Ultralow-power polymer electro–optic integrated modulators

Amirmahdi Honardoost; Reza Safian; Min Teng; Leimeng Zhuang

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/40/7/070401

J. Semicond. > 2019, Volume 40 > Issue 7 > 070401

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Ultralow-power polymer electro–optic integrated modulators

Amirmahdi Honardoost, Reza Safian, Min Teng and Leimeng Zhuang

+ Author Affiliations

Corresponding author: Reza Safian, reza.safian@imec-int.com

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/7/070401

References

[1]	Subbaraman H, Xu X C, Hosseini A, et al. Recent advances in silicon-based passive and active optical interconnects. Opt Express, 2015, 23, 2487 doi: 10.1364/OE.23.002487
[2]	Bowers J E, Komljenovic T, Davenport M, et al. Recent advances in silicon photonic integrated circuits. Proc SPIE, 2016, 9774, 977402 doi: 10.1117/12.2221943
[3]	Thomson D, Zilkie A, Bowers J E, et al. Roadmap on silicon photonics. J Opt, 2016, 18, 073003 doi: 10.1088/2040-8978/18/7/073003
[4]	Fang Y R, Sun M T. Nanoplasmonic waveguides: towards applications in integrated nanophotonic circuits. Light: Sci Appl, 2015, 4, e294 doi: 10.1038/lsa.2015.67
[5]	Krasavin A V, Zayats A V. Active nanophotonic circuitry based on dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides. Adv Opt Mater, 2015, 3, 1662 doi: 10.1002/adom.v3.12
[6]	Kinsey N, Ferrera M, Shalaev V M. Examining nanophotonics for integrated hybrid systems: a review of plasmonic interconnects and modulators using traditional and alternative materials Invited. J Opt Soc Am B, 2015, 32, 121 doi: 10.1364/JOSAB.32.000121
[7]	Vlasov Y A, O’Boyle M, Hamann H F, et al. Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides. Nature, 2005, 438, 65 doi: 10.1038/nature04210
[8]	Heni W, Kutuvantavida Y, Haffner C, et al. Silicon-organic and plasmonic-organic hybrid photonics. ACS Photonics, 2017, 4, 1576 doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00224
[9]	Reed G T, Knights A P. Silicon photonics: an introduction. Wiley, 2004, 97
[10]	Baba T, Akiyama S, Imai M, et al. 50-Gb/s ring-resonator-based silicon modulator. Opt Express, 2013, 21(10), 11869 doi: 10.1364/OE.21.011869
[11]	Yang Y, Fang Q, Yu M B, et al. High-efficiency Si optical modulator using Cu travelling wave electrode. Opt Express, 2014, 22(24), 29978 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.029978
[12]	Gutierrez A, Galan J V, Herrera J. High linear ring-assisted MZI electro-optic silicon modulators suitable for radio-over-fiber applications. Proc IEEE 9th Int Conf Group IV Photon, 2012, 57
[13]	Wooten E L, Kissa K M, Yi-Yan A, et al. A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiberoptic communications systems. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron, 2000, 6, 69 doi: 10.1109/2944.826874
[14]	Rao A, Fathpour S. Compact lithium niobate electrooptic modulators. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron, 2018, 24, 1 doi: 10.1364/OL.38.004931
[15]	Dalton L R, Günter P, Jazbinsek M, et al. Organic electro–optics and photonics: molecules, polymers, and crystals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015
[16]	Koos C, Leuthold J, Freude W, et al. Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) and plasmonic-organic hybrid (POH) integration. J Lightwave Technol, 2016, 34, 256 doi: 10.1109/JLT.2015.2499763
[17]	Haffner C, Heni W, Fedoryshyn Y, et al. Plasmonic organic hybrid modulators-scaling highest speed photonics to the microscale. Proc IEEE, 2016, 104, 2362 doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2016.2547990
[18]	Zhang X Y, Chung C J, Hosseini A, et al. High performance optical modulator based on electro-optic polymer filled silicon slot photonic crystal waveguide. J Lightwave Technol, 2016, 34, 2941 doi: 10.1109/JLT.2015.2471853
[19]	Yan H, Xu X, Chung C J, et al. One-dimensional photonic crystal slot waveguide for silicon-organic hybrid electro-optic modulators. Opt Lett, 2016, 41, 5466 doi: 10.1364/OL.41.005466
[20]	Koeber S, Palmer R, Lauermann M, et al. Femtojoule electro-optic modulation using a silicon–organic hybrid device. Light: Sci Appl, 2015, 4, e255 doi: 10.1038/lsa.2015.28
[21]	Wolf S, Heiner A, Hartmann W, et al. Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) Mach- Zehnder Modulators for 100 Gbit/s on-off keying. Sci Rep, 2018, 8, 2598 doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-19061-8
[22]	www.imec-int.com
[23]	www.optics.arizona.edu
[24]	Liu J, Xu G, Kityk I, et al. Recent advances in polymer electro-optic modulators. RSC Adv, 2015, 5, 15784 doi: 10.1039/c4ra13250e

