J. Semicond. > 2023, Volume 44 > Issue 2 > 023102
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REVIEWS

Application and prospect of semiconductor biosensors in detection of viral zoonoses

Jiahao Zheng1, Chunyan Feng1, 2, Songyin Qiu1, Ke Xu3, Caixia Wang1, Xiaofei Liu1, Jizhou Lv2, Haoyang Yu1 and Shaoqiang Wu1,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Shaoqiang Wu, sqwu@sina.com

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/2/023102

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Abstract: The rapid spread of viral zoonoses can cause severe consequences, including huge economic loss, public health problems or even global crisis of society. Clinical detection technology plays a very important role in the prevention and control of such zoonoses. The rapid and accurate detection of the pathogens of the diseases can directly lead to the early report and early successful control of the diseases. With the advantages of being easy to use, fast, portable, multiplexing and cost-effective, semiconductor biosensors are kinds of detection devices that play an important role in preventing epidemics, and thus have become one of the research hotspots. Here, we summarized the advances of semiconductor biosensors in viral zoonoses detection. By discussing the major principles and applications of each method for different pathogens, this review proposed the directions of designing semiconductor biosensors for clinical application and put forward perspectives in diagnostic of viral zoonoses.

Key words: semiconductor biosensor, viral zoonoses, graphene, silicon nanowire, carbon nanotube



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Høiby N. Pandemics: Past, present, future: That is like choosing between cholera and plague. APMIS, 2021, 129, 352 doi: 10.1111/apm.13098
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Davies H G, Bowman C, Luby S P. Cholera – management and prevention. J Infect, 2017, 74, S66 doi: 10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30194-9
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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Schematic process of the detection of biosensor. Samples are collected from animals, human, and environment, then the virus particles, antibodies, RNA or DNA are targeted and detected by semiconductor biosensors. The signals are finally displayed by visible image.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) Schematic representation of the major principles of semiconductor biosensors. (a) Schematic representation of the identification process, the key point is the recognition and conversion element. (b) Schematic representation of the major principles for optical biosensors. (c) Schematic representation of the major principles for electrochemical biosensors.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) Schematic representation of the major principles of graphene based semiconductor biosensors. (a) Representation of the major principles of graphene FET biosensors. (b) Representation of the major principles of graphene based optical biosensors.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) Schematic representation of the major principle of silicon nanowire based semiconductor biosensor.

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Table 1.   Amplification strategies used to amplify the aimed nucleotides of the pathogens of viral zoonoses.

Strategies to amplify the aimed nucleotidesConstant/variable temperatureTypical detection zoonosesRef.
Rolling circle amplification (RCA)Constant temperatureEbola[21]
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Variable temperatureHBV[24]
Hybridization chain
reaction (HCR)		Constant temperatureInfluenza (H1N1)[23]
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)Constant temperatureDengue[22]
Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)Constant temperatureCOVID-19[25]
DownLoad: CSV

Table 2.   The overview of the graphene-based biosensors detection of viral zoonoses in the last 5 years. (Table was complemented based on Ref. [38]).

VirusMethodMaterialLimit of detectionRef.
Inflenza virus (H1N1)OpticalG/Au-Metal oxide complex7.27 fg/mL[39]
Inflenza virus (H1N1)ElectrorGO/AuNPs10−8 U/mL[40]
Inflenza virus (H1N1)ElectrorGO33 PFU/mL[41]
Inflenza virus (H1N1)OpticalrGO3.8 pg/mL[42]
Ebola virusElectrorGO2.4 pg/mL[43]
Ebola virusElectrorGO1 μg/mL[44]
Dengue virusOpticalCdSQDs-NH2-GO1 pM[45]
Dengue virusOpticalrGO0.08 pM[46]
Dengue virusOptical/ElectroGO/Ru0.38 ng/mL[47]
Dengue virusOpticalrGO/PAMAM0.08 pM[45, 46]
Hepatitis C virusOpticalrGO10 fM[48]
Hepatitis C virusOpticalrGO/CuNPs0.4 nM[49]
Hepatitis C virusElectroGO0.2 nM[50]
SARS-COV-2ElectroG1.6 PFU/mL[51]
ZIKA virusElectroG/CVD0.5 nM[52]
HIVElectroG/CVD0.1 ng/mL[53]
HIVElectroGO/PANi100 aM[54]
Hepatitis B virusElectrorGO/AuNPs3.8 ng/mL[55]
Hepatitis B virusElectroGQDs1 nM[56]
DownLoad: CSV

Table 3.   Summary of CNT based biosensors which applied in detection of viral zoonoses.

AnalyteMethodLimit of detectionDetection rangeRef.
Dengue virus NS1 proteinAmperometry35 000 pg/mL1000–2500 ng/mL[32]
Hepatitis B virus genomic DNADifferential pulse
voltammetry		3.5 fM10−14–10−8 ng/mL[33]
SARS-CoV-2 spike proteinFluorescence35 mg/LNot mentioned[34]
Dengue virus (whole)Chemiresistive8.4 × 102 TCID50/mL8.4 × 102–8.4 × 105 TCID50/mL[35]
Avian influenza virus (H5N1) DNA sequenceChemiresistiveNR2–200 pM[36]
SARS-CoV-2 spike proteinTransistor0.55 fg/mL0.0055–5.5 pg/mL[37]
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid proteinTransistor0.016 fg/mL0.016–16 pg/mL[37]
DownLoad: CSV

Table 4.   Summary of Silicon Nanowire-based biosensors which applied in detection of viral zoonoses.

