J. Semicond. > 2025, Volume 46 > Issue 7 > 071401
|

REVIEWS

Review on three-dimensional graphene: synthesis and joint photoelectric regulation in photodetectors

Bingkun Wang1, Jinqiu Zhang1, Huijuan Wu1, Fanghao Zhu1, Shanshui Lian1, Genqiang Cao1, Hui Ma1, Xurui Hu1, , Li Zheng2, and Gang Wang1, 2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Xurui Hu, huxurui@nbu.edu.cn; Li Zheng, zhengli@mail.sim.ac.cn; Gang Wang, gangwang@nbu.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010015CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25010015

PDF

Turn off MathJax

Abstract: Graphene has garnered significant attention in photodetection due to its exceptional optical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. However, the practical application of two-dimensional (2D) graphene in optoelectronic fields is limited by its weak light absorption (only 2.3%) and zero bandgap characteristics. Increasing light absorption is a critical scientific challenge for developing high-performance graphene-based photodetectors. Three-dimensional (3D) graphene comprises vertically grown stacked 2D-graphene layers and features a distinctive porous structure. Unlike 2D-graphene, 3D-graphene offers a larger specific surface area, improved electrochemical activity, and high chemical stability, making it a promising material for optoelectronic detection. Importantly, 3D-graphene has an optical microcavity structure that enhances light absorption through interaction with incoming light. This paper systematically reviews and analyzes the current research status and challenges of 3D-graphene-based photodetectors, aiming to explore feasible development paths for these devices and promote their industrial application.

Key words: 3D-graphene, growth techniques, heterojunctions, photodetectors



[1]
Liang S, Wang F F, Ma Z, et al. Asymmetric light excitation for photodetectors based on nanoscale semiconductors. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(1), 549 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06598
[2]
Hu X, Wu J H, Wu M Z, et al. Recent developments of infrared photodetectors with low-dimensional inorganic nanostructures. Nano Res, 2022, 15(2), 805 doi: 10.1007/s12274-021-3634-2
[3]
Pan Q, Su M, Zhang Z Y, et al. Omnidirectional photodetectors based on spatial resonance asymmetric facade via a 3D self-standing strategy. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32, 1907280 doi: 10.1002/adma.201907280
[4]
Chen M, Wang Y X, Zhao Z R. Monolithic metamaterial-integrated graphene terahertz photodetector with wavelength and polarization selectivity. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(10), 17263 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07968
[5]
Gayduchenko I, Xu S G, Alymov G, et al. Tunnel field-effect transistors for sensitive terahertz detection. Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1), 543 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20721-z
[6]
He X W, Wang X, Nanot S, et al. Photothermoelectric p-n junction photodetector with intrinsic broadband polarimetry based on macroscopic carbon nanotube films. ACS Nano, 2013, 7(8), 7271 doi: 10.1021/nn402679u
[7]
Li L L, Xu H, Li Z X, et al. CMOS-compatible tellurium/silicon ultra-fast near-infrared photodetector. Small, 2023, 19(42), 2303114 doi: 10.1002/smll.202303114
[8]
Wei B B, Zou B Q, Liu J X, et al. Polarization-sensitive photodetector based on quasi-1D (TaSe4)2I nanowire response to 10.6 µm. Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34(30), 2315194 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202315194
[9]
He Z Y, Du X Y, Yu X, et al. Reverse-distribution phase featured gradient heterojunction: A universal strategy to realize high-performance near-infrared organic photodetectors for real-time arterial monitoring. Nano Energy, 2023, 114, 108673 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108673
[10]
Zhou Y C, Yang J, Bai L, et al. Flexible phase change hydrogels for mid-/low-temperature infrared stealth. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 446, 137463 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137463
[11]
Zhou Z Q, Shen T, Wang P, et al. Low symmetric sub-wavelength array enhanced lensless polarization-sensitivity photodetector of germanium selenium. Sci Bull, 2023, 68(2), 173 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.01.013
[12]
Wang F, Zhang T, Xie R, et al. Next-generation photodetectors beyond van der waals junctions. Adv Mater, 2024, 36(3), e2301197 doi: 10.1002/adma.202301197
[13]
Gao L F, Zhao Y M, Chang X H, et al. Emerging applications of MXenes for photodetection: Recent advances and future challenges. Mater Today, 2022, 61, 169 doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2022.10.022
[14]
Pan X Y, Ding L M. Application of metal halide perovskite photodetectors. J Semicond, 2022, 43(2), 020203 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/2/020203
[15]
Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science, 2004, 306(5696), 666 doi: 10.1126/science.1102896
[16]
Zhao C C, Liu Y Y, Wang D B, et al. High-performance self-driven broadband photoelectrochemical photodetector based on reduced graphene oxide/Bi2Te3 heterojunction. Nano Mater Sci, 2024, 6(6), 741 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2023.12.008
[17]
Echtermeyer T J, Britnell L, Jasnos P K, et al. Strong plasmonic enhancement of photovoltage in graphene. Nat Commun, 2011, 2, 458 doi: 10.1038/ncomms1464
[18]
Chang H X, Wu H K. Graphene-based nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties, and optical and optoelectronic applications. Adv Funct Materials, 2013, 23(16), 1984 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201202460
[19]
Sinitskii A. A recipe for nanoporous graphene. Science, 2018, 360(6385), 154 doi: 10.1126/science.aat5117
[20]
Li P L, Wei W Y, Zhang M, et al. Wafer-scale growth of single-crystal graphene on vicinal Ge(001) substrate. Nano Today, 2020, 34, 100908 doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100908
[21]
Zhang X, Jing Q, Ao S, et al. Ultrasensitive field-effect biosensors enabled by the unique electronic properties of graphene. Small, 2020, 16(15), e1902820 doi: 10.1002/smll.201902820
[22]
Koepfli S M, Baumann M, Koyaz Y, et al. Metamaterial graphene photodetector with bandwidth exceeding 500 gigahertz. Science, 2023, 380(6650), 1169 doi: 10.1126/science.adg8017
[23]
Du S C, Lu W, Ali A, et al. A broadband fluorographene photodetector. Adv Mater, 2017, 29(22), 1700463 doi: 10.1002/adma.201700463
[24]
Biccari F, Gabelloni F, Burzi E, et al. Graphene-based electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells: A step-up for an efficient carrier collection. Adv Energy Mater, 2017, 7(22), 1701349 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201701349
