High power λ ~ 8.5 <i>μ</i>m quantum cascade laser grown by MOCVD operating continuous-wave up to 408 K

Teng Fei; Shenqiang Zhai; Jinchuan Zhang; Ning Zhuo; Junqi Liu; Lijun Wang; Shuman Liu; Zhiwei Jia; Kun Li; Yongqiang Sun; Kai Guo; Fengqi Liu; Zhanguo Wang

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/42/11/112301

J. Semicond. > 2021, Volume 42 > Issue 11 > 112301

ARTICLES

High power λ ~ 8.5 μm quantum cascade laser grown by MOCVD operating continuous-wave up to 408 K

Teng Fei^{1, 2, 3}, Shenqiang Zhai^{1, 2,}, Jinchuan Zhang^{1, 2}, Ning Zhuo^{1, 2}, Junqi Liu^{1, 2, 3}, Lijun Wang^{1, 2, 3}, Shuman Liu^{1, 2}, Zhiwei Jia^{1, 2}, Kun Li^{1, 2, 3}, Yongqiang Sun^{1, 2, 3}, Kai Guo^{1, 2}, Fengqi Liu^{1, 2, 3,} and Zhanguo Wang^{1, 2, 3}

+ Author Affiliations

1. Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
2. Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Beijing 100083, China
3. Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Author Bio:

Teng Fei earned his bachelor’s degree from the Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology in 2018. He is now a PhD Student in Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science at the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is mainly interested in the research of material epitaxial growth of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers, devices and applications.

Shenqiang Zhai is an Associate Professor in Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science at the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He earned his PhD degree in Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014. He is mainly engaged in the research of material epitaxial growth of Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers, devices and applications, and has published more than 30 papers.

Fengqi Liu is a Professor in Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science at the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He earned his PhD degree in Department of physics Nanjing University in 1996. Recently, he has demonstrated the quantum dot cascade laser by two-step strain-compensation active region and material grown technique. He is a Winner of National Outstanding Youth Fund in China.

Corresponding author: Shenqiang Zhai, zsqlzsmbj@semi.ac.cn; Fengqi Liu, fqliu@semi.ac.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/11/112301

Abstract: Robust quantum cascade laser (QCL) enduring high temperature continuous-wave (CW) operation is of critical importance for some applications. We report on the realization of lattice-matched InGaAs/InAlAs/InP QCL materials grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). High interface quality structures designed for light emission at 8.5 μm are achieved by optimizing and precise controlling of growth conditions. A CW output power of 1.04 W at 288 K was obtained from a 4 mm-long and 10 μm-wide coated laser. Corresponding maximum wall-plug efficiency and threshold current density were 7.1% and 1.18 kA/cm², respectively. The device can operate in CW mode up to 408 K with an output power of 160 mW.

Key words: quantum cascade laser, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, continuous-wave, interface roughness