AnalyteMethodDetection targetLimit of detectionRef.
Hepatitis B virusSilicon nanowire field-effect transistorHBsAg and HBx3.92 fM–0.39 pM; 5.61 fM–0.56 pM[56]
Hepatitis B virusPolycrystalline silicon NWFET sensorsHBsAg4.02 × 10−18 g/mL[57]
Influenza virusSilicon nanowire field-effect transistorHemagglutinin1 fM HA[58]
COVID-19Silicon nanowire field-effect transistorsSpike proteinNot mentioned[59]
SARS-CoV-2Silicon nanowire arraysSpike protein100 ng/mL (or 575 pM)[60, 61]
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
Judson S D, Rabinowitz P M. Zoonoses and global epidemics. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 2021, 34, 385 doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000749
[2]
Ciotti M, Ciccozzi M, Pieri M, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic: Viral variants and vaccine efficacy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 2022, 59, 66 doi: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1979462
[3]
Bernstein A S, Ando A W, Loch-Temzelides T, et al. The costs and benefits of primary prevention of zoonotic pandemics. Sci Adv, 2022, 8, eabl4183 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abl4183
[4]
Chen H, Liu K K, Li Z, et al. Point of care testing for infectious diseases. Clin Chim Acta, 2019, 493, 138 doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.008
[5]
Roychoudhury S, Das A, Sengupta P, et al. Viral pandemics of the last four decades: Pathophysiology, health impacts and perspectives. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020, 17, 9411 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249411
[6]
The National Health Commission of PRC. China Health Statistics Yearbook 2019. Peking Union Medical College Press, 2020
[7]
Ravina R, Dalal A, Mohan H R, et al. Detection methods for influenza A H1N1 virus with special reference to biosensors: A review. Biosci Rep, 2020, 40, BSR20193852 doi: 10.1042/BSR20193852
[8]
Bu J Q, Deng Z W, Liu H, et al. Current methods and prospects of coronavirus detection. Talanta, 2021, 225, 121977 doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121977
[9]
Albertoni G, Girao M J, Schor N. Mini review: current molecular methods for the detection and quantification of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Int J Infect Dis, 2014, 25, 145 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.007
[10]
Kang J, Tahir A, Wang H J, et al. Applications of nanotechnology in virus detection, tracking, and infection mechanisms. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol, 2021, 13, e1700 doi: 10.1002/wnan.1700
[11]
Wang J, Wang Z F. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis of China’s prevention and control strategy for the COVID-19 epidemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020, 17, 2235 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072235
[12]
Coltart C E M, Lindsey B, Ghinai I, et al. The Ebola outbreak, 2013-2016: Old lessons for new epidemics. Philos Trans Royal Soc B, 2017, 372, 20160297 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0297
[13]
Høiby N. Pandemics: Past, present, future: That is like choosing between cholera and plague. APMIS, 2021, 129, 352 doi: 10.1111/apm.13098
[14]
Davies H G, Bowman C, Luby S P. Cholera – management and prevention. J Infect, 2017, 74, S66 doi: 10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30194-9
[15]
Koedrith P, Thasiphu T, Weon J I, et al. Recent trends in rapid environmental monitoring of pathogens and toxicants: Potential of nanoparticle-based biosensor and applications. Sci World J, 2015, 2015, 510982 doi: 10.1155/2015/510982
[16]
Li Z, Wang P. Point-of-care drug of abuse testing in the opioid epidemic. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2020, 144, 1325 doi: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0055-RA
[17]
Shen Y, Anwar T B, Mulchandani A. Current status, advances, challenges and perspectives on biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis in resource-limited settings. Sens Actuat Rep, 2021, 3, 100025 doi: 10.1016/j.snr.2021.100025
[18]
Bhalla N, Jolly P, Formisano N, et al. Introduction to biosensors. Essays Biochem, 2016, 60, 1 doi: 10.1042/EBC20150001
[19]
Park K S. Nucleic acid aptamer-based methods for diagnosis of infections. Biosens Bioelectron, 2018, 102, 179 doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.028
[20]
Yoo S M, Lee S P. Optical biosensors for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms. Trends Biotechnol, 2016, 34, 7 doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.012
[21]
Seok Y, Batule B, Kim M G. Lab-on-paper for all-in-one molecular diagnostics (LAMDA) of zika, dengue, and chikungunya virus from human serum. Biosens Bioelectron, 2020, 165, 112400 doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112400
[22]
Kutsuna S, Saito S, Ohmagari N. Simultaneous diagnosis of dengue virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus infection using a new point-of-care testing (POCT) system based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. J Infect Chemother, 2020, 26, 1249 doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.07.001
[23]
Carinelli S, Kühnemund M, Nilsson M, et al. Yoctomole electrochemical genosensing of Ebola virus cDNA by rolling circle and circle to circle amplification. Biosens Bioelectron, 2017, 93, 65 doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.099
[24]
Yang L, Li M, Du F, et al. A novel colorimetric PCR-based biosensor for detection and quantification of hepatitis B virus. Methods Mol Biol, 2017, 1571, 357 doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.032
[25]
Eun H, Kim. Sensitive electrochemical biosensor combined with isothermal amplification for point-of-care COVID-19 tests. Biosens Bioelectron, 2021, 182, 113168 doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113168
[26]
Cadoni E, Manicardi A, Madder A. PNA-based microRNA detection methodologies. Molecules, 2020, 25, 1296 doi: 10.3390/molecules25061296
[27]
Dixon R V, Skaria E, Lau W M, et al. Microneedle-based devices for point-of-care infectious disease diagnostics. Acta Pharm Sin B, 2021, 11, 2344 doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.010
[28]
Ramakrishnan S G, Robert B, Salim A, et al. Nanotechnology based solutions to combat zoonotic viruses with special attention to SARS, MERS, and COVID 19: Detection, protection and medication. Microb Pathog, 2021, 159, 105133 doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105133
[29]
Dadina N, Tyson J, Zheng S, et al. Imaging organelle membranes in live cells at the nanoscale with lipid-based fluorescent probes. Curr Opin Chem Biol, 2021, 65, 154 doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.09.003
[30]
Elham, Sheikhzadeh. Nanomaterial application in bio/sensors for the detection of infectious diseases. Talanta, 2021, 230, 122026 doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122026
[31]
Ferrier D C, Honeychurch K C. Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based biosensors. Biosensors, 2021, 11, 486 doi: 10.3390/bios11120486
[32]
Silva M M S, Dias A C M S, Silva B V M, et al. Electrochemical detection of dengue virus NS1 protein with a poly(allylamine)/carbon nanotube layered immunoelectrode. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 2015, 90, 194 doi: 10.1002/jctb.4305
[33]
Chen M, Hou C J, Huo D Q, et al. An ultrasensitive electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a copper oxide nanowires/single-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite. Appl Surf Sci, 2016, 364, 703 doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.12.203
[34]
Pinals R L, Ledesma F, Yang D, et al. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection by carbon nanotube-based near-infrared nanosensors. Nano Lett, 2021, 21, 2272 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00118
[35]
Daniel, Wasik. A heparin-functionalized carbon nanotube-based affinity biosensor for dengue virus. Biosens Bioelectron, 2017, 91, 811 doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.01.017
[36]
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    Received: 22 December 2022 Revised: 22 January 2023 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 04 February 2023Uncorrected proof: 07 February 2023Published: 10 February 2023