[25]
Agresti A, Pescetelli S, Cinà L, et al. Efficiency and stability enhancement in perovskite solar cells by inserting lithium-neutralized graphene oxide as electron transporting layer. Adv Funct Materials, 2016, 26(16), 2686 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201504949
[26]
Du S C, Xie H, Yin J X, et al. Giant hot electron thermalization via stacking of graphene layers. Carbon, 2023, 203, 835 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.017
[27]
Sassi U, Parret R, Nanot S, et al. Graphene-based mid-infrared room-temperature pyroelectric bolometers with ultrahigh temperature coefficient of resistance. Nat Commun, 2017, 8, 14311 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14311
[28]
Nair R R, Blake P, Grigorenko A N, et al. Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science, 2008, 320(5881), 1308 doi: 10.1126/science.1156965
[29]
Elias D C, Nair R R, Mohiuddin T G, et al. Control of graphene’s properties by reversible hydrogenation: Evidence for graphane. Science, 2009, 323(5914), 610 doi: 10.1126/science.1167130
[30]
Castro E V, Novoselov K S, Morozov S V, et al. Biased bilayer graphene: Semiconductor with a gap tunable by the electric field effect. Phys Rev Lett, 2007, 99(21), 216802 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.216802
[31]
Yin J B, Wang H, Peng H, et al. Selectively enhanced photocurrent generation in twisted bilayer graphene with van Hove singularity. Nat Commun, 2016, 7, 10699 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10699
[32]
Peng Y Y, Zhao W W, Ni F, et al. Forest-like laser-induced graphene film with ultrahigh solar energy utilization efficiency. ACS Nano, 2021, 15(12), 19490 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06277
[33]
Zhang Q Q, You X, Tian L, et al. Fabrication and efficient electromagnetic waves attenuation of three-dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide/boron nitride/silicon carbide hierarchical structures. J Mater Sci Technol, 2023, 155, 192 doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.12.056
[34]
Deng T, Zhang Z H, Liu Y X, et al. Three-dimensional graphene field-effect transistors as high-performance photodetectors. Nano Lett, 2019, 19(3), 1494 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04099
[35]
Olatomiwa A L, Adam T, Gopinath S C B, et al. Graphene synthesis, fabrication, characterization based on bottom-up and top-down approaches: An overview. J Semicond, 2022, 43(6), 061101 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/6/061101
[36]
Shivananju B N, Yu W, Liu Y, et al. The roadmap of graphene-based optical biochemical sensors. Adv Funct Materials, 2016, 27, 1603918 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201603918
[37]
Cheng H H, Zhao F, Xue J L, et al. One single graphene oxide film for responsive actuation. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(10), 9529 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04769
[38]
Fratzl P, Barth F G. Biomaterial systems for mechanosensing and actuation. Nature, 2009, 462(7272), 442 doi: 10.1038/nature08603
[39]
Ma T, Gao H L, Cong H P, et al. A bioinspired interface design for improving the strength and electrical conductivity of graphene-based fibers. Adv Mater, 2018, 30(15), 1706435 doi: 10.1002/adma.201706435
[40]
Stankovich S, Dikin D A, Dommett G H B, et al. Graphene-based composite materials. Nature, 2006, 442(7100), 282 doi: 10.1038/nature04969
[41]
Sadasivuni K K, Ponnamma D, Thomas S, et al. Evolution from graphite to graphene elastomer composites. Prog Polym Sci, 2014, 39(4), 749 doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.08.003
[42]
Li G Z, Huang B, Pan Z F, et al. Advances in three-dimensional graphene-based materials: Configurations, preparation and application in secondary metal (Li, Na, K, Mg, Al)-ion batteries. Energy Environ Sci, 2019, 12(7), 2030 doi: 10.1039/C8EE03014F
[43]
D’Apuzzo F, Piacenti A R, Giorgianni F, et al. Terahertz and mid-infrared plasmons in three-dimensional nanoporous graphene. Nat Commun, 2017, 8, 14885 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14885
[44]
Shi J L, Wang H F, Zhu X L, et al. The nanostructure preservation of 3D porous graphene: New insights into the graphitization and surface chemistry of non-stacked double-layer templated graphene after high-temperature treatment. Carbon, 2016, 103, 36 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.03.002
[45]
Ma Y F, Chen Y S. Three-dimensional graphene networks: Synthesis, properties and applications. Natl Sci Rev, 2015, 2(1), 40 doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwu072
[46]
Ando Y, Zhao X, Ohkohchi M. Production of petal-like graphite sheets by hydrogen arc discharge. Carbon, 1997, 35(1), 153 doi: 10.1016/S0008-6223(96)00139-X
[47]
Wu Y, Qiao P, Chong T, et al. Carbon nanowalls grown by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Adv Mater, 2002, 14(1), 64 doi: 10.1002/1521-4095(20020104)14:1<64::AID-ADMA64>3.0.CO;2-G
[48]
Zhao J, Shaygan M, Eckert J, et al. A growth mechanism for free-standing vertical graphene. Nano Lett, 2014, 14(6), 3064 doi: 10.1021/nl501039c
[49]
Akhavan O, Ghaderi E, Rahighi R. Toward single-DNA electrochemical biosensing by graphene nanowalls. ACS Nano, 2012, 6(4), 2904 doi: 10.1021/nn300261t
[50]
Zhang L X, Sun Z, Qi J L, et al. Understanding the growth mechanism of vertically aligned graphene and control of its wettability. Carbon, 2016, 103, 339 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.03.029
[51]
Hojati-Talemi P, Simon G P. Field emission study of graphene nanowalls prepared by microwave-plasma method. Carbon, 2011, 49(8), 2875 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.03.004
[52]
Tang B, Wang S L, Zhang J, et al. Three-dimensional graphene monolith-based composite: Superiority in properties and applications. Int Mater Rev, 2018, 63(3), 204 doi: 10.1080/09506608.2017.1344377
[53]
Jin S X, Feng Y Y, Jia J C, et al. Three-dimensional N-doped carbon nanotube/graphene composite aerogel anode to develop high-power microbial fuel cell. Energy Environ Mater, 2023, 6(3), e12373 doi: 10.1002/eem2.12373
[54]
Yang Y, Liu T Y, Liao Q, et al. A three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel-activated carbon composite catalyst that enables low-cost microfluidic microbial fuel cells with superior performance. J Mater Chem A, 2016, 4(41), 15913 doi: 10.1039/C6TA05002F
[55]
Zhang Z Y, Li W Y, Yuen M F, et al. Hierarchical composite structure of few-layers MoS2 nanosheets supported by vertical graphene on carbon cloth for high-performance hydrogen evolution reaction. Nano Energy, 2015, 18, 196 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.10.014
[56]
