enhanced sensitivity robustness

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/34/8/085011
      • 1.

        Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

      • 2.

        University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

      Funds:

      Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61106025), the National High Technology Research and Develop Program of China (No. 2012AA012301), and the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (No. 2013ZX03006004)

      the National Natural Science Foundation of China 61106025

      the National Science and Technology Major Project of China 2013ZX03006004

      the National High Technology Research and Develop Program of China 2012AA012301

      More Information
      • Corresponding author: Yang Haigang, Email:yanghg@mail.ie.ac.cn
      • Received Date: 2013-01-03
      • Revised Date: 2013-02-26
      • Published Date: 2013-08-01

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