J. Semicond. > 2022, Volume 43 > Issue 3 > 030202
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

The origin and evolution of Y6 structure

Jiamin Cao1, , Lifei Yi1 and Liming Ding2,

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 Corresponding author: Jiamin Cao, jiamincao@hnust.edu.cn; Liming Ding, ding@nanoctr.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/3/030202

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During last several years, electron acceptors for organic solar cells (OSCs) have experienced three major innovations. The first invention was a fused-ring electron acceptor (FREA), ITIC, reported by Zhan et al. in 2015, which consists of an indacenodithienothiophene (IDTT) donor core and two 3-dicyanomethylene-1-indanone (IC) as the end-groups[1]. ITIC cells exhibited comparable performance to PC61BM cells, and inspired the development of hundreds nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs). The second breakthrough is the 14.08% power conversion efficiency (PCE) delivered by a low-bandgap nonfullerene acceptor COi8DFIC with strong NIR absorption, invented by Ding et al.[2, 3]. The third star acceptor is Y6, developed by Zou et al. in 2019[4]. Y6 and its derivatives (Y-series NFAs) are very promising[5, 6]. Ding et al. developed polymer donor D18 and its outstanding derivatives[7-10], and the D18:Y6 cells gave a PCE of 18.22%[7], which was the first time for OSCs to deliver PCEs over 18%.

The core of Y6, dithienothiophen[3,2-b]pyrrolobenzothiadiazole, was derived from unit DTPBT (Fig. 1), which was reported by Cheng et al. in 2011[11, 12]. This ladder-type unit fuses central electron-deficient benzothiadiazole (BT) and two electron-rich thiophenes by two pyrroles, and it endows its copolymers with strong intermolecular π–π interaction, enhanced light absorption, and decent photovoltaic performance[12]. Zou et al. developed ladder-type unit dithieno[3,2-b]pyrrolobenzotriazole (BZTP) and used it as the core of acceptor BZIC[13]. BZIC presented broad absorption with a low optical bandgap of 1.45 eV, high lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, and strong π–π interactions, and HFQx-T:BZIC cells gave a PCE of 6.30%. Then, acceptor Y1 was synthesized by replacing two thiophenes of BZIC’s core with thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes[14]. With octacyclic dithienothiophen[3,2-b]pyrrolobenzotriazole as the D-A-D core, Y1 exhibited a red-shifted absorption, a low voltage loss of 0.57 V and a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 22.44 mA/cm2, yielding a PCE of 13.42%. Zou et al. changed benzotriazole unit of Y1 to benzothiadiazole for higher charge transport, and grafted alkyl chains at the terminals of the D-A-D core, producing Y5[15]. PBDB-T:Y5 cells offered a PCE of 14.1%. Derivated from Y5, Y6 was obtained by modifying the alkyl chains on thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes, and fluorinating the terminals[4, 16]. Y6 employs an A-DA′D-A molecular configuration with ladder-type core, fusing an electron-deficient BT in the middle. Y6 possesses enhanced intermolecular and intramolecular interactions for good electron mobility. As a strong electron-donating unit, N-alkyl pyrroles not only upshifted the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level to reduce the bandgap[17], but also suppressed over-aggregation and enhanced solubility[18]. The alkyl chains on both sides of DA′D core can help to lock conformation to enhance the order of molecular stacking[19]. Y6 cells exhibited high photocurrent, less non-radiative recombination and reduced voltage losses, giving a PCE of 15.7%[4, 20]. More Y6 derivatives were developed in a short time, pushing the PCE to 19%[6].

Figure  1.  The origin and evolution of Y6 structure.
DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Y-series NFAs present universal compatibility and excellent photovoltaic performance. First, they always exhibit pretty high PCEs when combining with many polymer donors, even some of them were designed to match fullerene acceptors or ITIC derivatives[5]. Second, they have been used in almost all high-performance OSCs, ternary or all-small-molecule devices (SM-OSCs)[21, 22]. Some efficient polymer acceptors were developed by polymerizing Y-series NFAs, and over 17% PCEs from these all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) were delivered[23-25].

In summary, to enhance PCE further, the electron mobilities for Y-series NFAs need to be improved, and the energy loss needs to be minimized. We should understand well the relationship between molecular structures and non-radiative recombination[26]. To pave the road to commercialization, more efforts should be put into molecular design to invent more high-performance acceptors and donors.

J. Cao thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21604021), Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2018JJ3141) and the Innovation Team of Huxiang High-level Talent Gathering Engineering (2021RC5028). L. Ding thanks the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0206600) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51773045, 21772030, 51922032, 21961160720) for financial support.



