J. Semicond. > 2023, Volume 44 > Issue 11 > 110201

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Mechanical pressing method for making high-quality perovskite single crystals

Chenglin Wang1, Jie Sun3, Jiangzhao Chen2, , Cong Chen1, 4, and Liming Ding3,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Jiangzhao Chen, jiangzhaochen@cqu.edu.cn; Cong Chen, chencong@hebut.edu.cn; Liming Ding, ding@nanoctr.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/110201

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Halide perovskites show excellent photovoltaic properties[14]. However, the preparation of high-quality perovskite crystals remains a great challenge, which limits their applications. Perovskite materials applied to photodetectors mainly include polycrystalline thin films and single crystals. Traditional solution methods are used to prepare polycrystalline thin films, and the films are full of defects such as voids and grain boundaries[57]. Compared to polycrystalline thin films, perovskite single crystals possess high crystallinity and low defect density[810]. Photodetectors based on perovskite single crystals exhibit excellent performance[11]. However, the size limitation of single crystals hinders their application in photodetectors[12].

There are several reports on perovskite quasi-single crystal wafers for photodetectors, which show low defect density and good performance[1316]. The soft lattice of perovskite allows perovskite powder to be sufficiently deformed and densified under low pressure[17, 18]. Shrestha et al. used a mechanical pressing process to make polycrystalline MAPbI3 wafer with millimeter thickness and high crystallinity (Fig. 1(a))[13]. They made MAPbI3 wafers by applying a pressure of 0.3 GPa for 5 min to the microcrystals precipitated from solution. The wafer was then pressed onto PEDOT substrate under a pressure of 15 MPa for 2 min, thus obtaining an X-ray detector (Fig. 1(b)). The device exhibited a sensitivity of 2527 μC/(Gyair∙cm2) under 70 kVp X-ray exposure (Fig. 1(c)).

Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) The sintered MAPbI3 wafer. (b) The X-ray detector with MAPbI3 wafer. (c) Extracted charge at E = 0.2 V∙μm−1 for MAPbI3-wafer-based device and CdTe reference detector. All exposures are 2-s-long pulses from an X-ray source operated at 70 kV. Reproduced with permission[13], Copyright 2017, Nature Publishing Group. (d) Densification of perovskites in graphite die. (e) UV-vis absorption and steady-state PL spectra for FAST-MAPbI3 and MAPbI3 powder. (f) IV curve for the holy-only device under dark. Reproduced with permission[16], Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group.

In addition to applying a stress field to the microcrystals/powder from perovskite precursor, a secondary coupling effect can be triggered. The direct densification of perovskite from powder to high-quality bulk crystals can be achieved in minutes under the dual action of a stress field and a thermal/electric field. Hu et al. prepared large MAPbI3 wafers (diameter ~80 mm) from perovskite powder by heat-assisted pressing method[19]. The X-ray detector with MAPbI3 wafers has an X-ray sensitivity of 1.22 × 105 μC/(Gyair∙cm2) at 10 V bias. Zheng et al. first reported an electric and mechanical field-assisted sintering technique (EM-FAST) for making perovskite wafers, which can produce high-quality bulk crystals in 5 min (Fig. 1(d))[16]. The pressure leads to better contact between the particles, thus forming a sintered neck. The small contact area at the sintered neck leads to an increase in local pressure, which triggers grain boundary diffusion and sliding. Moreover, localized thermal concentration is induced at the neck under the application of electric field, and this surface heating triggers mass transfer and grain integration. A very dense bulk crystal was obtained by using the FAST method. The optical bandgap of FAST product (1.45 eV) is close to that of the single crystal (1.51 eV) (Fig. 1(e)). The defect density of FAST product reaches 5.4 × 1010 cm−3, which is close to that of the single crystal (Fig. 1(f)).

