J. Semicond. > 2016, Volume 37 > Issue 9 > 092001

SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS

Scaling relation of domain competition on (2+1)-dimensional ballistic deposition model with surface diffusion

Kenyu Osada1, Hiroyasu Katsuno2, 3, Toshiharu Irisawa2 and Yukio Saito4

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Hiroyasu Katsuno, katsuno@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/9/092001

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Abstract: During heteroepitaxial overlayer growth multiple crystal domains nucleated on a substrate surface compete with each other in such a manner that a domain covered by neighboring ones stops growing. The number density of active domains ρ decreases as the height h increases. A simple scaling argument leads to a scaling law of ρ~h-γ with a coarsening exponent γ=d/z, where d is the dimension of the substrate surface and z the dynamic exponent of a growth front. This scaling relation is confirmed by performing kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the ballistic deposition model on a two-dimensional (d=2) surface, even when an isolated deposited particle diffuses on a crystal surface.

Key words: domain competitionballistic deposition modelKardar-Parisi-Zhang universality classsurface diffusion

In the field of heteroepitaxial crystal growth,much research has been devoted to reduce voids,dislocations and cracks which are introduced due to the lattice mismatch between the deposited crystal and the substrate. These defects degrade a deposited crystal quality and lower its performance as electronic and optoelectronic devices[1]. To avoid these defects and to improve adsorbate crystal quality,some measures are proposed such as to introduce a low-temperature buffer layer[2, 3],to apply an epitaxial lateral overgrowth method[4] or to grow adsorbate crystal on nano-patterned substrate[5]. All these methods are expected to select only a few crystal domains to survive and to improve an adsorbate crystal quality.

Recently,Saito et al. have studied the domain competition[6] during the ballistic deposition (BD) on a one-dimensional (1D) substrate surface patterned with nano pillars[5]. They investigated the crystal domain shape growing on top of a nano pillar and the effect of the surface diffusion of particles on domain competition. By assuming that the growth front is self-affine[7],the new scaling relation of domain competition is proposed,and it is confirmed by means of kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations of an extended 1D-BD model. However,since the real system is three-dimensional,it is also intriguing to check the validity of the scaling relation for the deposition on a two-dimensional substrate surface. It is also known that the BD model belongs to the universality class of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation[8-11],and some experimental realizations of the KPZ interface have recently been reported[12, 13]. Therefore,the present study may also have some relevance to the KPZ systems.

In this paper,we study the domain competition problem by using a two-dimensional (2D) BD model; substrate surface is two dimensional and deposited particles grow in the third dimension. In general,adsorbed crystals in the BD model contain many voids and the crystal density is very low. In order to grow compact adsorbate crystals with a high density,we extend the BD model by including a diffusion process such that an isolated particle diffuses on the adsorbate crystal surface[6]. By performing KMC simulations of the extended BD model,we investigate dynamic exponents of the growth front of the BD model in (2+1)-dimensions. Using obtained exponents,the scaling relation of domain competition for (2+1)-dimensions is analyzed. Our result connects the growth kinetics at the growth front and the crystal domain size in real systems.

The scaling relation of the domain competition was previously studied theoretically and numerically in a 1D system[6]. Here,we extend the theory to a d-dimensional system.

Adsorbate particles are deposited vertically to the substrate surface of a size Ld . The position of the growth front of an adosrbate crystal at a time t is written as hi(t) ,where i is a position of the substrate surface. The average height of the growth front is defined as:

h(t)=1LdLdihi(t),

(1)

and it is proportional to time under a constant deposition flux. The width of the growth front is:

W(t)=1LdLdi[hi(t)h(t)]2.

(2)

When the average height h(t) is small, W(t) increases in proportion to hβ with the growth exponent β . When h(t) is large, W(t) is saturated to a finite value which depends on a linear size of the system L as W Lα with the roughness exponent α . The crossover between the two behaviors occurs at h Lz with the dynamic exponent z=α/β [7].

We adopt the ballistic deposition rule for a deposited particle[8]; it solidifies when it touches the substrate or other solidified adsorbates. In addition,a deposited particle carries a domain index of a substrate or a solidified particle that it touches. If a deposited particle touches many solid particles,the domain index of the underlying solid is selected. If there is no underlying solid,the domain index is selected among horizontally neighboring solid particles with equal probabilities.