[1]
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[11]
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[12]
Cheng Y J, Ho Y J, Chen C H, et al. Synthesis, photophysical and photovoltaic properties of conjugated polymers containing fused donor-acceptor dithienopyrrolobenzothiadiazole and dithienopyrroloquinoxaline arenes. Macromolecules, 2012, 45, 2690 doi: 10.1021/ma202764v
[13]
Feng L, Yuan J, Zhang Z, et al. Thieno[3, 2-b]pyrrolo-fused pentacyclic benzotriazole-based acceptor for efficient organic photovoltaics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9, 31985 doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b10995
[14]
Yuan J, Huang T, Cheng P, et al. Enabling low voltage losses and high photocurrent in fullerene-free organic photovoltaics. Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 570 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08386-9
[15]
Yuan J, Zhang Y, Zhou L, et al. Fused benzothiadiazole: a building block for n-type organic acceptor to achieve high-performance organic solar cells. Adv Mater, 2019, 31, 1807577 doi: 10.1002/adma.201807577
[16]
Wei Q, Liu W, Leclerc M, et al. A-DA′D-A non-fullerene acceptors for high-performance organic solar cells. Sci China Chem, 2020, 63, 1352 doi: 10.1007/s11426-020-9799-4
[17]
Xie L, Zhang Y, Zhuang W, et al. Low-bandgap nonfullerene acceptor based on thieno[3, 2-b]indole core for highly efficient binary and ternary organic solar cells. Chem Eng J, 2022, 427, 131674 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131674
[18]
Duan C, Ding L. The new era for organic solar cells: non-fullerene small molecular acceptors. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1231 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.04.030
[19]
Yuan J, Zhang C, Chen H, et al. Understanding energetic disorder in electron-deficient-core-based non-fullerene solar cells. Sci China Chem, 2020, 63, 1159 doi: 10.1007/s11426-020-9747-9
[20]
Liu S, Yuan J, Deng W, et al. High-efficiency organic solar cells with low non-radiative recombination loss and low energetic disorder. Nat Photonics, 2020, 14, 300 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0573-5
[21]
Qin J, Chen Z, Bi P, et al. 17% efficiency all-small-molecule organic solar cells enabled by nanoscale phase separation with a hierarchical branched structure. Energy Environ Sci, 2021, 14, 5903 doi: 10.1039/d1ee02124a
[22]
Jin K, Xiao Z, Ding L. D18, an eximious solar polymer. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 010502 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/3/010502
[23]
Ji X, Xiao Z, Sun H, et al. Polymer acceptors for all-polymer solar cells. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 080202 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/8/080202
[24]
Sun R, Wang W, Yu H, et al. Achieving over 17% efficiency of ternary all-polymer solar cells with two well-compatible polymer acceptors. Joule, 2021, 5, 1548 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.04.007
[25]
Fan Q, Xiao Z, Wang E, et al. Polymer acceptors based on Y6 derivatives for all-polymer solar cells. Sci Bull, 2021, 66, 1950 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.002
[26]
Yuan J, Zhang H, Zhang R, et al. Reducing voltage losses in the A-DA′D-A acceptor-based organic solar cells. Chem, 2020, 6, 2147 doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.08.003
Fig. 1.  The origin and evolution of Y6 structure.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
[1]
Lin Y, Wang J, Zhang Z G, et al. An electron acceptor challenging fullerenes for efficient polymer solar cells. Adv Mater, 2015, 27, 1170 doi: 10.1002/adma.201404317
[2]
Xiao Z, Jia X, Li D, et al. 26 mA cm–2 Jsc from organic solar cells with a low-bandgap nonfullerene acceptor. Sci Bull, 2017, 62, 1494 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.10.017
[3]
Xiao Z, Jia X, Ding L, et al. Ternary organic solar cells offer 14% power conversion efficiency. Sci Bull, 2017, 62, 1562 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.11.003
[4]
Yuan J, Zhang Y, Zhou L, et al. Single-junction organic solar cell with over 15% efficiency using fused-ring acceptor with electron-deficient core. Joule, 2019, 3, 1140 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.01.004
[5]
Li S, Li C Z, Shi M, et al. New phase for organic solar cell research: emergence of Y-series electron acceptors and their perspectives. ACS Energy Lett, 2020, 5, 1554 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00537
[6]
Cui Y, Xu Y, Yao H, et al. Single-junction organic photovoltaic cell with 19% efficiency. Adv Mater, 2021, 33, 2102420 doi: 10.1002/adma.202102420
[7]
Liu Q, Jiang Y, Jin K, et al. 18% Efficiency organic solar cells. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 272 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.01.001
[8]
Qin J, Zhang L, Zuo C, et al. A chlorinated copolymer donor demonstrates a 18.13% power conversion efficiency. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 010501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/1/010501
[9]
Jin K, Xiao Z, Ding L. 18.69% PCE from organic solar cells. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 060502 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/6/060502
[10]
Meng X, Jin K, Xiao Z, et al. Side chain engineering on D18 polymers yields 18.74% power conversion efficiency. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 100501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/100501
[11]
Cheng Y J, Chen C H, Ho Y J, et al. Thieno[3, 2-b]pyrrolo donor fused with benzothiadiazolo, benzoselenadiazolo and quinoxalino acceptors: synthesis, characterization, and molecular properties. Org Lett, 2011, 13, 5484 doi: 10.1021/ol202199v
[12]
Cheng Y J, Ho Y J, Chen C H, et al. Synthesis, photophysical and photovoltaic properties of conjugated polymers containing fused donor-acceptor dithienopyrrolobenzothiadiazole and dithienopyrroloquinoxaline arenes. Macromolecules, 2012, 45, 2690 doi: 10.1021/ma202764v
[13]
Feng L, Yuan J, Zhang Z, et al. Thieno[3, 2-b]pyrrolo-fused pentacyclic benzotriazole-based acceptor for efficient organic photovoltaics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9, 31985 doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b10995
[14]
Yuan J, Huang T, Cheng P, et al. Enabling low voltage losses and high photocurrent in fullerene-free organic photovoltaics. Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 570 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08386-9
[15]
Yuan J, Zhang Y, Zhou L, et al. Fused benzothiadiazole: a building block for n-type organic acceptor to achieve high-performance organic solar cells. Adv Mater, 2019, 31, 1807577 doi: 10.1002/adma.201807577
[16]
Wei Q, Liu W, Leclerc M, et al. A-DA′D-A non-fullerene acceptors for high-performance organic solar cells. Sci China Chem, 2020, 63, 1352 doi: 10.1007/s11426-020-9799-4
[17]
Xie L, Zhang Y, Zhuang W, et al. Low-bandgap nonfullerene acceptor based on thieno[3, 2-b]indole core for highly efficient binary and ternary organic solar cells. Chem Eng J, 2022, 427, 131674 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131674
[18]
Duan C, Ding L. The new era for organic solar cells: non-fullerene small molecular acceptors. Sci Bull, 2020, 65, 1231 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.04.030
[19]
Yuan J, Zhang C, Chen H, et al. Understanding energetic disorder in electron-deficient-core-based non-fullerene solar cells. Sci China Chem, 2020, 63, 1159 doi: 10.1007/s11426-020-9747-9
[20]
Liu S, Yuan J, Deng W, et al. High-efficiency organic solar cells with low non-radiative recombination loss and low energetic disorder. Nat Photonics, 2020, 14, 300 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0573-5
[21]
Qin J, Chen Z, Bi P, et al. 17% efficiency all-small-molecule organic solar cells enabled by nanoscale phase separation with a hierarchical branched structure. Energy Environ Sci, 2021, 14, 5903 doi: 10.1039/d1ee02124a
[22]
Jin K, Xiao Z, Ding L. D18, an eximious solar polymer. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 010502 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/3/010502
[23]
Ji X, Xiao Z, Sun H, et al. Polymer acceptors for all-polymer solar cells. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 080202 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/8/080202
[24]
Sun R, Wang W, Yu H, et al. Achieving over 17% efficiency of ternary all-polymer solar cells with two well-compatible polymer acceptors. Joule, 2021, 5, 1548 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.04.007
[25]
Fan Q, Xiao Z, Wang E, et al. Polymer acceptors based on Y6 derivatives for all-polymer solar cells. Sci Bull, 2021, 66, 1950 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.002
[26]
Yuan J, Zhang H, Zhang R, et al. Reducing voltage losses in the A-DA′D-A acceptor-based organic solar cells. Chem, 2020, 6, 2147 doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.08.003
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    Received: 02 November 2021 Revised: Online: Accepted Manuscript: 02 November 2021Uncorrected proof: 04 November 2021Published: 10 March 2022