The same passivation strategies applied in solution engineering can also be applied to mechanical pressing methods. Yang et al. introduced a bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) heteroepitaxial passivation layer in Cs2AgBiBr6 polycrystalline wafers (Figs. 2(a) and 2(b))[14]. BiOBr initiated the epitaxial growth of Cs2AgBiBr6 grain boundaries, resulting in a grain size of 100 μm while passivating the grain boundary defects and eliminating the ion migration. The detector showed improved stability with a sensitivity of 250 μC/(Gyair∙cm2) (Fig. 2(c)).

Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) Ion migration. (b) Suppressed ion migration by BiOBr passivation. (c) X-ray sensitivity under different electric fields. Reproduced with permission[14], Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group. (d) Photoresponse spectrum for the photodetector at 5 V. (e) Response time of the photodetector at 5 V. (f) Photocurrent of the photodetector as a function of time measured during periodical switching of 800 nm light illumination at 5 V. Reproduced with permission[20], Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Witt et al. investigated the factors such as pressure, pressing time and temperature during the pressing process[15]. Above 35 °C, rapid compression occurred, mainly due to two relaxation processes caused by plastic deformation and particle rearrangement. The optimal pressing conditions (100 MPa, 100 °C, 130 min) yield MAPbI3 wafers with relative density >97%, high crystallinity, and an average size of 1.9 μm. Besides X-ray detectors, perovskite wafers can also be used in near-infrared detectors. Yu et al. made dense and smooth MAPbI3 wafers from MAPbI3 single crystals by hot pressing method[20]. The near-infrared detector exhibited a responsivity of 2.1 A∙W−1 (Fig. 2(d)), rise and decay time of ~239 μs and ~6.13 ms (Fig. 2(e)), and high cycling stability (Fig. 2(f)).

Most photodetectors are made from polycrystalline films or single crystals of perovskite[2123]. All efforts focus on defect passivation[24, 25], interface modification[26, 27] and film formation control[28] of polycrystalline thin films as well as crystallization engineering of single crystals. Mechanical pressing method is an easy and fast process for preparing perovskite bulk crystals. It is also necessary to achieve high adhesion between perovskite wafers and the underlying substrate. We should explore the adaptability of perovskite materials with other materials (metals[29], carbon[30], 2D materials[31], etc.) to improve device performance.

Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62004058 and U21A2076), Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (F2020202022), State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment (EERI_PI20200005), S&T Program of Hebei (215676146H and 225676163GH), and Hebei Graduate Innovation Funding Project (CXZZBS2023037 and CXZZSS2023026). L. Ding thanks the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB3803300), the open research fund of Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory (2021SLABFK02), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21961160720).