Ye S B, Feng J C. Towards three-dimensional, multi-functional graphene-based nanocomposite aerogels by hydrophobicity-driven absorption. J Mater Chem A, 2014, 2(27), 10365 doi: 10.1039/c4ta01392a
[57]
Zheng X L, Xiong X, Yang J W, et al. A strong and compressible three dimensional graphene/polyurushiol composite for efficient water cleanup. Chem Eng J, 2018, 333, 153 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.146
[58]
Sun S M, Wang S, Li S D, et al. Asymmetric supercapacitors based on a NiCo2O4/three dimensional graphene composite and three dimensional graphene with high energy density. J Mater Chem A, 2016, 4(47), 18646 doi: 10.1039/C6TA07746C
[59]
Zhao X Y, Li X L, Zhang S L, et al. A three-dimensional sponge of graphene nanoribbons crosslinked by Fe3O4 nanoparticles for Li+ storage. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5(45), 23592 doi: 10.1039/C7TA07874A
[60]
He M L, Wu L Y, Yu A L, et al. Surface functionalization of vertical graphene significantly enhances the energy storage capability for symmetric supercapacitors. Carbon, 2024, 216, 118511 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118511
[61]
Ma J H, Wang P, Dong L, et al. Highly conductive, mechanically strong graphene monolith assembled by three-dimensional printing of large graphene oxide. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2019, 534, 12 doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.096
[62]
Mo Y C, Yang K C, Lin J S, et al. CoSe2 anchored vertical graphene/macroporous carbon nanofibers used as multifunctional interlayers for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. J Mater Chem A, 2023, 11(12), 6349 doi: 10.1039/D2TA10020G
[63]
Wang S, Wang X, Sun C L, et al. Room-temperature fast assembly of 3D macroscopically porous graphene frameworks for binder-free compact supercapacitors with high gravimetric and volumetric capacitances. J Energy Chem, 2021, 61, 23 doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2021.01.019
[64]
Rajackaitė E, Peckus D, Gudaitis R, et al. The evolution of properties with deposition time of vertical graphene nanosheets produced by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Surf Interfaces, 2021, 27, 101529 doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101529
[65]
Hiramatsu M, Shiji K, Amano H, et al. Fabrication of vertically aligned carbon nanowalls using capacitively coupled plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition assisted by hydrogen radical injection. Appl Phy Lett, 2004, 84(23), 4708 doi: 10.1063/1.1762702
[66]
Ma Y, Chaitoglou S, Farid G, et al. Supercapacitive performance of electrodes based on defective ZnO nanorods anchored on graphene nanowalls. Chem Eng J, 2024, 488, 151135 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.151135
[67]
Qi Y, Deng B, Guo X, et al. Switching vertical to horizontal graphene growth using faraday cage-assisted PECVD approach for high-performance transparent heating device. Adv Mater, 2018, 30, 1704839 doi: 10.1002/adma.201704839
[68]
Li J R, Liu Z D, Guo Q L, et al. Controllable growth of vertically oriented graphene for high sensitivity gas detection. J Mater Chem C, 2019, 7(20), 5995 doi: 10.1039/C9TC01246J
[69]
Li J R, Guo Q L, Zhang N, et al. Direct integration of polycrystalline graphene on silicon as a photodetector via plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. J Mater Chem C, 2018, 6(36), 9682 doi: 10.1039/C8TC02646G
[70]
Xu S C, Wang S S, Chen Z, et al. Electric-field-assisted growth of vertical graphene arrays and the application in thermal interface materials. Adv Funct Materials, 2020, 30(34), 2003302 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202003302
[71]
Davami K, Shaygan M, Kheirabi N, et al. Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanowalls on different substrates by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Carbon, 2014, 72, 372 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.025
[72]
He Z Y, Zhang G L, Zhang S, et al. Resonant nanocavity-enhanced graphene photodetectors on reflecting silicon-on-insulator wafers. Appl Phys Lett, 2021, 119(23), 232104 doi: 10.1063/5.0074703
[73]
Simionescu O G, Avram A, Adiaconiţă B, et al. Field-effect transistors based on single-layer graphene and graphene-derived materials. Micromachines, 2023, 14(6), 1096 doi: 10.3390/mi14061096
[74]
Seehra M S, Narang V, Geddam U K, et al. Correlation between X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra of 16 commercial graphene-based materials and their resulting classification. Carbon, 2017, 111, 380 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.10.010
[75]
Evlashin S, Svyakhovskiy S, Suetin N, et al. Optical and IR absorption of multilayer carbon nanowalls. Carbon, 2014, 70, 111 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.12.079
[76]
Zhang G L, Wang B K, Wu H J, et al. Nitrogen-doped 3D-graphene advances near-infrared photodetector for logic circuits and image sensors overcoming 2D limitations. Nano Lett, 2024, 24(33), 10062 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01917
[77]
Yu L Y, Zhang S, Zhang G L, et al. Dual-enhanced photodetectors combining graphene plasmonic nanoresonators with germanium-on-insulator optical cavities. IEEE Trans Electron Devices, 2022, 69(6), 3246 doi: 10.1109/TED.2022.3168528
[78]
Liu J, Li X Y, Wang Q, et al. A new 3D Dirac nodal-line semi-metallic graphene monolith for lithium ion battery anode materials. J Mater Chem A, 2018, 6(28), 13816 doi: 10.1039/C8TA04428G
[79]
Fang X Y, Yu X X, Zheng H M, et al. Temperature- and thickness-dependent electrical conductivity of few-layer graphene and graphene nanosheets. Phys Lett A, 2015, 379(37), 2245 doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2015.06.063
[80]
Li H, Shi Y C, Shang H, et al. Atomic-scale tuning of graphene/cubic SiC Schottky junction for stable low-bias photoelectrochemical solar-to-fuel conversion. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(4), 4905 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00986
[81]
Bai Z Q, Xiao Y, Luo Q, et al. Highly tunable carrier tunneling in vertical graphene-WS2-graphene van der waals heterostructures. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(5), 7880 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00536
[82]
Lu Y H, Feng S R, Wu Z Q, et al. Broadband surface plasmon resonance enhanced self-powered graphene/GaAs photodetector with ultrahigh detectivity. Nano Energy, 2018, 47, 140 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.02.056
[83]
Heo J H, Shin D H, Kim S, et al. Highly efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells prepared by AuCl3-doped graphene transparent conducting electrodes. Chem Eng J, 2017, 323, 153 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.097
[84]