References

[1]	Faist J, Capasso F, Sivco D, et al. Quantum cascade laser. Science, 1994, 264(5158), 553 doi: 10.1126/science.264.5158.553
[2]	Hugi A, Villares G, Blaser S, et al. Mid-infrared frequency comb based on a quantum cascade laser. Nature, 2012, 492(7428), 229 doi: 10.1038/nature11620
[3]	Zhang J, Wang L, Zhang W, et al. Holographic fabricated continuous wave operation of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers at λ ≈ 8.5 μm. J Semicond, 2011, 32(4), 044008 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/32/4/044008
[4]	Faist J, Beck M, Allen T, et al. Quantum-cascade lasers based on a bound-to-continuum transition. Appl Phys Lett, 2001, 78(2), 147 doi: 10.1063/1.1339843
[5]	Beck M, Hofstetter D, Aellen T, et al. Continuous wave operation of a mid-infrared semiconductor laser at room temperature. Science, 2002, 295(5553), 301 doi: 10.1126/science.1066408
[6]	Botez D, Kirch J D, Boyle C, et al. High-efficiency, high-power mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Opt Mater Express, 2018, 8(5), 1378 doi: 10.1364/OME.8.001378
[7]	Wang C A, Schwarz B, Siriani D F, et al. MOVPE growth of LWIR AlInAs/GaInAs/InP quantum cascade lasers: Impact of growth and material quality on laser performance. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron, 2017, 23(6), 1 doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2017.2677899
[8]	Feng X, Caneau C, Leblanc H P, et al. Watt-level room temperature continuous-wave operation of quantum cascade lasers with λ >10 μm. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron, 2013, 19(4), 1200407 doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2240658
[9]	Schwarz B, Wang C A, Missaggia L, et al. Watt-level continuous-wave emission from a bifunctional quantum cascade laser/detector. ACS Photonics, 2017, 4(5), 1225 doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00133
[10]	Zhou W, Lu Q Y, Wu D H, et al. High-power, continuous-wave, phase-locked quantum cascade laser arrays emitting at 8 microm. Opt Express, 2019, 27(11), 15776 doi: 10.1364/OE.27.015776
[11]	Wang C A, Schwarz B, Siriani D F, et al. Sensitivity of heterointerfaces on emission wavelength of quantum cascade lasers. J Cryst Growth, 2017, 464, 215 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.11.029
[12]	Lyakh A, Maulini R, Tsekoun A, et al. 3 W continuous-wave room temperature single-facet emission from quantum cascade lasers based on nonresonant extraction design approach. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95(14), 141113 doi: 10.1063/1.3238263
[13]	Khurgin J B, Dikmelik Y, Liu P Q, et al. Role of interface roughness in the transport and lasing characteristics of quantum-cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 94(9), 091101 doi: 10.1063/1.3093819
[14]	Fujita K, Furuta S, Sugiyama A, et al. High-performance λ ~8.6 μm quantum cascade lasers with single phonon-continuum depopulation structures. IEEE J Quantum Electron, 2010, 46(5), 683 doi: 10.1109/JQE.2010.2048015
[15]	Figueiredo P, Suttinger M, Go R, et al. Progress in high-power continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers. Appl Opt, 2017, 56(31), H15 doi: 10.1364/AO.56.000H15
[16]	Yu T, Liu S, Zhang J, et al. InAs-based interband cascade lasers at 4.0 μm operating at room temperature. J Semicond, 2018, 39(11), 114003 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/11/114003
[17]	Fewster P F. Interface roughness and period variations in MQW structures determined by X-ray diffraction. J Appl Cryst, 1988, 21(5), 524 doi: 10.1107/S0021889888006569
[18]	Fewster P F. X-ray diffraction from low-dimensional structures. Semicond Sci Technol, 1993, 8(11), 1915 doi: 10.1088/0268-1242/8/11/001
[19]	Savage D, Kleiner J, Schimke N, et al. Determination of roughness correlations in multilayer films for x-ray mirrors. J Appl Phys, 1991, 69(3), 1411 doi: 10.1063/1.347281
[20]	Botez D, Chang C C, Mawst L J. Temperature sensitivity of the electro-optical characteristics for mid-infrared (λ = 3–16 μm)-emitting quantum cascade lasers. J Phys D, 2015, 49(4), 043001 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/49/4/043001
[21]	Lyakh A, Maulini R, Tsekoun A, et al. Multiwatt long wavelength quantum cascade lasers based on high strain composition with 70% injection efficiency. Opt Express, 2012, 20(22), 24272 doi: 10.1364/OE.20.024272
[22]	Yang P, Zhang J, Gu Z, et al. Coupled-ridge waveguide quantum cascade laser array lasing at λ ~ 5 µm. J Semicond, 2021, 42(9), 092901 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/092901
[23]	Wittmann A, Bonetti Y, Fischer M, et al. Distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 9 μm operating in continuous wave up to 423 K. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett, 2009, 21(12), 814 doi: 10.1109/LPT.2009.2019117
[24]	Chiu Y, Dikmelik Y, Liu P Q, et al. Importance of interface roughness induced intersubband scattering in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 101(17), 171117 doi: 10.1063/1.4764516
[25]	Xu G, Li A. Interface phonons in the active region of a quantum cascade laser. Phys Rev B, 2005, 71(23), 235304 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.71.235304
[26]	Boyle C, Oresick K M, Kirch J D, et al. Carrier leakage via interface-roughness scattering bridges gap between theoretical and experimental internal efficiencies of quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2020, 117(5), 051101 doi: 10.1063/5.0007812
[27]	Semtsiv M P, Flores Y, Chashnikova M, et al. Low-threshold intersubband laser based on interface-scattering-rate engineering. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100(16), 163502 doi: 10.1063/1.3701824