[1]
Zhu L H, Zhang X, Li M J, et al. Trap state passivation by rational ligand molecule engineering toward efficient and stable perovskite solar cells exceeding 23% efficiency. Adv Energy Mater, 2021, 11, 2100529 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202100529
[2]
Gao D Y, Li R, Chen X H, et al. Managing interfacial defects and carriers by synergistic modulation of functional groups and spatial conformation for high-performance perovskite photovoltaics based on vacuum flash method. Adv Mater, 2023, 35, 2301028 doi: 10.1002/adma.202301028
[3]
Zhao Y, Ma F, Qu Z H, et al. Inactive (PbI2)2RbCl stabilizes perovskite films for efficient solar cells. Science, 2022, 377, 531 doi: 10.1126/science.abp8873
[4]
Park J, Kim J, Yun H S, et al. Controlled growth of perovskite layers with volatile alkylammonium chlorides. Nature, 2023, 616, 724 doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05825-y
[5]
Wu H R, Su Z S, Jin F M, et al. Improved performance of perovskite photodetectors based on a solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3/SnO2 heterojunction. Org Electron, 2018, 57, 206 doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2018.03.018
[6]
Yin W J, Shi T T, Yan Y F. Unusual defect physics in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell absorber. Appl Phys Lett, 2014, 104, 063903 doi: 10.1063/1.4864778
[7]
Ono L K, Liu S Z, Qi Y B. Reducing detrimental defects for high-performance metal halide perovskite solar cells. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2020, 59, 6676 doi: 10.1002/anie.201905521
[8]
Bao C X, Chen Z L, Fang Y J, et al. Low-noise and large-linear-dynamic-range photodetectors based on hybrid-perovskite thin-single-crystals. Adv Mater, 2017, 29, 1703209 doi: 10.1002/adma.201703209
[9]
Zhang Y X, Liu Y C, Yang Z, et al. High-quality perovskite MAPbI3 single crystals for broad-spectrum and rapid response integrate photodetector. J Energy Chem, 2018, 27, 722 doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2017.11.002
[10]
Ding J, Fang H J, Lian Z P, et al. A self-powered photodetector based on a CH3NH3PbI3 single crystal with asymmetric electrodes. Cryst Eng Comm, 2016, 18, 4405 doi: 10.1039/C5CE02531A
[11]
Yu J, Zheng J, Chen H Y, et al. Near-infrared photodetectors based on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite single crystals for bioimaging applications. J Mater Chem C, 2022, 10, 274 doi: 10.1039/D1TC04961E
[12]
Leupold N, Panzer F. Recent advances and perspectives on powder-based halide perovskite film processing. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31, 2007350 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202007350
[13]
Shrestha S, Fischer R, Matt G J, et al. High-performance direct conversion X-ray detectors based on sintered hybrid lead triiodide perovskite wafers. Nat Photonics, 2017, 11, 436 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2017.94
[14]
Yang B, Pan W C, Wu H D, et al. Heteroepitaxial passivation of Cs2AgBiBr6 wafers with suppressed ionic migration for X-ray imaging. Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 1989 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09968-3
[15]
Witt C, Schmid A, Leupold N, et al. Impact of pressure and temperature on the compaction dynamics and layer properties of powder-pressed methylammonium lead halide thick films. ACS Appl Electron Mater, 2020, 2, 2619 doi: 10.1021/acsaelm.0c00493
[16]
Zheng L Y, Nozariasbmarz A, Hou Y C, et al. A universal all-solid synthesis for high throughput production of halide perovskite. Nat Commun, 2022, 13, 7399 doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35122-7
[17]
Bonn M, Miyata K, Hendry E, et al. Role of dielectric drag in polaron mobility in lead halide perovskites. ACS Energy Lett, 2017, 2, 2555 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00717
[18]
Skrotzki W, Frommeyer O, Haasen P. Plasticity of polycrystalline ionic solids. Phys Status Solidi A, 1981, 66, 219 doi: 10.1002/pssa.2210660125
[19]
Hu M X, Jia S S, Liu Y C, et al. Large and dense organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 wafer fabricated by one-step reactive direct wafer production with high X-ray sensitivity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12, 16592 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b23158
[20]
Yu J, Qu Y M, Deng Y F, et al. Hot-pressed CH3NH3PbI3 polycrystalline wafers for near-infrared bioimaging and medical X-ray imaging. J Mater Chem C, 2023, 11, 5815 doi: 10.1039/D3TC00760J
[21]
Jing H, Peng R W, Ma R M, et al. Flexible ultrathin single-crystalline perovskite photodetector. Nano Lett, 2020, 20, 7144 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02468
[22]
Sun J, Ding L M. Linearly polarization-sensitive perovskite photodetectors. Nano-Micro Lett, 2023, 15, 90 doi: 10.1007/s40820-023-01048-y
[23]
Cheng Y H, Ding L M. Pushing commercialization of perovskite solar cells by improving their intrinsic stability. Energy Environ Sci, 2021, 14, 3233 doi: 10.1039/D1EE00493J
[24]
Jiang Q, Zhao Y, Zhang X W, et al. Surface passivation of perovskite film for efficient solar cells. Nat Photonics, 2019, 13, 460 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0398-2
[25]
Liu X X, Yu Z G, Wang T A, et al. Full defects passivation enables 21% efficiency perovskite solar cells operating in air. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10, 2001958 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202001958
[26]
Gao D Y, Yang L Q, Ma X H, et al. Passivating buried interface with multifunctional novel ionic liquid containing simultaneously fluorinated anion and cation yielding stable perovskite solar cells over 23% efficiency. J Energy Chem, 2022, 69, 659 doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2022.02.016
[27]
Zuo C T, Ding L M. Modified PEDOT layer makes a 1.52 V Voc for perovskite/PCBM solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2017, 7, 1601193 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201601193
[28]
Zuo C T, Ding L M. Drop-casting to make efficient perovskite solar cells under high humidity. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2021, 133, 11342 doi: 10.1002/ange.202101868
[29]
Liu B, Wang J S, Liu Y, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of equimolar FeCoCrNi high entropy alloy prepared via powder extrusion. Intermetallics, 2016, 75, 25 doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2016.05.006
[30]
Ibrahim K, Shahin A, Jones A, et al. Humidity-resistant perovskite solar cells via the incorporation of halogenated graphene particles. Sol Energy, 2021, 224, 787 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.06.016
[31]
Li X T, Hoffman J M, Kanatzidis M G. The 2D halide perovskite rulebook: How the spacer influences everything from the structure to optoelectronic device efficiency. Chem Rev, 2021, 121, 2230 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01006
Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) The sintered MAPbI3 wafer. (b) The X-ray detector with MAPbI3 wafer. (c) Extracted charge at E = 0.2 V∙μm−1 for MAPbI3-wafer-based device and CdTe reference detector. All exposures are 2-s-long pulses from an X-ray source operated at 70 kV. Reproduced with permission[13], Copyright 2017, Nature Publishing Group. (d) Densification of perovskites in graphite die. (e) UV-vis absorption and steady-state PL spectra for FAST-MAPbI3 and MAPbI3 powder. (f) IV curve for the holy-only device under dark. Reproduced with permission[16], Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group.

Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) Ion migration. (b) Suppressed ion migration by BiOBr passivation. (c) X-ray sensitivity under different electric fields. Reproduced with permission[14], Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group. (d) Photoresponse spectrum for the photodetector at 5 V. (e) Response time of the photodetector at 5 V. (f) Photocurrent of the photodetector as a function of time measured during periodical switching of 800 nm light illumination at 5 V. Reproduced with permission[20], Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry.

[1]
Zhu L H, Zhang X, Li M J, et al. Trap state passivation by rational ligand molecule engineering toward efficient and stable perovskite solar cells exceeding 23% efficiency. Adv Energy Mater, 2021, 11, 2100529 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202100529
[2]
Gao D Y, Li R, Chen X H, et al. Managing interfacial defects and carriers by synergistic modulation of functional groups and spatial conformation for high-performance perovskite photovoltaics based on vacuum flash method. Adv Mater, 2023, 35, 2301028 doi: 10.1002/adma.202301028
[3]
Zhao Y, Ma F, Qu Z H, et al. Inactive (PbI2)2RbCl stabilizes perovskite films for efficient solar cells. Science, 2022, 377, 531 doi: 10.1126/science.abp8873
[4]
Park J, Kim J, Yun H S, et al. Controlled growth of perovskite layers with volatile alkylammonium chlorides. Nature, 2023, 616, 724 doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05825-y
[5]
Wu H R, Su Z S, Jin F M, et al. Improved performance of perovskite photodetectors based on a solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3/SnO2 heterojunction. Org Electron, 2018, 57, 206 doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2018.03.018
[6]
Yin W J, Shi T T, Yan Y F. Unusual defect physics in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cell absorber. Appl Phys Lett, 2014, 104, 063903 doi: 10.1063/1.4864778
[7]
Ono L K, Liu S Z, Qi Y B. Reducing detrimental defects for high-performance metal halide perovskite solar cells. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2020, 59, 6676 doi: 10.1002/anie.201905521
[8]
Bao C X, Chen Z L, Fang Y J, et al. Low-noise and large-linear-dynamic-range photodetectors based on hybrid-perovskite thin-single-crystals. Adv Mater, 2017, 29, 1703209 doi: 10.1002/adma.201703209
[9]
Zhang Y X, Liu Y C, Yang Z, et al. High-quality perovskite MAPbI3 single crystals for broad-spectrum and rapid response integrate photodetector. J Energy Chem, 2018, 27, 722 doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2017.11.002
[10]
Ding J, Fang H J, Lian Z P, et al. A self-powered photodetector based on a CH3NH3PbI3 single crystal with asymmetric electrodes. Cryst Eng Comm, 2016, 18, 4405 doi: 10.1039/C5CE02531A
[11]
Yu J, Zheng J, Chen H Y, et al. Near-infrared photodetectors based on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite single crystals for bioimaging applications. J Mater Chem C, 2022, 10, 274 doi: 10.1039/D1TC04961E
[12]
Leupold N, Panzer F. Recent advances and perspectives on powder-based halide perovskite film processing. Adv Funct Mater, 2021, 31, 2007350 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202007350
[13]
Shrestha S, Fischer R, Matt G J, et al. High-performance direct conversion X-ray detectors based on sintered hybrid lead triiodide perovskite wafers. Nat Photonics, 2017, 11, 436 doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2017.94
[14]
Yang B, Pan W C, Wu H D, et al. Heteroepitaxial passivation of Cs2AgBiBr6 wafers with suppressed ionic migration for X-ray imaging. Nat Commun, 2019, 10, 1989 doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09968-3
[15]