Li H, Wu J B, Ran F R, et al. Interfacial interactions in van der waals heterostructures of MoS2 and graphene. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(11), 11714 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07015
[85]
Shao Q G, Qi H, Li C, et al. Recent progress of gr/Si Schottky photodetectors. Electron Mater Lett, 2023, 19(2), 121 doi: 10.1007/s13391-022-00384-2
[86]
Riazimehr S, Kataria S, Bornemann R, et al. High photocurrent in gated graphene-silicon hybrid photodiodes. ACS Photonics, 2017, 4(6), 1506 doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00285
[87]
Zhang S, Zhang G L, Zheng L, et al. High-performance near-infrared photodetector by integration of PbS quantum dots with 3D-graphene. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2023, 44(8), 1240 doi: 10.1109/LED.2023.3288140
[88]
Zhao Y, Tsai T Y, Wu G, et al. Graphene/SnS2 van der waals photodetector with high photoresponsivity and high photodetectivity for broadband 365-2240 nm detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13(39), 47198 doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c11534
[89]
Zhang X K, Kang Z, Gao L, et al. Molecule-upgraded van der waals contacts for Schottky-barrier-free electronics. Adv Mater, 2021, 33(45), e2104935 doi: 10.1002/adma.202104935
[90]
Sun L, Zhu L F, Zhang C L, et al. Mechanical manipulation of silicon-based Schottky diodes via flexoelectricity. Nano Energy, 2021, 83, 105855 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105855
[91]
Li L, Fan Z Y. Optoelectronic materials and devices. Small Meth, 2024, 8(2), 2301632 doi: 10.1002/smtd.202301632
[92]
Shen J, Liu X Z, Song X F, et al. High-performance Schottky heterojunction photodetector with directly grown graphene nanowalls as electrodes. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(18), 6020 doi: 10.1039/C7NR00573C
[93]
He Z Y, Zhang S, Zheng L, et al. Si-based NIR tunneling heterojunction photodetector with interfacial engineering and 3D-graphene integration. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2022, 43(11), 1818 doi: 10.1109/LED.2022.3203474
[94]
Kuznetsov A I, Miroshnichenko A E, Brongersma M L, et al. Optically resonant dielectric nanostructures. Science, 2016, 354(6314), aag2472 doi: 10.1126/science.aag2472
[95]
Tai S P, Wu Y, Shieh D B, et al. Molecular imaging of cancer cells using plasmon-resonant-enhanced third-harmonic-generation in silver nanoparticles. Adv Mater, 2007, 19(24), 4520 doi: 10.1002/adma.200602213
[96]
Zhang G L, Zhang S, Zheng L, et al. Localized surface plasmon resonance enables Si-based near-infrared photodetector. IEEE Trans Electron Devices, 2023, 70(10), 5497 doi: 10.1109/TED.2023.3303148
[97]
Liu Y H, Li F H, Huang H, et al. Optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties of I–III–VI QDs: Bridging between traditional and emerging new QDs. J Semicond, 2020, 41(9), 091701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/9/091701
[98]
Marino E, Sciortino A, Berkhout A, et al. Simultaneous photonic and excitonic coupling in spherical quantum dot supercrystals. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(10), 13806 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06188
[99]
Pang X H, Bian H J, Wang W J, et al. A bio-chemical application of N-GQDs and g-C3N4 QDs sensitized TiO2 nanopillars for the quantitative detection of pcDNA3-HBV. Biosens Bioelectron, 2017, 91, 456 doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.059
[100]
Wu H J, Liu Z Y, Wang B K, et al. Integration of PbS quantum dots with 3D-graphene for self-powered broadband photodetectors in image sensors. ACS Photonics, 2024, 11(3), 1342 doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01803
[101]
Zhao M H, Xue Z Y, Zhu W, et al. Interface engineering-assisted 3D-graphene/germanium heterojunction for high-performance photodetectors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(13), 15606 doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c02485
[102]
Sinha D, Lee J U. Ideal graphene/silicon Schottky junction diodes. Nano Lett, 2014, 14(8), 4660 doi: 10.1021/nl501735k
[103]
Xu Y, Cheng C, Du S C, et al. Contacts between two- and three-dimensional materials: Ohmic, Schottky, and p-n heterojunctions. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(5), 4895 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01842
[104]
Liu X Z, Zhou Q, Luo S, et al. Infrared photodetector based on the photothermionic effect of graphene-nanowall/silicon heterojunction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11(19), 17663 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b03329
[105]
Feng X Q, He Z Y, Liu Z D, et al. Intact vertical 3D–0D–2D carbon-based p–n junctions for use in high-performance photodetectors. Adv Opt Mater, 2021, 9(16), 2100387 doi: 10.1002/adom.202100387
[106]
Zhu W, Xue Z Y, Wang G, et al. Graphene quantum dot-decorated vertically oriented graphene/germanium heterojunctions for near-infrared photodetectors. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2020, 3(7), 6915 doi: 10.1021/acsanm.0c01258
[107]
Fang H H, Hu W D. Photogating in low dimensional photodetectors. Adv Sci, 2017, 4(12), 1700323 doi: 10.1002/advs.201700323
[108]
Long M S, Wang P, Fang H H, et al. Progress, challenges, and opportunities for 2D material based photodetectors. Adv Funct Materials, 2019, 29(19), 1803807 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201803807
[109]
Sukhovatkin V, Hinds S, Brzozowski L, et al. Colloidal quantum-dot photodetectors exploiting multiexciton generation. Science, 2009, 324(5934), 1542 doi: 10.1126/science.1173812
[110]
Huijser A, Savenije T J, Kotlewski A, et al. Efficient light-harvesting layers of homeotropically aligned porphyrin derivatives. Adv Mater, 2006, 18(17), 2234 doi: 10.1002/adma.200600045
[111]
Zhang Z, Jia F A, Kong F H, et al. Chloride adsorbates enhance the photocarrier separation and promote the bio-syngas evolution. Small, 2023, 19(21), e2300810 doi: 10.1002/smll.202300810
[112]
Ghosh C, Dey A, Biswas I, et al. CuO–TiO2 based self-powered broad band photodetector. Nano Energy, 2020, 70, 104518 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104518
[113]
Ghosh C, Dey A, Biswas I, et al. CuO-TiO2 based self-powered broad band photodetector. Nano Mater Sci, 2024, 6(3), 345 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2023.11.003
[114]
Niu W Z, Moehl T, Cui W, et al. Extended light harvesting with dual Cu2O-based photocathodes for high efficiency water splitting. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8(10), 1702323 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201702323
[115]
Tang H Y, Anwar T, Jang M S, et al. Light-intensity switching of graphene/WSe2 synaptic devices. Adv Sci, 2024, 11(24), e2309876 doi: 10.1002/advs.202309876
[116]
