J. Semicond. > 2017, Volume 38 > Issue 9 > 094002
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SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

Few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for space-division multiplexing

Yaman Su1, 2, Lijuan Yu1, , Xia Guo3, Xing Zhang4, Jianguo Liu1, 2 and Ninghua Zhu1, 2

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Lijuan Yu, Email: ylj@semi.ac.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/9/094002

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Abstract: In order to choose the proper radius of oxide aperture for few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), the influences of oxide aperture size on the multi-transverse-mode behaviors are investigated in detail. By establishing the effective refractive index model to simulate VCSELs with different radii of oxide apertures, the wavelength and corresponding order of different modes are obtained. VCSELs with three kinds of oxide apertures are manufactured. Then the multi-transverse-mode spectra and near-field are measured. It is found that when the radius is between 1.5 and 4.5 μm, few-mode VCSELs can be implemented. The 2.5 μm VCSEL manufactured in this paper only emits LP01 mode and LP21 mode. Since the space distance between the two modes is 2 μm, it is expected to realize direct-modulation few-mode VCSELs by channel etching or ion implantation between the two modes.

Key words: few-mode, VCSELs, oxide aperture, space-division multiplexing



[1]
Ishio H, Minowa J, Nosu K. Review and status of wavelength-division-multiplexing technology and its application. J Lightwave Technol, 1984, 2(4):448 doi: 10.1109/JLT.1984.1073653
[2]
Li G F. Recent advances in coherent optical communication. Adv Opt Photonics, 2009, 1(2):279 doi: 10.1364/AOP.1.000279
[3]
Guifang Li G F, Xiang Liu X. Focus issue:space multiplexed optical transmission. Optical Express, 2011, 19(17):16574 doi: 10.1364/OE.19.016574
[4]
Li G F. The future of space-division multiplexing and its applications. OECC/PS, 2013
[5]
Matsuo S, Sasaki Y, Ishida I, et al. Recent progress on multi-core fiber and few-mode fiber. OFC/NFOEC, 2013
[6]
Li G F, Cen Xia C, Neng Bai N, et al. Novel fibers and devices for space-division multiplexed transmission. CLEO, 2014
[7]
Richardson D J, Fini J M, Nelson L E. Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres. Nat Photonics, 2013, 7:354 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.94
[8]
Xia C, Correa R A, Bai N, et al. Hole-assisted few-mode multicore fiber for high-density space-division multiplexing. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett, 2012, 24(21):1914 doi: 10.1109/LPT.2012.2218801
[9]
Jung Y, Alam S, Li Z, et al. First demonstration and detailed characterization of a multimode amplifier for space division multiplexed transmission systems. Opt Express, 2011, 19(26):B952 http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/22274124
[10]
Leon Saval S G, Fontaine N K, Salazar Gil J R, et al. Mode-selective photonic lanterns for space-division multiplexing. Opt Express, 2014, 22(1):1036 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.001036
[11]
Fontaine N K, Ryf R, Hawthorn J B, et al. Geometric requirements for photonic lanterns in space division multiplexing. Opt Express, 2012, 20(24):27123 doi: 10.1364/OE.20.027123
[12]
Fontaine N K, Doerr C R, Mestre M A, et al. Space-division multiplexing and all-optical MIMO demultiplexing using a photonic integrated circuit. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2012
[13]
Chong C H, Sarma J. Lasing mode selection in vertical-cavity surface emitting-laser diodes. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett, 1993, 5(7):761 doi: 10.1109/68.229798
[14]
Valle A. Selection and modulation of high-order transverse modes in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. IEEE J Quantum Electron, 1998, 34(10):1924 doi: 10.1109/3.720228
[15]
Tian K, Zou Y G, Ma X H, et al. Surface emitting distributed feedback semiconductor lasers. Chin Opt, 2016, 9(1):51 doi: 10.3788/co.
[16]
Yang H, Guo X, Guan B L, et al. Influence of injection current on transverse mode characteristics of vertical cavity surface emitting. Acta Phys Sin, 2008, 57(5):2959 http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-WLXB200805056.htm
[17]
Li X F, Pan W, Luo B, et al. Theoretical analysis of multi-transverse-mode characteristics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Semicond Sci Technol, 2005, 20(6):505 doi: 10.1088/0268-1242/20/6/005
[18]
Nakwaski W, Sarzala R P. High-order transverse modes in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Tenth Polish-Czech-Slovak Optical Conference, 1998
[19]
Hegarty S P, Huyet G, Porta P, et al. Transverse-mode structure and pattern formation in oxide-confined vertical-cavity semiconductor lasers. J Opt Soc Am B, 1999, 16(11):2060 doi: 10.1364/JOSAB.16.002060
[20]
Guan B L, Liu X, Jiang X W, et al. Multi-transverse mode vertical cavity surface emitting laser and its wavelength characteristics. Acta Phys Sin, 2015, 64(16):164203
Fig. 1.  Variations of modal order that probably excites with respect to the radius of oxide aperture.