Witt C, Schmid A, Leupold N, et al. Impact of pressure and temperature on the compaction dynamics and layer properties of powder-pressed methylammonium lead halide thick films. ACS Appl Electron Mater, 2020, 2, 2619 doi: 10.1021/acsaelm.0c00493
[16]
Zheng L Y, Nozariasbmarz A, Hou Y C, et al. A universal all-solid synthesis for high throughput production of halide perovskite. Nat Commun, 2022, 13, 7399 doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35122-7
[17]
Bonn M, Miyata K, Hendry E, et al. Role of dielectric drag in polaron mobility in lead halide perovskites. ACS Energy Lett, 2017, 2, 2555 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00717
[18]
Skrotzki W, Frommeyer O, Haasen P. Plasticity of polycrystalline ionic solids. Phys Status Solidi A, 1981, 66, 219 doi: 10.1002/pssa.2210660125
[19]
Hu M X, Jia S S, Liu Y C, et al. Large and dense organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 wafer fabricated by one-step reactive direct wafer production with high X-ray sensitivity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12, 16592 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b23158
[20]
Yu J, Qu Y M, Deng Y F, et al. Hot-pressed CH3NH3PbI3 polycrystalline wafers for near-infrared bioimaging and medical X-ray imaging. J Mater Chem C, 2023, 11, 5815 doi: 10.1039/D3TC00760J
[21]
Jing H, Peng R W, Ma R M, et al. Flexible ultrathin single-crystalline perovskite photodetector. Nano Lett, 2020, 20, 7144 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02468
[22]
Sun J, Ding L M. Linearly polarization-sensitive perovskite photodetectors. Nano-Micro Lett, 2023, 15, 90 doi: 10.1007/s40820-023-01048-y
[23]
Cheng Y H, Ding L M. Pushing commercialization of perovskite solar cells by improving their intrinsic stability. Energy Environ Sci, 2021, 14, 3233 doi: 10.1039/D1EE00493J
[24]
Jiang Q, Zhao Y, Zhang X W, et al. Surface passivation of perovskite film for efficient solar cells. Nat Photonics, 2019, 13, 460 doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0398-2
[25]
Liu X X, Yu Z G, Wang T A, et al. Full defects passivation enables 21% efficiency perovskite solar cells operating in air. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10, 2001958 doi: 10.1002/aenm.202001958
[26]
Gao D Y, Yang L Q, Ma X H, et al. Passivating buried interface with multifunctional novel ionic liquid containing simultaneously fluorinated anion and cation yielding stable perovskite solar cells over 23% efficiency. J Energy Chem, 2022, 69, 659 doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2022.02.016
[27]
Zuo C T, Ding L M. Modified PEDOT layer makes a 1.52 V Voc for perovskite/PCBM solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2017, 7, 1601193 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201601193
[28]
Zuo C T, Ding L M. Drop-casting to make efficient perovskite solar cells under high humidity. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2021, 133, 11342 doi: 10.1002/ange.202101868
[29]
Liu B, Wang J S, Liu Y, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of equimolar FeCoCrNi high entropy alloy prepared via powder extrusion. Intermetallics, 2016, 75, 25 doi: 10.1016/j.intermet.2016.05.006
[30]
Ibrahim K, Shahin A, Jones A, et al. Humidity-resistant perovskite solar cells via the incorporation of halogenated graphene particles. Sol Energy, 2021, 224, 787 doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.06.016
[31]
Li X T, Hoffman J M, Kanatzidis M G. The 2D halide perovskite rulebook: How the spacer influences everything from the structure to optoelectronic device efficiency. Chem Rev, 2021, 121, 2230 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01006
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    Received: 25 September 2023 Revised: Online: Accepted Manuscript: 27 September 2023Corrected proof: 27 September 2023Published: 10 November 2023