Wang W H, Du R X, Sun L T, et al. Ultrasensitive graphene position-sensitive detector induced by synergistic effects of charge injection and interfacial gating. Nanophotonics, 2020, 9(8), 2531 doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2020-0053
[117]
Liu F Z, Kar S. Quantum carrier reinvestment-induced ultrahigh and broadband photocurrent responses in graphene-silicon junctions. ACS Nano, 2014, 8(10), 10270 doi: 10.1021/nn503484s
[118]
Ma Z Y, Li G, Zhang X L, et al. High-performance and broadband photodetection of bicrystalline (GaN)1-x(ZnO)x solid solution nanowires via crystal defect engineering. J Mater Sci Technol, 2021, 85, 255 doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.020
[119]
Srisonphan S, Jung Y S, Kim H K. Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor with a vacuum channel. Nat Nanotechnol, 2012, 7(8), 504 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2012.107
[120]
Luo H W, Yu C M, Liu Z T, et al. Remarkable enhancement of charge carrier mobility of conjugated polymer field-effect transistors upon incorporating an ionic additive. Sci Adv, 2016, 2(5), e1600076 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1600076
[121]
Sun H T, Mei L, Liang J F, et al. Three-dimensional holey-graphene/niobia composite architectures for ultrahigh-rate energy storage. Science, 2017, 356(6338), 599 doi: 10.1126/science.aam5852
[122]
Wang H C, Fu Y Q. Graphene-nanowalls/silicon hybrid heterojunction photodetectors. Carbon, 2020, 162, 181 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.023
[123]
Liu H Y, Sun F, Li X Y, et al. g-C3N4/TiO2/ZnIn2S4 graphene aerogel photocatalysts with double S-scheme heterostructure for improving photocatalytic multifunctional performances. Compos Part B Eng, 2023, 259, 110746 doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110746
[124]
Li M M, Wang Y, Yang C C, et al. In situ grown Co3O4 nanocubes on N-doped graphene as a synergistic hybrid for applications in nickel metal hydride batteries. Int J Hydrog Energy, 2018, 43(39), 18421 doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.054
[125]
Guo S H, Zhang B C, Zhang X L, et al. Non-noble-metal plasmonic parabolic membrane with "pearl necklace" structure for enhanced hydrogen production based on light concentration effect. Chem Eng J, 2024, 493, 152708 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.152708
[126]
Meng J H, Liu X, Zhang X W, et al. Interface engineering for highly efficient graphene-on-silicon Schottky junction solar cells by introducing a hexagonal boron nitride interlayer. Nano Energy, 2016, 28, 44 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.08.028
[127]
Yang J, Tang L L, Luo W, et al. Interface engineering of a silicon/graphene heterojunction photodetector via a diamond-like carbon interlayer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13(3), 4692 doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c18850
[128]
Yang J W, Liu Y D, Ci H N, et al. High-performance 3D vertically oriented graphene photodetector using a floating indium tin oxide channel. Sensors, 2022, 22(3), 959 doi: 10.3390/s22030959
[129]
Qiao H, Li Z J, Huang Z Y, et al. Self-powered photodetectors based on 0D/2D mixed dimensional heterojunction with black phosphorus quantum dots as hole accepters. Appl Mater Today, 2020, 20, 100765 doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100765
[130]
Lan G L, Nong J P, Jin W F, et al. Enhanced UV photoresponse employing 3D graphene nanowalls/SnO2 nanocomposite film. Surf Coat Technol, 2019, 359, 90 doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.12.052
[131]
Gao Y, Zhao C, Pu K, et al. Low-voltage-modulated perovskite/organic dual-band photodetectors for visible and near-infrared imaging. Sci Bull, 2022, 67(19), 1982 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.09.007
[132]
Ahmad A A, Al-Bataineh Q M, Migdadi A B. Nanocomposite superstructure of zinc oxide mesocrystal/reduced graphene oxide with effective photoconductivity. J Semicond, 2024, 45(11), 112701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24060019
[133]
Zhou D H, Yu L Y, Zhu P, et al. Lateral structured phototransistor based on mesoscopic graphene/perovskite heterojunctions. Nanomaterials, 2021, 11(3), 641 doi: 10.3390/nano11030641
[134]
Feng X Q, He Z Y, Zhu W, et al. Perovskite quantum dots integrated with vertically aligned graphene toward ambipolar multifunctional photodetectors. J Mater Chem C, 2021, 9(2), 609 doi: 10.1039/D0TC04932H
[135]
Yang H, Tan C W, Deng C Y, et al. Bolometric effect in Bi2O2Se photodetectors. Small, 2019, 15(43), e1904482 doi: 10.1002/smll.201904482
[136]
Guo X H, Lu X W, Jiang P, et al. Touchless thermosensation enabled by flexible infrared photothermoelectric detector for temperature prewarning function of electronic skin. Adv Mater, 2024, 36(23), e2313911 doi: 10.1002/adma.202313911
[137]
Xiao Y, Zhao L D. Seeking new, highly effective thermoelectrics. Science, 2020, 367(6483), 1196 doi: 10.1126/science.aaz9426
[138]
Zhao L D, Lo S H, Zhang Y S, et al. Ultralow thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in SnSe crystals. Nature, 2014, 508(7496), 373 doi: 10.1038/nature13184
[139]
Wei M, Li H B, Nisar M, et al. The synergistic effect of hole co-doping on carrier transports and phonon tuning in Sb2Te3 flexible thermoelectric thin film. Chem Eng J, 2024, 495, 153185 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.153185
[140]
Li Y Y, Liu G H, Cao T F, et al. Enhanced thermoelectric properties of Cu2SnSe3 by (Ag, In)-co-doping. Adv Funct Materials, 2016, 26(33), 6025 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201601486
[141]
Wang L M, Bi H, Yao Q, et al. Three-dimensional tubular graphene/polyaniline composites as high-performance elastic thermoelectrics. Compos Sci Technol, 2017, 150, 135 doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.07.001
[142]
Yao Q, Chen L D, Zhang W Q, et al. Enhanced thermoelectric performance of single-walled carbon nanotubes/polyaniline hybrid nanocomposites. ACS Nano, 2010, 4(4), 2445 doi: 10.1021/nn1002562
[143]
Peng H S. Aligned carbon nanotube/polymer composite films with robust flexibility, high transparency, and excellent conductivity. J Am Chem Soc, 2008, 130(1), 42 doi: 10.1021/ja078267m
[144]
Kondapalli V K R, Akinboye O I, Zhang Y, et al. Three-dimensional graphene sheet-carbon veil thermoelectric composite with microinterfaces for energy applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 16(10), 13150 doi: 10.1021/acsami.3c19605
[145]
Chen C H, Yi X J, Zhao X R, et al. Characterizations of VO2- based uncooled microbolometer linear array. Sens Actuat A Phys, 2001, 90(3), 212 doi: 10.1016/S0924-4247(01)00495-2
[146]
Wang B, Lai J J, Li H, et al. Nanostructured vanadium oxide thin film with high TCR at room temperature for microbolometer. Infrared Phys Technol, 2013, 57, 8 doi: 10.1016/j.infrared.2012.10.006