When a domain is covered by neighboring ones,it loses supply of deposited particles from above and stops growing: it becomes inactive. Instead,those domains which are active can be identified in the top view of the growth front. The domain number density ρ is defined as the number of active domains divided by the system size Ld . It is expected to decrease as height h increases in a scaling form as:

ρhγ,

(3)

with a coarsening exponent γ. The density decrease suggests a coarsening such that average domain size from the top view becomes large. Domain boundaries fluctuate on the growth front at random,and when they merge,an enclosed domain disappears. Thus the domain size is expected to be related to the lateral correlation length of the growth front. By assuming that the growth front is self-affine such that every lateral length is characterized by a single scale of a correlation length ξ ,which is proportional to h1/z ,then the average domain size ρ1/d scales as:

ρ1/dξh1/z.

(4)

From Equations (3) and (4),we obtain the scaling relation of the domain competition:

γz=d.

(5)

This scaling relation is found valid for the BD model for d=1 by Saito et al.[6]. Here we study if this relation holds in d=2 case even with a surface diffusion of isolated particles.

To test the validity of the scaling relation of the domain competition Equation (5) in three dimensions,we introduce the (2+1)-dimensional BD model. The substrate surface is initially flat,and particles are deposited to it vertically. The lateral position of a deposited particle r= (i,j) is selected randomly,and its height hi,j(t) is changed in the following manner:

hi,j(t+1)=max{hi,j(t)+1,hi1,j(t),hi+1,j(t),hi,j1(t),hi,j+1(t)},

(6)

where the function max provides the maximum value in the list.

To investigate the scaling relation of the domain growth,values of exponents α and β of the growth front are necessary. The growth exponent β is obtained from the slope of the front width W versus height h. The exponent α is conventionally obtained by comparing saturation values of front width for various system sizes. However,there is another method to estimate the exponent α for a given system size by using the height-difference correlation function[14], G(t ,r). It is defined by:

G(t,r)={[h(t,r+r)h(t,r)]2}r,

(7)

where r represents the distance between two points on the substrate,and >r represents an average over all the lattice points r . Assuming the self-affine form of the growth front,the height-difference correlation function varies as:

G(t,r)=r2α˜G(r/t1/z).

(8)

The scaling function ˜G(x) approaches a constant ˜G(0) asymptotically as x0 ,and Equation (8) reduces to G(r)r2α asymptotically as t . From the distance dependence of the asymptotics of the height-difference correlation function G(r) ,we can obtain the exponent α without varing a system size.

In general,an aggregate produced by BD contains many voids in it. To the contrary,the real crystal is dense. In order to resolve the discrepancy,we extend the BD model to incorporate surface diffusion of isolated particles. The surface diffusion makes the growth front smooth and the crystal density large. An isolated particle without any lateral bonds,as a particle at a site O in Figure 1,can move to the neighboring site laterally. When an isolated particle comes in lateral contact with another particle,it solidifies and stops moving. The dimensionless diffusion rate is defined as ˜D=D/fa4 ,where D is the diffusion constant of an isolated atom on the surface,f is a deposition flux of particles and a is a lattice constant. The flux and the lattice constant are set to unity in this paper. In general,the motion of an isolated particle to a terrace of a different height,for instance,from the site O to B in Figure 1,is disfavored compared to the lateral motion in the same level,from O to A. This effect is represented by an extra energy barrier for the surface diffusion,the so-called Ehrlich-Schwoebel (ES) barrier[15,\thinspace 16]. To promote surface smoothening,we simply ignore this additional ES barrier so that the rate of the diffusion toward a lower terrace is the same rate ˜D . On a site B,a particle makes a lateral bond and stops motion for ever. By the surface diffusion so defined,the growth front becomes flat and the crystal density increases.

Figure  1.  Surface diffusion of an isolated particle at a site O. It can move to either a site A or B. If an isolated particle moves to B,then it stops motion by forming a lateral bond.

To simulate the processes stated above,we use a rejection-free algorithm. The transition rate related to the diffusion process is given by D/a2 times the number of isolated particles,and the transition rate of deposition with a flux f is given by f×L2 . The total transition rate is the sum of the above two processes,and the next process carried out is determined by the n-fold way[17]. With this Monte Carlo step,the time increases by the inverse of the total transition probability.

To discuss the scaling behavior in the domain competition,it is necessary to know exponents of the growth front in the 2D BD model. In the following subsections,we first study kinetic roughening of the growth front of the BD model without and with surface diffusion. Then,the process of domain coarsening is studied. Specifically,our interest lies in if the scaling relation Equation (5) between the coarsening exponent and the dynamic exponent holds even under the existence of surface diffusion process.