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2023  >  44(2): 023102
      Jiahao Zheng, Chunyan Feng, Songyin Qiu, Ke Xu, Caixia Wang, Xiaofei Liu, Jizhou Lv, Haoyang Yu, Shaoqiang Wu. Application and prospect of semiconductor biosensors in detection of viral zoonoses[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(2): 023102. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/2/023102 ****Jiahao Zheng, Chunyan Feng, Songyin Qiu, Ke Xu, Caixia Wang, Xiaofei Liu, Jizhou Lv, Haoyang Yu, Shaoqiang Wu. 2023: Application and prospect of semiconductor biosensors in detection of viral zoonoses. Journal of Semiconductors, 44(2): 023102. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/2/023102
      Citation:
      Jiahao Zheng, Chunyan Feng, Songyin Qiu, Ke Xu, Caixia Wang, Xiaofei Liu, Jizhou Lv, Haoyang Yu, Shaoqiang Wu. Application and prospect of semiconductor biosensors in detection of viral zoonoses[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2023, 44(2): 023102. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/2/023102 ****
      Jiahao Zheng, Chunyan Feng, Songyin Qiu, Ke Xu, Caixia Wang, Xiaofei Liu, Jizhou Lv, Haoyang Yu, Shaoqiang Wu. 2023: Application and prospect of semiconductor biosensors in detection of viral zoonoses. Journal of Semiconductors, 44(2): 023102. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/2/023102
      shu

      Application and prospect of semiconductor biosensors in detection of viral zoonoses

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/44/2/023102
      • 1.

        Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing100176, China

      • 2.

        Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Center for Biosafety, Sanya 572024, China

      • 3.

        National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China

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      • Jiahao Zheng：got his BS from Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2020. Now he is a MS student at King's College London. His research focuses on drug development science and virus detection
      • Shaoqiang Wu：got his PhD on vet-erinary parasitology in 2003 from China Agricultural University. His research interests include precision detection technologies for biosecurity risk factors, on-site detection techniques for shellfish parasites and aquatic animal diseases
      • Corresponding author: sqwu@sina.com
      • Received Date: 2022-12-22
      • Revised Date: 2023-01-22
        • Available Online: 2023-02-04

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