J. Semicond. > 2019, Volume 40 > Issue 1 > 011801
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Growth and fundamentals of bulk β-Ga2O3 single crystals

H. F. Mohamed1, 2, Changtai Xia1, , Qinglin Sai1, Huiyuan Cui1, Mingyan Pan1 and Hongji Qi1

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Changtai Xia, xia_ct@siom.ac.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/011801

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Abstract: The rapid development of bulk β-Ga2O3 crystals has attracted much attention to their use as ultra-wide bandgap materials for next-generation power devices owing to its large bandgap (~ 4.9 eV) and large breakdown electric field of about 8 MV/cm. Low cost and high quality of large β-Ga2O3 single-crystal substrates can be attained by melting growth techniques widely used in the industry. In this paper, we first present an overview of the properties of β-Ga2O3 crystals in bulk form. We then describe the various methods for producing bulk β-Ga2O3 crystals and their applications. Finally, we will present a future perspective of the research in the area in the area of single crystal growth.

Key words: β-Ga2O3, crystal structure, bulk crystal growth, applications



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Unit cell of β-Ga2O3, which possesses two nonequivalent Ga sites: Ga (I), Ga (II), and three nonequivalent O-sites. Projection of the unit cell of β-Ga2O3 along the c- (A), a- (B) and b-axes (C). The figure was adopted from Ref. [9].

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) Electronic band structure of β-Ga2O3[15].

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) (a) Sketch of an early furnace used by Verneuil. (b) Simplified diagram of Verneuil process for synthesizing Ga2O3[16].

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) Schematic of float zone single crystal growth.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) As-grown crystals along the crystallographic axis (a- <100>), (b- <010>), (c- <001>]).

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Fig. 6.  Schematic of Czochralski method.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) Semiconducting β-Ga2O3 crystals of 2 cm (a, c) and 5 cm (b, d) diameter grown at low- (a, b) and high-oxygen concentrations (c, d)[25].

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) Edge-defined film-fed growth method.

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) (a) Photograph of EFG-grown β-Ga2O3 bulk crystal. (b) Photographs of processed β-Ga2O3 substrates. (c) 2-inch wafer by Electronic Material Research Institute of Tianjin. (d) 2-inch plate by Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics.

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Fig. 10.  (Color online) Bridgman technique.

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Fig. 11.  (Color online) β-Ga2O3 crystals were grown using the VB method in ambient air. (a–a’) Crystal was grown in a full-diameter crucible, and (b–b’) crystal was grown in a conical crucible. The figure was adopted from Ref. [38].

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Fig. 12.  (Color online) Schematics of line-shaped defects. The figure was adopted from Ref. [40].

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Fig. 13.  The comparison of the melt growth methods for β-Ga2O3 bulk single crystals.

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Fig. 14.  (Color online) Theoretical ideal performance limits of β-Ga2O3 power devices in comparison with those of other major semiconductors. The figure was adopted from Ref. [58].

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Fig. 15.  (Color online) Schematic illustration: (a) cross-section and (b) optical micrograph of Ga2O3 MESFET. According to the description from Ref. [62].