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Fig. 2.  Wavelength of modes in VCSELs with different radius of oxide apertures.

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Fig. 3.  (a) Schematic diagram of VCSELs. (b) The shape of the top electrode.

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Fig. 4.  Variations of power and voltage with respect to current. (a) $a=2.5$ $\mu $m. (b) $a=4.5$ $\mu $m. (c) $a=7.5$ $\mu $m.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 5.  Spectra of VCSELs with different aperture size at various currents. (a) $a=2.5 $ $\mu $m, $I=2$ mA. (b) $a=$2.5 $\mu $m, $I=9$ mA. (c) $a=4.5$ $\mu $m, $I =2$ mA. (d) $a=4.5$ $\mu $m, $I=9$ mA. (e) $a=7.5$ $\mu $m, $I=2$ mA. (f) $a=7.5$ $\mu $m, $I=9$ mA.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 6.  Variations of output power of LP$_{\rm \mathrm{mn}}$ modes with respect to injection current. $a=2.5$ $\mu $m.

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Fig. 7.  Near-field diagrams of the 2.5 $\mu $m VCSEL. (a) $I=0.5$ mA. (b) $I=3$ mA. (c) $I= 9$ mA.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
[1]
Ishio H, Minowa J, Nosu K. Review and status of wavelength-division-multiplexing technology and its application. J Lightwave Technol, 1984, 2(4):448 doi: 10.1109/JLT.1984.1073653
[2]
Li G F. Recent advances in coherent optical communication. Adv Opt Photonics, 2009, 1(2):279 doi: 10.1364/AOP.1.000279
[3]
Guifang Li G F, Xiang Liu X. Focus issue:space multiplexed optical transmission. Optical Express, 2011, 19(17):16574 doi: 10.1364/OE.19.016574
[4]
Li G F. The future of space-division multiplexing and its applications. OECC/PS, 2013
[5]
Matsuo S, Sasaki Y, Ishida I, et al. Recent progress on multi-core fiber and few-mode fiber. OFC/NFOEC, 2013
[6]
Li G F, Cen Xia C, Neng Bai N, et al. Novel fibers and devices for space-division multiplexed transmission. CLEO, 2014
[7]
Richardson D J, Fini J M, Nelson L E. Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres. Nat Photonics, 2013, 7:354 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.94
[8]
Xia C, Correa R A, Bai N, et al. Hole-assisted few-mode multicore fiber for high-density space-division multiplexing. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett, 2012, 24(21):1914 doi: 10.1109/LPT.2012.2218801
[9]
Jung Y, Alam S, Li Z, et al. First demonstration and detailed characterization of a multimode amplifier for space division multiplexed transmission systems. Opt Express, 2011, 19(26):B952 http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/22274124
[10]
Leon Saval S G, Fontaine N K, Salazar Gil J R, et al. Mode-selective photonic lanterns for space-division multiplexing. Opt Express, 2014, 22(1):1036 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.001036
[11]
Fontaine N K, Ryf R, Hawthorn J B, et al. Geometric requirements for photonic lanterns in space division multiplexing. Opt Express, 2012, 20(24):27123 doi: 10.1364/OE.20.027123
[12]
Fontaine N K, Doerr C R, Mestre M A, et al. Space-division multiplexing and all-optical MIMO demultiplexing using a photonic integrated circuit. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2012
[13]
Chong C H, Sarma J. Lasing mode selection in vertical-cavity surface emitting-laser diodes. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett, 1993, 5(7):761 doi: 10.1109/68.229798
[14]
Valle A. Selection and modulation of high-order transverse modes in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. IEEE J Quantum Electron, 1998, 34(10):1924 doi: 10.1109/3.720228
[15]
Tian K, Zou Y G, Ma X H, et al. Surface emitting distributed feedback semiconductor lasers. Chin Opt, 2016, 9(1):51 doi: 10.3788/co.