Figure  2.  (Color online) Kinetic roughening of the growth front of the BD model without diffusion. (a) Log-log plot of growth front width W versus average height h for various system sizes L. (b) Log-log plot of asymptotic height-difference correlation function G(r) versus distance r for various system sizes. (c) Sum of scaling exponents α+z versus system size L. The value asymptotically approaches a constant 2. Every data point is obtained by averaging 100 samples.

Figure 2(a) shows the variation of the growth front width W of a BD model without surface diffusion as the average height h increases in a log-log plot. The system sizes shown are L= 256 (circles), L= 512 (boxes) and L= 1024 (crosses),respectively. A data point is obtained by averaging 100 samples. The initial rapid increase of a front width collapses on a single line irrespective of the system size,and is well fitted to a power law W h1/2 ,represented by a dashed line,up to h 10. This behavior is similar to that of the random deposition,since the substrate is flat and deposited crystal branches do not mutually interfere initially.

When h > 10,the front width crosses over to the BD behavior,and eventually saturates at values depending on the system size. For a given system size L,we assign the maximum value of the local slope in the log-log plot,max(log[ W(h1) / W(h2) ]/log[ h1 / h2 ]),to the growth exponent β(L) . We thus obtain β(L= 1024) = 0.16. A solid line in Figure 2(a) represents a power law behavior W h0.16 ,and it fits quite well with the front width behavior of a system size L= 1024. The obtained value of the exponent β= 0.16 is close to the value reported previously for small systems[18]. However,the exponent of (2+1)-dimensional BD model with a very large system size up to 2 14× 2 14 is recently reported to be β= 0.24[11],the same value as other models belonging to the KPZ universality class[19] and with the (2+1) KPZ model[20]. Our value β(L= 1024) = 0.16 is smaller than that because of the smallness of our simulated size.

We now consider the evaluation of another exponent α . Figure 2(b) shows the distance dependence of the asymptotics of the height-difference correlation function G(r) in a log-log plot. G(r) is calculated by using data of the front height configuration when the front width is saturated. The roughness exponent α(L) is obtained from the maximum local slope of the log G(r) versus log r for a given system size L. From Figure 2(b),we obtain the roughness exponent α(L= 1024) = 0.27,for example. The solid line which represents a power law behavior G(r) r0.54 agrees quite well with the height correlation G(r) for a large system size L= 1024. The value α(L= 1024) = 0.27 is compatible with the value α= 0.28 obtained previously for small systems[18],but is smaller than the value α= 0.39 for large systems[11] as well in the case of the growth exponent β . From the values of exponents α and z obtained for various system sizes L,we calculate the dynamic exponent z(L)=α / β ,and plot the sum α+z in Figure 2(c) for various system sizes. It is larger than 1.8 for L 256,and tends to saturate to a constant value 2. This result is compatible with the KPZ relation αKPZ+zKPZ= 2,even though each exponent, α or β ,differs from the value of (2+1) KPZ universality class. As a whole,our simulations of BD model without surface diffusion well reproduce the results by Saberi et al.[18],even α is differently estimated.

We extend a 2D BD model to include an effect of surface diffusion of isolated particles. Scaling exponents of the growth front are evaluated in the same manner in the previous subsection. Since we have confirmed in the previous subsection without surface diffusion that the system size L 256 is large enough to estimate the scaling exponents,we here choose a system size L= 256 to study surface diffusion effect on dynamics of kinetic roughening.

Figure 3(a) shows the scaling exponents, α and β at various diffusion rate ˜D . If the diffusion is absent,the values of exponents are α= 0.19 and β= 0.12 for the size L= 256. With a finite diffusion rate ˜D ,both exponents α and β weakly depend on ˜D with broad maxima around ˜D 100. At this value of the diffusion rate,the diffusion length is about 4˜D20 ,much smaller than the system size L= 256. Therefore,the finite size effect cannot be the origin of this exponent's increase. For larger ˜D 's,both exponents start to decrease,and even becomes smaller than the values obtained in the case without surface diffusion. In an extreme case when the diffusion length 4˜D becomes of the order of the system size,or ˜D104 ,the effect of the periodic boundary condition comes into play. Since the periodic boundary condition is known to lead an underestimation of scaling exponents[8],the decrease of the estimated exponents at large ˜D might reflect this finite size effect.