Fig. 1. (a) Integrated silicon photonics^[22]. (b) Size comparison for integrated electro-optic polymer modulators^[23]. (c) CLD-1, one of the widely used polymers with large electro-optic coefficient^[24].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Subbaraman H, Xu X C, Hosseini A, et al. Recent advances in silicon-based passive and active optical interconnects. Opt Express, 2015, 23, 2487 doi: 10.1364/OE.23.002487
[2]	Bowers J E, Komljenovic T, Davenport M, et al. Recent advances in silicon photonic integrated circuits. Proc SPIE, 2016, 9774, 977402 doi: 10.1117/12.2221943
[3]	Thomson D, Zilkie A, Bowers J E, et al. Roadmap on silicon photonics. J Opt, 2016, 18, 073003 doi: 10.1088/2040-8978/18/7/073003
[4]	Fang Y R, Sun M T. Nanoplasmonic waveguides: towards applications in integrated nanophotonic circuits. Light: Sci Appl, 2015, 4, e294 doi: 10.1038/lsa.2015.67
[5]	Krasavin A V, Zayats A V. Active nanophotonic circuitry based on dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides. Adv Opt Mater, 2015, 3, 1662 doi: 10.1002/adom.v3.12
[6]	Kinsey N, Ferrera M, Shalaev V M. Examining nanophotonics for integrated hybrid systems: a review of plasmonic interconnects and modulators using traditional and alternative materials Invited. J Opt Soc Am B, 2015, 32, 121 doi: 10.1364/JOSAB.32.000121
[7]	Vlasov Y A, O’Boyle M, Hamann H F, et al. Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides. Nature, 2005, 438, 65 doi: 10.1038/nature04210
[8]	Heni W, Kutuvantavida Y, Haffner C, et al. Silicon-organic and plasmonic-organic hybrid photonics. ACS Photonics, 2017, 4, 1576 doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00224
[9]	Reed G T, Knights A P. Silicon photonics: an introduction. Wiley, 2004, 97
[10]	Baba T, Akiyama S, Imai M, et al. 50-Gb/s ring-resonator-based silicon modulator. Opt Express, 2013, 21(10), 11869 doi: 10.1364/OE.21.011869
[11]	Yang Y, Fang Q, Yu M B, et al. High-efficiency Si optical modulator using Cu travelling wave electrode. Opt Express, 2014, 22(24), 29978 doi: 10.1364/OE.22.029978
[12]	Gutierrez A, Galan J V, Herrera J. High linear ring-assisted MZI electro-optic silicon modulators suitable for radio-over-fiber applications. Proc IEEE 9th Int Conf Group IV Photon, 2012, 57
[13]	Wooten E L, Kissa K M, Yi-Yan A, et al. A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiberoptic communications systems. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron, 2000, 6, 69 doi: 10.1109/2944.826874
[14]	Rao A, Fathpour S. Compact lithium niobate electrooptic modulators. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron, 2018, 24, 1 doi: 10.1364/OL.38.004931
[15]	Dalton L R, Günter P, Jazbinsek M, et al. Organic electro–optics and photonics: molecules, polymers, and crystals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015
[16]	Koos C, Leuthold J, Freude W, et al. Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) and plasmonic-organic hybrid (POH) integration. J Lightwave Technol, 2016, 34, 256 doi: 10.1109/JLT.2015.2499763
[17]	Haffner C, Heni W, Fedoryshyn Y, et al. Plasmonic organic hybrid modulators-scaling highest speed photonics to the microscale. Proc IEEE, 2016, 104, 2362 doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2016.2547990
[18]	Zhang X Y, Chung C J, Hosseini A, et al. High performance optical modulator based on electro-optic polymer filled silicon slot photonic crystal waveguide. J Lightwave Technol, 2016, 34, 2941 doi: 10.1109/JLT.2015.2471853
[19]	Yan H, Xu X, Chung C J, et al. One-dimensional photonic crystal slot waveguide for silicon-organic hybrid electro-optic modulators. Opt Lett, 2016, 41, 5466 doi: 10.1364/OL.41.005466
[20]	Koeber S, Palmer R, Lauermann M, et al. Femtojoule electro-optic modulation using a silicon–organic hybrid device. Light: Sci Appl, 2015, 4, e255 doi: 10.1038/lsa.2015.28
[21]	Wolf S, Heiner A, Hartmann W, et al. Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) Mach- Zehnder Modulators for 100 Gbit/s on-off keying. Sci Rep, 2018, 8, 2598 doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-19061-8
[22]	www.imec-int.com
[23]	www.optics.arizona.edu
[24]	Liu J, Xu G, Kityk I, et al. Recent advances in polymer electro-optic modulators. RSC Adv, 2015, 5, 15784 doi: 10.1039/c4ra13250e