[147]
Dai J, Wang X Z, He S W, et al. Low temperature fabrication of VO x thin films for uncooled IR detectors by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering method. Infrared Phys Technol, 2008, 51(4), 287 doi: 10.1016/j.infrared.2007.12.002
[148]
Wei Z Y, Yang F, Bi K D, et al. Thermal transport properties of all-sp2 three-dimensional graphene: Anisotropy, size and pressure effects. Carbon, 2017, 113, 212 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.11.055
[149]
Lv P, Tan X W, Yu K H, et al. Super-elastic graphene/carbon nanotube aerogel: A novel thermal interface material with highly thermal transport properties. Carbon, 2016, 99, 222 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.026
[150]
Iglesias J M, Martín M J, Pascual E, et al. Hot carrier and hot phonon coupling during ultrafast relaxation of photoexcited electrons in graphene. Appl Phy Lett, 2016, 108(4), 043105 doi: 10.1063/1.4940902
[151]
Tran M D, Lee S G, Jeon S, et al. Decelerated hot carrier cooling in graphene via nondissipative carrier injection from MoS2. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(10), 13905 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06311
[152]
Xu C, Liu G W, Li M, et al. Optical switching and nanothermochromic studies of VO2(M) nanoparticles prepared by mild thermolysis method. Mater Des, 2020, 187, 108396 doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108396
[153]
Wu B M, Zhang Z Y, Chen B X, et al. One-step rolling fabrication of VO2 tubular bolometers with polarization-sensitive and omnidirectional detection. Sci Adv, 2023, 9(42), eadi7805 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7805
[154]
Lu Y, Zhang H, Wan D Y. CVD preparation of vertical graphene nanowalls/VO2(B) composite films with superior thermal sensitivity in uncooled infrared detector. J Materiomics, 2020, 6(2), 280 doi: 10.1016/j.jmat.2020.03.002
[155]
Zhang H, Zhao K Y, Cui S Y, et al. Anomalous temperature coefficient of resistance in graphene nanowalls/polymer films and applications in infrared photodetectors. Nanophotonics, 2018, 7(5), 883 doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2017-0135
Fig. 1.  (Color online) Properties and applications of 3D-graphene.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) Schematics and mechanisms for the normal and Faraday-cageassisted PECVD growth routes[67]. (b) Schematic diagrams showing the growth mechanism of the VGNPs on the SiO2/Si substrate by PACVD. The numbers (Ⅰ–Ⅵ) represent different steps corresponding to (c)−(h). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of (c) a SiO2/Si substrate (refer to Ⅰ in the schematic diagram). (d) Growth of carbon buffer layers on the substrate (refer to Ⅱ in the schematic diagram). (e) Formation of defects (refer to Ⅲ in the schematic diagram). (f) Nano-island formation from the defects (refer to Ⅳ in the schematic diagram). (g) The growth of nanographene from the nano-island (refer to Ⅴ in the schematic diagram). (h) Vertical growth of the VGNPs (refer to Ⅵ in the schematic diagram)[68].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 3.  (Color online) Schematic illustrations of the PACVD system[69].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 4.  (a) Surface topography of 3D-graphene. (b) SEM of 3D-graphene cross-section with different growth times[70].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 5.  3D-graphene TEM image (a) Petal-like graphite flake with lateral facets. (b) Graphite flake originating from an Au substrate. The sides are easily observed. (c) Graphite flake with faceted edges. (d) Open from the top of the graphite flake (without faceted edges)[71].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a) AFM image of 3D-graphene surface, (b) 3D stereo image[72].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 7.  (Color online) Raman spectra of (a) single-layer graphene, (b) 3D graphene. The black line indicates the processed experimental data, the red line indicates the cumulative fit and the green line indicates the individual fitted peaks[73].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 8.  (Color online) Infrared spectra of CNWs films. (a) Transmittance, (b) absorption[75].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 9.  (Color online) (a) Valence bands and (b) work functions of 3D-graphene on Si. (c) Work functions of N-doped 3D-graphene on Si[76].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 10.  (Color online) (a) Schematic of SKPM characterization. Surface potentials of 3D-graphene/germanium-on-insulator (GeOI) heterojunction in (b) dark and (c) light. (d)−(j) Current maps taken in the dark at different bias voltages. (k) Corresponding I−V curves obtained by scanning the bias voltage applied to the junction (average of measurements over an area of 10 × 10 µm2)[77].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 11.  (Color online) (a) Thickness-dependent conductivity of multilayer graphene. The inset shows the conductivity for thicknesses ranging from 3 to 100 nm. (b) Thickness-dependent mobility of multilayer graphene. The inset shows the conductivity for thicknesses ranging from 3 to 100 nm[79].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 12.  (Color online) Energy band diagrams of PbS QDs/3D-graphene/Si before (a) equilibrium, (b) at equilibrium, and (c) in the light[87].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 13.  (Color online) (a) Schematic of the device form factor and energy band diagram of the junction region. Dark current characteristics of GNWs-Si devices under different growth times and blackbody measurements. (b) Noise current spectral density measured under ambient conditions. (c) Dark current with a sampling frequency of 1 Hz. (d) Time response of a 635 nm laser measured with an oscilloscope. (e) Current−voltage curves at different incident powers at a wavelength of 532 nm[92]. (f) Schematic diagram of the device setup. (g) I−V curves of heterojunction photodetector (HPD) (black line) and tunneling heterojunction photodetector (THPD) (blue line). 1550 nm incident optical power is 180 mW. (h) Iph (red line) and responsivity (R) (blue line) of THPD as a function of incident optical power[93].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 14.  (Color online) (a) I−V curves of the device under different intensities of 1550 nm light irradiation. The inset shows the schematic diagram of the 3D-graphene/SOI device. (b) Time-resolved optical response of the device subjected to different intensities of the chopped light source (bias = 0.5 V). (c) and (d) Enlarged images of some of the photoresponse curves recorded at 500 Hz, illustrating the fast rise and decay times of the device[72]. (e) Optical microscope image of a single device and schematic diagram. (f) I−V curves under dark and light conditions. Ag-NPs/3D-graphene/Si heterojunction photodetector at 1550 nm. (g) Partially enlarged image of the temporal response curve at 1 kHz[96]. (h) I−V curves of the device at different wavelengths (440, 520, 780, 980, 1550 nm) for the same light intensity. (i) Decay characteristics of photocurrent amplitude at different modulation frequencies. (j) Enlarged image of the photoresponse curve of PbS QDs modified 3D-graphene/Si heterojunction at 1 kHz[87].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 15.  (Color online) (a) I−V curves at different wavelengths for the same light intensity. (b) Rise/fall time of PD under 2200 nm wavelength illumination. (c) and (d) I−T curves for a dual-frequency optoelectronic logic gate. The insets depict the circuit diagrams of the "or" and "and" gates. (e)−(h) Imaging results of the "Panda" pattern (230 × 230 pixels) under infrared (980−2200 nm) irradiation[100].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 16.  (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram of a photodetector based on a hybrid 3D-Gr/2D-Gr structure. (b) I−V characteristics of the photodetectors with different structures at a wavelength of 1550 nm and a light source intensity of 30 mW/cm2. (c) Partially magnified image of the 2 kHz photoresponse curve to illustrate the fall time (tf) and rise time (tr)[101]. (d) Schematic diagram of Ge-based 3D-graphene photodetector. (e) Optical response of the device to 1550 nm laser pulses at different frequencies. The response curves corresponding to 2000 Hz modulation are amplified and further analyzed for characterization (f) the rise time, tr, and (g) the fall time, tf, of the device[105]. (h) Schematic diagram of a hybrid photodetector based on a VOG/Ge heterojunction. (i) Photocurrent as a function of light intensity. (j) Individual normalization periods used to estimate response time (tr) and fall time (tf)[106].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 17.  (Color online) Principle of Si-based monolayer graphene photoconductive detectors[117]. (a) Dark current (Idark) under an external bias (V) due to intrinsic carriers in graphene. Electrons and holes are denoted by dark and light circles, respectively. (b) Incident photons generate electron−hole pairs in the (lightly n-doped) silicon. (c) These injected carriers "dope" graphene and remain available for a certain time-scale, tr, before they recombine back into silicon. During this time, the applied bias V replaces these carriers several times by driving them through the external circuit, causing the photocurrent, Iph, as shown. (d) At the end of their lifetime, these carriers recombine back into silicon.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 18.  (Color online) (a) Schematic of the device form factor. (b) Photoresponse current for VDS = 0.5 V and (c) VDS = 1 V. (d) Schottky barrier fitting for GNWs/n-Si. (e) Schottky potential barrier fitting for GNWs/i-Si. (f) Schottky potential barrier fitting for GNWs/p-Si[122]. (g) and (h) Photocarrier transport process of GNWs/DLC/Si photodetectors under light illumination. (i) Response time of GNWs/DLC/Si photodetectors with different DLC thicknesses[127].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 19.  (Color online) (a) Three-dimensional schematic of the VG/ITO composite photodetector. (b) Iph of the VG/ITO photodetector at different bias voltages. (c) Photoresponsivity (|R|) versus Vbias of the VG/ITO photodetector[128]. (d) Schematic structure and working mechanism of GNWs/SnO2 device under UV light. (e) Photocurrent response of SnO2 (black line), GNWs/SnO2 (red line), and GNWs (blue line) with time. (f) Photocurrent response of GNWs/SnO2 with time at different bias voltages[130].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 20.  (Color online) (a) Structure of transversely structured graphene/calcite phototransistor and fabricated prototype device. (b) Leakage current−leakage voltage plot for sun simulator irradiation, 1 sun = 1000 w/m2. (c) Measurement of photocurrent versus time for phototransistor at 1 V bias voltage with different powers of 633 nm laser[133]. (d) Schematic of the FAPbI3 QDs/VAGA-based NIR detector. (e) I−V characteristics of the photodetector measured under dark (grey line) and 1550 nm irradiation (red line). (f) Responsiveness and detectability concerning power density[134].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 21.  (Color online) (a) Room temperature conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and power factor of PANI, 3D-graphene and 3D-graphene/PANI composites. (b) Carrier concentration and carrier mobility of PANI, 3D-graphene and 3D-graphene/PANI composites. (c) Resistivity of 3D-graphene/PANI composites containing 55% 3D-graphene[141]. (d) Schematic of the photothermoelectric response focused on the CV side of the composite. (e) Seebeck voltage versus temperature difference. (f) TGA plots of 0.3 CV, 3DGS-CV composites, and 3DGS in air from room temperature to 900 °C with a 5 K/min ramp rate[144].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 22.  (Color online) (a) Transmission spectra measured at 20 and 90 °C. (b) Resistance−temperature curves of VGNWs/VO2 composite films. (c) Deposition time, TCR versus resistance of VGNWs[154]. (d) Schematic of the GNW/PDMS thermal response. (e) Response of the GNW/PDMS device under temperature-controlled IR light irradiation. This test turns the IR light on at 30 °C and off at 32 °C. (f) The current trend of GNWs/PDMS at different temperatures[155].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1.   The performance metrics, including responsivity, response time, wavelength, and detectivity for photodetectors fabricated using 3D-graphene.

Device structure Wavelength
(nm)		 Rise
time (tr)		 Fall
time (tf)		 Responsivity
(A/W)		 Detectivity
(cm∙Hz1/2∙W−1)		 Reference
GrapheneNWs/planar-Si 532 40 μs − 0.52 5.88 × 1013 [92]
3D-Gr/high-κ/Si 1550 168 μs 196 μs 11. 2 5.9 × 1010 [93]
3D-Gr/SOI 1550 212 μs 242 μs 27.4 1.37 × 1011 [72]
Ag-NPs/3D-Gr/Si 1550 245 μs 185 μs 65.3 1.5 × 1010 [96]
PbS QDs/3D-Gr/Si 1550 326 μs 337 μs 13.7 1 × 1011 [87]
PbS QDs/3D-Gr/Si 2200 350 μs 372 μs 52 6.8 × 1010 [100]
3D-Gr/2D-Gr/Ge 1550 68 μs 70 μs 1.7 3.42 × 1014 [101]
3D-Gr/C3N QDs/2D-Gr/Ge 1550 57 μs 62 μs 2.98 × 107 1.04 × 1013 [105]
GQDs/VOG/Ge 1550 51 μs 54 μs 1.06 × 106 2.11 × 1014 [106]
GNWs/DLC/Si 532 13 μs 36 μs 2.4 × 103 1.07 × 1011 [127]
VG/ITO 980 5.8 s 6 s 0.7 − [128]
FAPbI3 QDs/VAGAs 1550 42 μs 45 μs 2.17 × 107 5.64 × 1015 [134]
CH3NH3PbIxCl3−x/GNWs 633 50 ms 290 ms 2.02 × 103 7.2 × 1010 [133]
DownLoad: CSV

Table 2.   The performance of 3D-graphene photodetectors is compared with other photodetectors.