Fig. 1. AFM images (2 × 2 μm²) of lattice-matched of (a) InGaAs and (b) InAlAs in contact mode.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 2. (a) High-resolution XRD of experimental (blue, upper curve) and simulated (red, lower curve) results of lattice-matched QCL structures. (b) Partially enlarged view of satellite diffraction peaks. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of satellite diffraction peaks are labelled in arcsec.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 3. (a) Power–current–voltage relations of 10 μm × 4 mm-long, and HR coated laser at different temperatures in CW condition. (b) WPE versus current injection characteristics at different temperatures

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 4. Threshold current density and slope efficiency at different temperatures in pulse conditions at 1 μs, 1% duty cycle.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 5. (a) Emission spectrum at current slightly above threshold. (b) Beam picture in pulse mode at room temperature.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Faist J, Capasso F, Sivco D, et al. Quantum cascade laser. Science, 1994, 264(5158), 553 doi: 10.1126/science.264.5158.553
[2]	Hugi A, Villares G, Blaser S, et al. Mid-infrared frequency comb based on a quantum cascade laser. Nature, 2012, 492(7428), 229 doi: 10.1038/nature11620
[3]	Zhang J, Wang L, Zhang W, et al. Holographic fabricated continuous wave operation of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers at λ ≈ 8.5 μm. J Semicond, 2011, 32(4), 044008 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/32/4/044008
[4]	Faist J, Beck M, Allen T, et al. Quantum-cascade lasers based on a bound-to-continuum transition. Appl Phys Lett, 2001, 78(2), 147 doi: 10.1063/1.1339843
[5]	Beck M, Hofstetter D, Aellen T, et al. Continuous wave operation of a mid-infrared semiconductor laser at room temperature. Science, 2002, 295(5553), 301 doi: 10.1126/science.1066408
[6]	Botez D, Kirch J D, Boyle C, et al. High-efficiency, high-power mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Opt Mater Express, 2018, 8(5), 1378 doi: 10.1364/OME.8.001378
[7]	Wang C A, Schwarz B, Siriani D F, et al. MOVPE growth of LWIR AlInAs/GaInAs/InP quantum cascade lasers: Impact of growth and material quality on laser performance. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron, 2017, 23(6), 1 doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2017.2677899
[8]	Feng X, Caneau C, Leblanc H P, et al. Watt-level room temperature continuous-wave operation of quantum cascade lasers with λ >10 μm. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron, 2013, 19(4), 1200407 doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2240658
[9]	Schwarz B, Wang C A, Missaggia L, et al. Watt-level continuous-wave emission from a bifunctional quantum cascade laser/detector. ACS Photonics, 2017, 4(5), 1225 doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00133
[10]	Zhou W, Lu Q Y, Wu D H, et al. High-power, continuous-wave, phase-locked quantum cascade laser arrays emitting at 8 microm. Opt Express, 2019, 27(11), 15776 doi: 10.1364/OE.27.015776
[11]	Wang C A, Schwarz B, Siriani D F, et al. Sensitivity of heterointerfaces on emission wavelength of quantum cascade lasers. J Cryst Growth, 2017, 464, 215 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.11.029
[12]	Lyakh A, Maulini R, Tsekoun A, et al. 3 W continuous-wave room temperature single-facet emission from quantum cascade lasers based on nonresonant extraction design approach. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95(14), 141113 doi: 10.1063/1.3238263
[13]	Khurgin J B, Dikmelik Y, Liu P Q, et al. Role of interface roughness in the transport and lasing characteristics of quantum-cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 94(9), 091101 doi: 10.1063/1.3093819
[14]	Fujita K, Furuta S, Sugiyama A, et al. High-performance λ ~8.6 μm quantum cascade lasers with single phonon-continuum depopulation structures. IEEE J Quantum Electron, 2010, 46(5), 683 doi: 10.1109/JQE.2010.2048015
[15]	Figueiredo P, Suttinger M, Go R, et al. Progress in high-power continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers. Appl Opt, 2017, 56(31), H15 doi: 10.1364/AO.56.000H15
[16]	Yu T, Liu S, Zhang J, et al. InAs-based interband cascade lasers at 4.0 μm operating at room temperature. J Semicond, 2018, 39(11), 114003 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/11/114003
[17]	Fewster P F. Interface roughness and period variations in MQW structures determined by X-ray diffraction. J Appl Cryst, 1988, 21(5), 524 doi: 10.1107/S0021889888006569
[18]	Fewster P F. X-ray diffraction from low-dimensional structures. Semicond Sci Technol, 1993, 8(11), 1915 doi: 10.1088/0268-1242/8/11/001
[19]	Savage D, Kleiner J, Schimke N, et al. Determination of roughness correlations in multilayer films for x-ray mirrors. J Appl Phys, 1991, 69(3), 1411 doi: 10.1063/1.347281
[20]	Botez D, Chang C C, Mawst L J. Temperature sensitivity of the electro-optical characteristics for mid-infrared (λ = 3–16 μm)-emitting quantum cascade lasers. J Phys D, 2015, 49(4), 043001 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/49/4/043001
[21]	Lyakh A, Maulini R, Tsekoun A, et al. Multiwatt long wavelength quantum cascade lasers based on high strain composition with 70% injection efficiency. Opt Express, 2012, 20(22), 24272 doi: 10.1364/OE.20.024272
[22]	Yang P, Zhang J, Gu Z, et al. Coupled-ridge waveguide quantum cascade laser array lasing at λ ~ 5 µm. J Semicond, 2021, 42(9), 092901 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/092901
[23]	Wittmann A, Bonetti Y, Fischer M, et al. Distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 9 μm operating in continuous wave up to 423 K. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett, 2009, 21(12), 814 doi: 10.1109/LPT.2009.2019117
[24]	Chiu Y, Dikmelik Y, Liu P Q, et al. Importance of interface roughness induced intersubband scattering in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 101(17), 171117 doi: 10.1063/1.4764516
[25]	Xu G, Li A. Interface phonons in the active region of a quantum cascade laser. Phys Rev B, 2005, 71(23), 235304 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.71.235304
[26]	Boyle C, Oresick K M, Kirch J D, et al. Carrier leakage via interface-roughness scattering bridges gap between theoretical and experimental internal efficiencies of quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2020, 117(5), 051101 doi: 10.1063/5.0007812
[27]	Semtsiv M P, Flores Y, Chashnikova M, et al. Low-threshold intersubband laser based on interface-scattering-rate engineering. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100(16), 163502 doi: 10.1063/1.3701824