Figure  3.  (Color online) Kinetic roughening exponents, (a) α (circle) and β (triangle), and (b) z (circle) and α+ z (triangle) of the growth front versus surface diffusion rate ˜D . The system size is set L = 256.

In the case of a solid-on-solid model,simulations with a surface diffusion show a decrease of β with an intermediate small plateau on increasing the diffusion rate[8, 21]. There,the plateau value is interpreted to be the value of an exponent of the growth front dynamics with surface diffusion. In case of our BD simulation with surface diffusion,variation of exponents α and β is more complicated as shown in Figure 3(a),and one cannot rely on the same interpretation straightforwardly. Even though we lack a clear physical picture of this complex behavior of exponents, α and β ,they increase or decrease simultaneously. The ratio z=α/β is almost constant except for large ˜D ,as shown in Figure 3(b). The summation α+z stays larger than 1.8,and is close to 2 except for a very large ˜D as ˜D=104 as shown in Figure 3(b). We thus confirm that the KPZ scaling relation αKPZ+zKPZ= 2 holds irrespective of the surface diffusion.

We are now ready to study dynamics of domain competition. We investigate the height dependence of the domain density ρ at various diffusion rates ˜D . The initial substrate is flat,and we assume that each lattice site on a substrate surface defines a different domain. When a deposited particle touches the substrate,it inherits the domain index of the underlying substrate site. A domain increases its size by incorporating further deposited particles from above. We have to keep track of the domain indices of deposited particles in all the domains during growth. Therefore,the system size is set rather small as L= 256 due to the constraint of storage space and of CPU time.

Figure 4 shows the vertical cross sections of domain competition during the BD (a) without and (b) with surface diffusion. The diffusion rate is ˜D= 1024 in Figure 4(b). The crystal density increases from 0.3 with ˜D= 0 to 0.85 with ˜D= 1024. The surface diffusion makes crystal dense as expected. Different domains carry different colors,and domain competition and coarsening is obvious in both cases.

Figure  4.  (Color online) Vertical cross sections of the domain coarsening during the 2D BD (a) without and (b) with surface diffusion with a surface diffusion rate ˜D = 1024. Colors differentiate domains. Crystals have a width L = 256 and grow up to the height h = 234 in this figure.
Figure  5.  (Color online) Vertical cross sections of the domain coarsening during the 2D BD (a) without and (b) with surface diffusion with a surface diffusion rate ˜D = 1024. Colors differentiate domains. Crystals have a width L = 256 and grow up to the height h = 234 in this figure.

We shall now quantitatively study domain coarsening. Height dependence of the domain number density ρ from the top view is shown in Figure 5(a) for various diffusion rates ˜D . Circles,crosses and triangles correspond to data for ˜D= 0,256 and 1024,respectively. The domain number density decreases monotonically as the deposited crystal grows. The density variation is classified into three stages. In the initial stage,the density remains close to unity,since neighboring domains grow independently and do not yet compete with each other. This initial stage corresponds to that of the growth front where the front width W increases in proportion to h1/2 . In the intermediate stage,neighboring domains start to compete for deposited particles,and the number density starts to decrease in power laws,as expected in Equation (3). In the final stage,only one domain survives after the competition and the density eventually reaches the final value determined by the system size, ρ= 1/256 2 1.5 \textit{ × }10 5 . From Figure 5(a),the height before the domain density starts to decrease is proportional to the magnitude of the surface diffusion rate ˜D . However,the height necessary to reach a single domain state is not proportional to the magnitude of the diffusion rate. The number density ρ for the diffusion rate ˜D= 256,for instance,decreases more rapidly than that for ˜D= 0. The rapid decrease of the domain number density may be related to the enhancement in the kinetic roughening exponents of the growth front when the surface diffusion is included; the exponents α and β have a broad maximum around ˜D= 256,for a small size L= 256,as shown in Figure 3(a).

From the intermediate-stage decay of the domain density ρ ,the maximum of the local slope of log ρ versus log h is assigned to be a value of a coarsening exponent γ ,and it is plotted for various diffusion rates ˜D in Figure 5(b). γ initially remains constant,then increases with a maximum at ˜D 500. At this ˜D the diffusion length 4˜D 45 is smaller than the system size L= 256,and the effect of the periodic boundary condition cannot be the origin of this maximum. The large value of γ means speeding-up of coarsening,and it may be related to the enhanced kinetic roughening,since roughening exponents α and β also increases around the same ˜D as shown in Figure 3(a). Closer comparison of behaviors of γ and α or β ,however,reveals a little difference that γ remains constant up to ˜D 100,whereas α or β are more susceptible even for a small ˜D .