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      Chenglin Wang, Jie Sun, Jiangzhao Chen, Cong Chen, Liming Ding. Mechanical pressing method for making high-quality perovskite single crystals[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(11): 110201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/110201 ****C L Wang, J Sun, J Z Chen, C Chen, L M Ding. Mechanical pressing method for making high-quality perovskite single crystals[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(11): 110201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/110201
      Citation:
      Chenglin Wang, Jie Sun, Jiangzhao Chen, Cong Chen, Liming Ding. Mechanical pressing method for making high-quality perovskite single crystals[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(11): 110201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/110201 ****
      C L Wang, J Sun, J Z Chen, C Chen, L M Ding. Mechanical pressing method for making high-quality perovskite single crystals[J]. J. Semicond, 2023, 44(11): 110201. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/110201

      Mechanical pressing method for making high-quality perovskite single crystals

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/11/110201
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      • Chenglin Wang:got his BE from Hebei University of Technology in June 2020. Now he is a Master student in School of Materials Science and Engineering under the supervision of Prof. Cong Chen at Hebei University of Technology. His research focuses on perovskite solar cells
      • Jie Sun:got her BS from Minzu University of China in 2021. Now she is a PhD student at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences under the supervision of Prof. Liming Ding. Her research focuses on perovskite devices
      • Jiangzhao Chen:is a professor at College of Optoelectronic Engineering in Chongqing University. He received PhD from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and then worked as a postdoc at Sungkyunkwan University and at the University of Hong Kong, respectively. His work focuses on perovskite solar cells
      • Cong Chen:is currently an associate professor at Hebei University of Technology. He received his PhD from Jilin University in June 2019. His research focuses on solar cells and NIR photodetectors
      • Liming Ding:got his PhD from University of Science and Technology of China (was a joint student at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS). He started his research on OSCs and PLEDs in Olle Ingans Lab in 1998. Later on, he worked at National Center for Polymer Research, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Argonne National Lab (USA). He joined Konarka as a Senior Scientist in 2008. In 2010, he joined National Center for Nanoscience and Technology as a full professor. His research focuses on innovative materials and devices. He is RSC Fellow, and the Associate Editor for Journal of Semiconductors
      • Corresponding author: jiangzhaochen@cqu.edu.cnchencong@hebut.edu.cnding@nanoctr.cn
      • Received Date: 2023-09-25
        Available Online: 2023-09-27

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