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Received: 07 September 2021 Revised: 16 September 2021 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 08 October 2021Uncorrected proof: 20 October 2021Published: 01 November 2021

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2021 > 42(11): 112301

Teng Fei, Shenqiang Zhai, Jinchuan Zhang, Ning Zhuo, Junqi Liu, Lijun Wang, Shuman Liu, Zhiwei Jia, Kun Li, Yongqiang Sun, Kai Guo, Fengqi Liu, Zhanguo Wang. High power λ ~ 8.5 μm quantum cascade laser grown by MOCVD operating continuous-wave up to 408 K[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(11): 112301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/11/112301 ****T Fei, S Q Zhai, J C Zhang, N Zhuo, J Q Liu, L J Wang, S M Liu, Z W Jia, K Li, Y Q Sun, K Guo, F Q Liu, Z G Wang, High power λ ~ 8.5 μm quantum cascade laser grown by MOCVD operating continuous-wave up to 408 K[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(11): 112301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/11/112301.

Citation:

T Fei, S Q Zhai, J C Zhang, N Zhuo, J Q Liu, L J Wang, S M Liu, Z W Jia, K Li, Y Q Sun, K Guo, F Q Liu, Z G Wang, High power λ ~ 8.5 μm quantum cascade laser grown by MOCVD operating continuous-wave up to 408 K[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(11): 112301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/11/112301.