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[1]
Geller S. Crystal Structure of β‐Ga2O3. J Chem Phys, 1960, 33: 676 doi: 10.1063/1.1731237
[2]
Roy R, Hill V G, and Osborn E F J. Polymorphism of Ga2O3 and the System Ga2O3—H2O. Am Chem Soc, 1952, 74:719 doi: 10.1021/ja01123a039
[3]
Tippins H H. Optical Absorption and Photoconductivity in the Band Edge of β−Ga2O3. Phys Rev, 1965, 140:A316 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.140.A316
[4]
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[5]
Kohn J A, Katz G and Broder J D. Characterization of β-Ga2O3 and its Alumina Isomorph θ-Al2O3. Am Mineral, 1956, 42:398
[6]
Wolten G M and Chase A B. Determination of the point group of β-Ga2O3 from morphology and physical properties. J Solid State Chem, 1976, 16: 377 doi: 10.1016/0022-4596(76)90054-2
[7]
Ahman J, Svensson G and Albertsson J. A reinvestigation of β-gallium oxide. Acta Crystallogr Sect C Cryst Struct Commun,1996, 52: 1336 doi: 10.1107/S0108270195016404
[8]
Janowitz C, Scherer V, Mohamed M, Krapf A, Dwelk H, Manzke R, Galazka Z, Uecker R, Irmscher K and Fornari R. Experimental electronic structure of In2O3 and Ga2O3. New J Phys, 2011, 13:085014. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/13/8/085014
[9]
Yoshioka S, Hayashi H, Kuwabara A, Oba F, Matsunaga K and Tanaka I. Structures and energetics of Ga2O3 polymorphs. J Phys Condens Matter, 2007, 19: 346211 doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/34/346211
[10]
Yamaguchi K. First principles study on electronic structure of β-Ga2O3. Solid State Commun, 2004,131:739 doi: 10.1016/j.ssc.2004.07.030
[11]
He H, Orlando R, Blanco M, Pandey R, and Rétat M. First-principles study of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of Ga2O3 in its monoclinic and hexagonal phases. Phys Rev B, 2006, 74:195123 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.195123
[12]
Zhang Y, Yan J, Zhao G and Xie W. First-principles study on electronic structure and optical properties of Sn-doped β-Ga2O3. Phys B Condens Matter, 2010, 405:3899 doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2010.06.024
[13]
Zhang L, Yan J, Zhang Y, Li T and Ding X. First principles study on electronic structure and optical properties of N-doped P-type β-Ga2O3. Sci China Physics, Mech Astron, 2012, 55:19 doi: 10.1007/s11433-011-4582-8
[14]
Peelaers H and Van de Walle C G. Brillouin zone and band structure of β‐Ga2O3. Phys Status Solidi (B), 2015, 252:828 doi: 10.1002/pssb.201451551
[15]
Varley J B, Weber J R, Janotti A and Van de Walle C G. Oxygen vacancies and donor impurities in β‐Ga2O3. Appl Phys Lett, 2010, 97:142106 doi: 10.1063/1.3499306
[16]
Nassau K. Dr. A. V. L. Verneuil: The man and the method. J of Cry Growth, 1972, 13:12
[17]
Chase A B. Growth of β‐Ga2O3 by the Verneuil Technique. J Am Ceram Soc, 1964, 47: 470
[18]
Lorenz M R, Woods J F, Gambino R J. Some electrical properties of the semiconductor βGa2O3. J Phys Chem Solids, 1967, 28:403 doi: 10.1016/0022-3697(67)90305-8
[19]
Harwig T and Schoonman J. Electrical properties of β-Ga2O3 single crystals. II. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 1978, 23: 205 doi: 10.1016/0022-4596(78)90066-X
[20]
Harwig T, Wubs G J, and Dirksen G J. Electrical properties of β-Ga2O3 single crystals. Solid State Communications, 1976, 18:1223 doi: 10.1016/0038-1098(76)90944-3
[21]
Theurer H C. Method of processing semiconductive materials. U. S. Patent 3,060,123 (Filed December 17, 1952. Issued October 23, 1962)
[22]
Víllora E G, Shimamura K, Yoshikawa Y, Aoki K, and Ichinose N. Large-size β-Ga2O3 single crystals and wafers. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2004, 270:420. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.06.027
[23]
Zhang J, Li B, Xia C, Pei G, Deng Q, Yang Z, Wusheng X, Hongsheng Shi, Feng W, Yongqing W, Jun X. Growth and spectral characterization of β-Ga2O3 single crystals. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2006, 67: 2448 doi: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.06.025
[24]
Czochralski J. A new method for the measurement of the crystallization rate of metals. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 1918, 92: 219
[25]
Galazka Z, Uecker R, Irmscher K, Albrecht M, Klimm D, Pietsch M. Czochralski growth and characterization of β‐Ga2O3 single crystals. Crystal Research and Technology, 2010, 45: 1229 doi: 10.1002/crat.v45.12
[26]
Tomm Y, Reiche P, Klimm D, and Fukuda T. Czochralski grown Ga2O3 crystals. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2000, 220: 510 doi: 10.1016/S0022-0248(00)00851-4
[27]
Galazka Z, Uecker R, Klimm D, Irmscher K, Naumann M, Pietsch M, Kwasniewski A, Bertram R, Ganschow S and Bickermann M. Scaling-Up of Bulk β-Ga2O3 Single Crystals by the Czochralski Method. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2017,6: Q3007 doi: 10.1149/2.0021702jss
[28]
Galazka Z, Ganschow S, Fiedler A, Bertam R, Klimm D, Irmscher K, Schewski R, Pietsch M, Albercht M, and Bichermann M. Doping of Czochralski-grown bulk β-Ga2O3 single crystals with Cr, Ce and Al. J Cry Growth, 2018, 486:82 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2018.01.022
[29]
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    Received: 30 September 2018 Revised: 07 December 2018 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 24 December 2018Uncorrected proof: 25 December 2018Published: 07 January 2019

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2019  >  40(1): 011801
      H. F. Mohamed, Changtai Xia, Qinglin Sai, Huiyuan Cui, Mingyan Pan, Hongji Qi. Growth and fundamentals of bulk β-Ga2O3 single crystals[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(1): 011801. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/011801 ****H F Mohamed, C T Xia, Q L Sai, H Y Cui, M Y Pan, H J Qi, Growth and fundamentals of bulk β-Ga2O3 single crystals[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(1): 011801. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/011801.
      Citation:
      H. F. Mohamed, Changtai Xia, Qinglin Sai, Huiyuan Cui, Mingyan Pan, Hongji Qi. Growth and fundamentals of bulk β-Ga2O3 single crystals[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(1): 011801. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/011801 ****
      H F Mohamed, C T Xia, Q L Sai, H Y Cui, M Y Pan, H J Qi, Growth and fundamentals of bulk β-Ga2O3 single crystals[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(1): 011801. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/011801.
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      Growth and fundamentals of bulk β-Ga2O3 single crystals

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/011801
      • 1.

        Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China

      • 2.

        Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524, Sohag, Egypt

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      • Corresponding author: xia_ct@siom.ac.cn
      • Received Date: 2018-09-30
      • Revised Date: 2018-12-07
      • Published Date: 2019-01-01

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