Figure  6.  (Color online) The product γ z with the coarsening exponent γ for various diffusion rates ˜D . Error bars represent the standard deviation. The system size is L = 256. Solid line represents d = 2.

Finally,we examine the validity of the scaling relation,Equation (5),of the domain competition. In Figure 6,the product γz is shown for different values of the diffusion rate ˜D from results of Figure 3(b) and Figure 5(b). Error bars show the standard deviation obtained from the law of propagation of errors. The solid horizontal line shows the substrate surface dimension d= 2. The product z remains close to 2 for the wide range of the diffusion rate ˜D ,except a region around ˜D 500,where γ has a maximum. For still larger ˜D 10 3 ,the product γz again recovers to the universal value d= 2. Thus,we may tentatively conclude that the product γz takes a universal value of space dimension d= 2 in the BD model irrespective of the surface diffusion.

We study domain competition during the deposition growth of a three-dimensional crystal on a flat substrate. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the 2D BD model are extended so as to include surface diffusion of isolated particles. Surface diffusion makes the growth front smooth,and also makes crystal dense such that a density about 0.3 of the model without surface diffusion increases to the density more than 0.85 when a surface diffusion rate is enhanced to ˜D= 1024.

A domain or a crystal grain is defined for each substrate site,and deposited particles inherit domain index by touching to the substrate or to already crystallized particles. A domain stops growing when it is covered by neighboring ones,and the number density of domains ρ decreases as the deposited crystal grows. This domain coarsening is characterized by the coarsening exponent γ .

From the simulations,exponents, α and β ,of the kinetic roughening of the growth front and γ of the domain coarsening are obtained. Scaling exponents γ and z=α/β depend weakly on the diffusion rate ˜D of isolated particles,but the scaling relation γz=d seems robust for a wide range of ˜D . With a strong surface diffusion,the density of a grown crystal is as high as crystal densities in real experiments. We expect that the scaling relation γz=d will be examined for real experimental systems under deposition growth.



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Hayes W, Stoneham A M. Defects and defect processes in nonmetallic solids. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1985
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Saito Y, Omura S. Domain competition during ballistic deposition: effect of surface diffusion and surface patterning. Phys Rev E, 2011, 84: 021601 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=2062908940&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
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Fig. 1.  Surface diffusion of an isolated particle at a site O. It can move to either a site A or B. If an isolated particle moves to B,then it stops motion by forming a lateral bond.

Fig. 2.  (Color online) Kinetic roughening of the growth front of the BD model without diffusion. (a) Log-log plot of growth front width W versus average height h for various system sizes L. (b) Log-log plot of asymptotic height-difference correlation function G(r) versus distance r for various system sizes. (c) Sum of scaling exponents α+z versus system size L. The value asymptotically approaches a constant 2. Every data point is obtained by averaging 100 samples.

Fig. 3.  (Color online) Kinetic roughening exponents, (a) α (circle) and β (triangle), and (b) z (circle) and α+ z (triangle) of the growth front versus surface diffusion rate ˜D . The system size is set L = 256.

Fig. 4.  (Color online) Vertical cross sections of the domain coarsening during the 2D BD (a) without and (b) with surface diffusion with a surface diffusion rate ˜D = 1024. Colors differentiate domains. Crystals have a width L = 256 and grow up to the height h = 234 in this figure.

Fig. 5.  (Color online) Vertical cross sections of the domain coarsening during the 2D BD (a) without and (b) with surface diffusion with a surface diffusion rate ˜D = 1024. Colors differentiate domains. Crystals have a width L = 256 and grow up to the height h = 234 in this figure.

Fig. 6.  (Color online) The product γ z with the coarsening exponent γ for various diffusion rates ˜D . Error bars represent the standard deviation. The system size is L = 256. Solid line represents d = 2.