[16]
Yang H, Guo X, Guan B L, et al. Influence of injection current on transverse mode characteristics of vertical cavity surface emitting. Acta Phys Sin, 2008, 57(5):2959 http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-WLXB200805056.htm
[17]
Li X F, Pan W, Luo B, et al. Theoretical analysis of multi-transverse-mode characteristics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Semicond Sci Technol, 2005, 20(6):505 doi: 10.1088/0268-1242/20/6/005
[18]
Nakwaski W, Sarzala R P. High-order transverse modes in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Tenth Polish-Czech-Slovak Optical Conference, 1998
[19]
Hegarty S P, Huyet G, Porta P, et al. Transverse-mode structure and pattern formation in oxide-confined vertical-cavity semiconductor lasers. J Opt Soc Am B, 1999, 16(11):2060 doi: 10.1364/JOSAB.16.002060
[20]
Guan B L, Liu X, Jiang X W, et al. Multi-transverse mode vertical cavity surface emitting laser and its wavelength characteristics. Acta Phys Sin, 2015, 64(16):164203

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    Received: 24 February 2017 Revised: 18 April 2017 Online: Published: 01 September 2017

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2017  >  38(9): 094002
      Yaman Su, Lijuan Yu, Xia Guo, Xing Zhang, Jianguo Liu, Ninghua Zhu. Few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for space-division multiplexing[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2017, 38(9): 094002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/9/094002 ****Y M Su, L J Yu, X Guo, X Zhang, J G Liu, N H Zhu. Few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for space-division multiplexing[J]. J. Semicond., 2017, 38(9): 094002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/9/094002.
      Citation:
      Yaman Su, Lijuan Yu, Xia Guo, Xing Zhang, Jianguo Liu, Ninghua Zhu. Few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for space-division multiplexing[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2017, 38(9): 094002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/9/094002 ****
      Y M Su, L J Yu, X Guo, X Zhang, J G Liu, N H Zhu. Few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for space-division multiplexing[J]. J. Semicond., 2017, 38(9): 094002. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/9/094002.
      shu

      Few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for space-division multiplexing

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/38/9/094002
      • 1.

        State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China

      • 2.

        School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

      • 3.

        School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

      • 4.

        Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China

      Funds:

      National High Technology Research and Development Program of China 2015AA017101

      Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2014CB3400102), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61335004), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2015AA017101), and the National Key Technologies R & D Program of China (No. 2016YFB0400603)

      National Key Technologies R & D Program of China 2016YFB0400603

      National Basic Research Program of China 2014CB3400102

      National Natural Science Foundation of China 61335004

      More Information
      • Corresponding author: Lijuan Yu, Email: ylj@semi.ac.cn
      • Received Date: 2017-02-24
      • Revised Date: 2017-04-18
      • Published Date: 2017-09-01

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