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2022  >  43(3): 030202
      Jiamin Cao, Lifei Yi, Liming Ding. The origin and evolution of Y6 structure[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(3): 030202. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/3/030202 ****J M Cao, L F Yi, L M Ding, The origin and evolution of Y6 structure[J]. J. Semicond., 2022, 43(3): 030202. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/3/030202.
      Citation:
      Jiamin Cao, Lifei Yi, Liming Ding. The origin and evolution of Y6 structure[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(3): 030202. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/3/030202 ****
      J M Cao, L F Yi, L M Ding, The origin and evolution of Y6 structure[J]. J. Semicond., 2022, 43(3): 030202. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/3/030202.
      shu

      The origin and evolution of Y6 structure

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/3/030202
      • 1.

        Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule (MoE), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China

      • 2.

        Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China

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      • Jiamin Cao：got his PhD from National Center for Nanoscience and Technology in 2015 under the supervision of Professor Liming Ding. He was a visiting scholar in Ergang Wang Group at Chalmers University of Technology from Aug. 2018 to Aug. 2019. Now he is an associate professor in Hunan University of Science and Technology. His research focuses on organic functional materials for optoelectronics
      • Lifei Yi：obtained her BS in 2020. Now she is a master student at Hunan University of Science and Technology. Her work focuses on nonfullerene acceptors
      • Liming Ding：got his PhD from University of Science and Technology of China (was a joint student at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS). He started his research on OSCs and PLEDs in Olle Inganäs Lab in 1998. Later on, he worked at National Center for Polymer Research, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Argonne National Lab (USA). He joined Konarka as a Senior Scientist in 2008. In 2010, he joined National Center for Nanoscience and Technology as a full professor. His research focuses on innovative materials and devices. He is RSC Fellow, the nominator for Xplorer Prize, and the Associate Editor for Journal of Semiconductors
      • Corresponding author: jiamincao@hnust.edu.cn; ding@nanoctr.cn
      • Received Date: 2021-11-02
      • Published Date: 2022-03-10

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