[1]
Hayes W, Stoneham A M. Defects and defect processes in nonmetallic solids. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1985
[2]
Amano H, Sawai N, Akasaki I, et al. Metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial growth of a high quality GaN film using an AlN buffer layer. Appl Phys Lett, 1986, 48: 353 doi: 10.1063/1.96549
[3]
Nakamura S. GaN growth using GaN buffer layer. Jpn J Appl Phys, 1991, 30: L1705 doi: 10.1143/JJAP.30.L1705
[4]
Zheleva T S, Nam O H, Bremser M D, et al. Dislocation density reduction via lateral epitaxy in selectively grown GaN structures. Appl Phys Lett, 1997, 71: 2472 doi: 10.1063/1.120091
[5]
Hersee S D, Sun X Y, Wang X, et al. Nanoheteroepitaxial growth of GaN on Si nanopillar arrays. J Appl Phys, 2005, 97: 124308 doi: 10.1063/1.1937468
[6]
Saito Y, Omura S. Domain competition during ballistic deposition: effect of surface diffusion and surface patterning. Phys Rev E, 2011, 84: 021601 http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=2062908940&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[7]
Family F, Vicsek T. Scaling of the active zone in the Eden process on percolation networks and the ballistic deposition model. J Phys A, 1985, 18(2): L75 doi: 10.1088/0305-4470/18/2/005
[8]
Barabási A L, Stanley H E. Fractal concepts in surface growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995
[9]
Kardar M, Parisi G, Zhang Y C. Dynamic scaling of growing interfaces. Phys Rev Lett, 1986, 56: 889 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.889
[10]
Farnudi B, Vvdensky D D. Large-scale simulations of ballistic deposition: the approach to asymptotic scaling. Phys Rev E, 2011, 83: 020103(R) http://cn.bing.com/academic/profile?id=2070087653&encoded=0&v=paper_preview&mkt=zh-cn
[11]
Alves S G, Oliveira T J, Ferreira S C. Origins of scaling corrections in ballistic growth models. Phys Rev E, 2014, 90: 052405 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.052405
[12]
Ballestad A, Ruck B J, Admcyk M, et al. Evidence from the surface morphology for nonlinear growth of epitaxial GaAs films. Phys Rev Lett, 2001, 86: 2377 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.2377
[13]
Halpin-Healy T, Palasantzas G. Universal correlators and distributions as experimental signatures of (2+1)-dimensional Kardar-Parisi-Zhang growth. Euro Phys Lett, 2014, 105: 50001 doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/105/50001
[14]
Michely T, Krug J. Island, mounds and atoms: patterns and processes in crystal growth far from equilibrium. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2004
[15]
Ehrlich G, Hudda F G. Atomic view of surface self-diffusion: tungsten on tungsten. J Chem Phys, 1966, 44: 1039 doi: 10.1063/1.1726787
[16]
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    Kenyu Osada, Hiroyasu Katsuno, Toshiharu Irisawa, Yukio Saito. Scaling relation of domain competition on (2+1)-dimensional ballistic deposition model with surface diffusion[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2016, 37(9): 092001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/9/092001
    K. Osada, H Katsuno, T Irisawa, Y Saito. Scaling relation of domain competition on (2+1)-dimensional ballistic deposition model with surface diffusion[J]. J. Semicond., 2016, 37(9): 092001. doi:  10.1088/1674-4926/37/9/092001.
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    Received: 16 March 2016 Revised: 19 April 2016 Online: Published: 01 September 2016

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      Kenyu Osada, Hiroyasu Katsuno, Toshiharu Irisawa, Yukio Saito. Scaling relation of domain competition on (2+1)-dimensional ballistic deposition model with surface diffusion[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2016, 37(9): 092001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/9/092001 ****K. Osada, H Katsuno, T Irisawa, Y Saito. Scaling relation of domain competition on (2+1)-dimensional ballistic deposition model with surface diffusion[J]. J. Semicond., 2016, 37(9): 092001. doi:  10.1088/1674-4926/37/9/092001.
      Citation:
      Kenyu Osada, Hiroyasu Katsuno, Toshiharu Irisawa, Yukio Saito. Scaling relation of domain competition on (2+1)-dimensional ballistic deposition model with surface diffusion[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2016, 37(9): 092001. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/9/092001 ****
      K. Osada, H Katsuno, T Irisawa, Y Saito. Scaling relation of domain competition on (2+1)-dimensional ballistic deposition model with surface diffusion[J]. J. Semicond., 2016, 37(9): 092001. doi:  10.1088/1674-4926/37/9/092001.

      Scaling relation of domain competition on (2+1)-dimensional ballistic deposition model with surface diffusion

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/37/9/092001
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      • Corresponding author: Hiroyasu Katsuno, katsuno@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp
      • Received Date: 2016-03-16
      • Revised Date: 2016-04-19
      • Published Date: 2016-09-01

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