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High power λ ~ 8.5 μm quantum cascade laser grown by MOCVD operating continuous-wave up to 408 K

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/11/112301

Teng Fei^1,2,3,
Shenqiang Zhai^1,2,,
Jinchuan Zhang^1,2,
Ning Zhuo^1,2,
Junqi Liu^1,2,3,
Lijun Wang^1,2,3,
Shuman Liu^1,2,
Zhiwei Jia^1,2,
Kun Li^1,2,3,
Yongqiang Sun^1,2,3,
Kai Guo^1,2,
Fengqi Liu^1,2,3,,
Zhanguo Wang^1,2,3

1.
Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Beijing 100083, China
3.
Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

More Information

Teng Fei：earned his bachelor’s degree from the Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology in 2018. He is now a PhD Student in Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science at the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is mainly interested in the research of material epitaxial growth of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers, devices and applications
Shenqiang Zhai：is an Associate Professor in Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science at the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He earned his PhD degree in Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014. He is mainly engaged in the research of material epitaxial growth of Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers, devices and applications, and has published more than 30 papers
Fengqi Liu：is a Professor in Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science at the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He earned his PhD degree in Department of physics Nanjing University in 1996. Recently, he has demonstrated the quantum dot cascade laser by two-step strain-compensation active region and material grown technique. He is a Winner of National Outstanding Youth Fund in China
Corresponding author: zsqlzsmbj@semi.ac.cn; fqliu@semi.ac.cn
Received Date: 2021-09-07
Revised Date: 2021-09-16
Published Date: 2021-11-10

Abstract

Abstract

Robust quantum cascade laser (QCL) enduring high temperature continuous-wave (CW) operation is of critical importance for some applications. We report on the realization of lattice-matched InGaAs/InAlAs/InP QCL materials grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). High interface quality structures designed for light emission at 8.5 μm are achieved by optimizing and precise controlling of growth conditions. A CW output power of 1.04 W at 288 K was obtained from a 4 mm-long and 10 μm-wide coated laser. Corresponding maximum wall-plug efficiency and threshold current density were 7.1% and 1.18 kA/cm², respectively. The device can operate in CW mode up to 408 K with an output power of 160 mW.
- quantum cascade laser,
- metal-organic chemical vapor deposition,
- continuous-wave,
- interface roughness

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References(27)

References

[1]	Faist J, Capasso F, Sivco D, et al. Quantum cascade laser. Science, 1994, 264(5158), 553 doi: 10.1126/science.264.5158.553
[2]	Hugi A, Villares G, Blaser S, et al. Mid-infrared frequency comb based on a quantum cascade laser. Nature, 2012, 492(7428), 229 doi: 10.1038/nature11620
[3]	Zhang J, Wang L, Zhang W, et al. Holographic fabricated continuous wave operation of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers at λ ≈ 8.5 μm. J Semicond, 2011, 32(4), 044008 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/32/4/044008
[4]	Faist J, Beck M, Allen T, et al. Quantum-cascade lasers based on a bound-to-continuum transition. Appl Phys Lett, 2001, 78(2), 147 doi: 10.1063/1.1339843
[5]	Beck M, Hofstetter D, Aellen T, et al. Continuous wave operation of a mid-infrared semiconductor laser at room temperature. Science, 2002, 295(5553), 301 doi: 10.1126/science.1066408
[6]	Botez D, Kirch J D, Boyle C, et al. High-efficiency, high-power mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Opt Mater Express, 2018, 8(5), 1378 doi: 10.1364/OME.8.001378
[7]	Wang C A, Schwarz B, Siriani D F, et al. MOVPE growth of LWIR AlInAs/GaInAs/InP quantum cascade lasers: Impact of growth and material quality on laser performance. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron, 2017, 23(6), 1 doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2017.2677899
[8]	Feng X, Caneau C, Leblanc H P, et al. Watt-level room temperature continuous-wave operation of quantum cascade lasers with λ >10 μm. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron, 2013, 19(4), 1200407 doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2240658
[9]	Schwarz B, Wang C A, Missaggia L, et al. Watt-level continuous-wave emission from a bifunctional quantum cascade laser/detector. ACS Photonics, 2017, 4(5), 1225 doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00133
[10]	Zhou W, Lu Q Y, Wu D H, et al. High-power, continuous-wave, phase-locked quantum cascade laser arrays emitting at 8 microm. Opt Express, 2019, 27(11), 15776 doi: 10.1364/OE.27.015776
[11]	Wang C A, Schwarz B, Siriani D F, et al. Sensitivity of heterointerfaces on emission wavelength of quantum cascade lasers. J Cryst Growth, 2017, 464, 215 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.11.029
[12]	Lyakh A, Maulini R, Tsekoun A, et al. 3 W continuous-wave room temperature single-facet emission from quantum cascade lasers based on nonresonant extraction design approach. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95(14), 141113 doi: 10.1063/1.3238263
[13]	Khurgin J B, Dikmelik Y, Liu P Q, et al. Role of interface roughness in the transport and lasing characteristics of quantum-cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 94(9), 091101 doi: 10.1063/1.3093819
[14]	Fujita K, Furuta S, Sugiyama A, et al. High-performance λ ~8.6 μm quantum cascade lasers with single phonon-continuum depopulation structures. IEEE J Quantum Electron, 2010, 46(5), 683 doi: 10.1109/JQE.2010.2048015
[15]	Figueiredo P, Suttinger M, Go R, et al. Progress in high-power continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers. Appl Opt, 2017, 56(31), H15 doi: 10.1364/AO.56.000H15
[16]	Yu T, Liu S, Zhang J, et al. InAs-based interband cascade lasers at 4.0 μm operating at room temperature. J Semicond, 2018, 39(11), 114003 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/39/11/114003
[17]	Fewster P F. Interface roughness and period variations in MQW structures determined by X-ray diffraction. J Appl Cryst, 1988, 21(5), 524 doi: 10.1107/S0021889888006569
[18]	Fewster P F. X-ray diffraction from low-dimensional structures. Semicond Sci Technol, 1993, 8(11), 1915 doi: 10.1088/0268-1242/8/11/001
[19]	Savage D, Kleiner J, Schimke N, et al. Determination of roughness correlations in multilayer films for x-ray mirrors. J Appl Phys, 1991, 69(3), 1411 doi: 10.1063/1.347281
[20]	Botez D, Chang C C, Mawst L J. Temperature sensitivity of the electro-optical characteristics for mid-infrared (λ = 3–16 μm)-emitting quantum cascade lasers. J Phys D, 2015, 49(4), 043001 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/49/4/043001
[21]	Lyakh A, Maulini R, Tsekoun A, et al. Multiwatt long wavelength quantum cascade lasers based on high strain composition with 70% injection efficiency. Opt Express, 2012, 20(22), 24272 doi: 10.1364/OE.20.024272
[22]	Yang P, Zhang J, Gu Z, et al. Coupled-ridge waveguide quantum cascade laser array lasing at λ ~ 5 µm. J Semicond, 2021, 42(9), 092901 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/9/092901
[23]	Wittmann A, Bonetti Y, Fischer M, et al. Distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 9 μm operating in continuous wave up to 423 K. IEEE Photonics Technol Lett, 2009, 21(12), 814 doi: 10.1109/LPT.2009.2019117
[24]	Chiu Y, Dikmelik Y, Liu P Q, et al. Importance of interface roughness induced intersubband scattering in mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 101(17), 171117 doi: 10.1063/1.4764516
[25]	Xu G, Li A. Interface phonons in the active region of a quantum cascade laser. Phys Rev B, 2005, 71(23), 235304 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.71.235304
[26]	Boyle C, Oresick K M, Kirch J D, et al. Carrier leakage via interface-roughness scattering bridges gap between theoretical and experimental internal efficiencies of quantum cascade lasers. Appl Phys Lett, 2020, 117(5), 051101 doi: 10.1063/5.0007812
[27]	Semtsiv M P, Flores Y, Chashnikova M, et al. Low-threshold intersubband laser based on interface-scattering-rate engineering. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100(16), 163502 doi: 10.1063/1.3701824

High power λ ~ 8.5 μm quantum cascade laser grown by MOCVD operating continuous-wave up to 408 K

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High power λ ~ 8.5 μm quantum cascade laser grown by MOCVD operating continuous-wave up to 408 K

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High power λ ~ 8.5 μm quantum cascade laser grown by MOCVD operating continuous-wave up to 408 K

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/11/112301

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