Detector type Response
speed		 Spectral response
range		 Quantum
efficiency		 Dark current Flexibility Cost
3D-graphene photodetectors Fast UV−IR Lower Relatively high Good Low
2D photoelectric sensors Faster Varies by material Higher Varies by material Better Higher
InGaAs photodetector Fast Near infrared High Low Difference High
HgTeCd photodetector Faster Near infrared−far Infrared High Low Difference High
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
Liang S, Wang F F, Ma Z, et al. Asymmetric light excitation for photodetectors based on nanoscale semiconductors. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(1), 549 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06598
[2]
Hu X, Wu J H, Wu M Z, et al. Recent developments of infrared photodetectors with low-dimensional inorganic nanostructures. Nano Res, 2022, 15(2), 805 doi: 10.1007/s12274-021-3634-2
[3]
Pan Q, Su M, Zhang Z Y, et al. Omnidirectional photodetectors based on spatial resonance asymmetric facade via a 3D self-standing strategy. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32, 1907280 doi: 10.1002/adma.201907280
[4]
Chen M, Wang Y X, Zhao Z R. Monolithic metamaterial-integrated graphene terahertz photodetector with wavelength and polarization selectivity. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(10), 17263 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07968
[5]
Gayduchenko I, Xu S G, Alymov G, et al. Tunnel field-effect transistors for sensitive terahertz detection. Nat Commun, 2021, 12(1), 543 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20721-z
[6]
He X W, Wang X, Nanot S, et al. Photothermoelectric p-n junction photodetector with intrinsic broadband polarimetry based on macroscopic carbon nanotube films. ACS Nano, 2013, 7(8), 7271 doi: 10.1021/nn402679u
[7]
Li L L, Xu H, Li Z X, et al. CMOS-compatible tellurium/silicon ultra-fast near-infrared photodetector. Small, 2023, 19(42), 2303114 doi: 10.1002/smll.202303114
[8]
Wei B B, Zou B Q, Liu J X, et al. Polarization-sensitive photodetector based on quasi-1D (TaSe4)2I nanowire response to 10.6 µm. Adv Funct Materials, 2024, 34(30), 2315194 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202315194
[9]
He Z Y, Du X Y, Yu X, et al. Reverse-distribution phase featured gradient heterojunction: A universal strategy to realize high-performance near-infrared organic photodetectors for real-time arterial monitoring. Nano Energy, 2023, 114, 108673 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108673
[10]
Zhou Y C, Yang J, Bai L, et al. Flexible phase change hydrogels for mid-/low-temperature infrared stealth. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 446, 137463 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137463
[11]
Zhou Z Q, Shen T, Wang P, et al. Low symmetric sub-wavelength array enhanced lensless polarization-sensitivity photodetector of germanium selenium. Sci Bull, 2023, 68(2), 173 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.01.013
[12]
Wang F, Zhang T, Xie R, et al. Next-generation photodetectors beyond van der waals junctions. Adv Mater, 2024, 36(3), e2301197 doi: 10.1002/adma.202301197
[13]
Gao L F, Zhao Y M, Chang X H, et al. Emerging applications of MXenes for photodetection: Recent advances and future challenges. Mater Today, 2022, 61, 169 doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2022.10.022
[14]
Pan X Y, Ding L M. Application of metal halide perovskite photodetectors. J Semicond, 2022, 43(2), 020203 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/2/020203
[15]
Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science, 2004, 306(5696), 666 doi: 10.1126/science.1102896
[16]
Zhao C C, Liu Y Y, Wang D B, et al. High-performance self-driven broadband photoelectrochemical photodetector based on reduced graphene oxide/Bi2Te3 heterojunction. Nano Mater Sci, 2024, 6(6), 741 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2023.12.008
[17]
Echtermeyer T J, Britnell L, Jasnos P K, et al. Strong plasmonic enhancement of photovoltage in graphene. Nat Commun, 2011, 2, 458 doi: 10.1038/ncomms1464
[18]
Chang H X, Wu H K. Graphene-based nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties, and optical and optoelectronic applications. Adv Funct Materials, 2013, 23(16), 1984 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201202460
[19]
Sinitskii A. A recipe for nanoporous graphene. Science, 2018, 360(6385), 154 doi: 10.1126/science.aat5117
[20]
Li P L, Wei W Y, Zhang M, et al. Wafer-scale growth of single-crystal graphene on vicinal Ge(001) substrate. Nano Today, 2020, 34, 100908 doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100908
[21]
Zhang X, Jing Q, Ao S, et al. Ultrasensitive field-effect biosensors enabled by the unique electronic properties of graphene. Small, 2020, 16(15), e1902820 doi: 10.1002/smll.201902820
[22]
Koepfli S M, Baumann M, Koyaz Y, et al. Metamaterial graphene photodetector with bandwidth exceeding 500 gigahertz. Science, 2023, 380(6650), 1169 doi: 10.1126/science.adg8017
[23]
Du S C, Lu W, Ali A, et al. A broadband fluorographene photodetector. Adv Mater, 2017, 29(22), 1700463 doi: 10.1002/adma.201700463
[24]
Biccari F, Gabelloni F, Burzi E, et al. Graphene-based electron transport layers in perovskite solar cells: A step-up for an efficient carrier collection. Adv Energy Mater, 2017, 7(22), 1701349 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201701349
[25]
Agresti A, Pescetelli S, Cinà L, et al. Efficiency and stability enhancement in perovskite solar cells by inserting lithium-neutralized graphene oxide as electron transporting layer. Adv Funct Materials, 2016, 26(16), 2686 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201504949
[26]
Du S C, Xie H, Yin J X, et al. Giant hot electron thermalization via stacking of graphene layers. Carbon, 2023, 203, 835 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.12.017
[27]
Sassi U, Parret R, Nanot S, et al. Graphene-based mid-infrared room-temperature pyroelectric bolometers with ultrahigh temperature coefficient of resistance. Nat Commun, 2017, 8, 14311 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14311
[28]
Nair R R, Blake P, Grigorenko A N, et al. Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science, 2008, 320(5881), 1308 doi: 10.1126/science.1156965
[29]
Elias D C, Nair R R, Mohiuddin T G, et al. Control of graphene’s properties by reversible hydrogenation: Evidence for graphane. Science, 2009, 323(5914), 610 doi: 10.1126/science.1167130
[30]
Castro E V, Novoselov K S, Morozov S V, et al. Biased bilayer graphene: Semiconductor with a gap tunable by the electric field effect. Phys Rev Lett, 2007, 99(21), 216802 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.216802
[31]
Yin J B, Wang H, Peng H, et al. Selectively enhanced photocurrent generation in twisted bilayer graphene with van Hove singularity. Nat Commun, 2016, 7, 10699 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10699
[32]
Peng Y Y, Zhao W W, Ni F, et al. Forest-like laser-induced graphene film with ultrahigh solar energy utilization efficiency. ACS Nano, 2021, 15(12), 19490 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06277
[33]
Zhang Q Q, You X, Tian L, et al. Fabrication and efficient electromagnetic waves attenuation of three-dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide/boron nitride/silicon carbide hierarchical structures. J Mater Sci Technol, 2023, 155, 192 doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.12.056
[34]
Deng T, Zhang Z H, Liu Y X, et al. Three-dimensional graphene field-effect transistors as high-performance photodetectors. Nano Lett, 2019, 19(3), 1494 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04099
[35]
Olatomiwa A L, Adam T, Gopinath S C B, et al. Graphene synthesis, fabrication, characterization based on bottom-up and top-down approaches: An overview. J Semicond, 2022, 43(6), 061101 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/43/6/061101
[36]
Shivananju B N, Yu W, Liu Y, et al. The roadmap of graphene-based optical biochemical sensors. Adv Funct Materials, 2016, 27, 1603918 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201603918
[37]
Cheng H H, Zhao F, Xue J L, et al. One single graphene oxide film for responsive actuation. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(10), 9529 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04769
[38]
Fratzl P, Barth F G. Biomaterial systems for mechanosensing and actuation. Nature, 2009, 462(7272), 442 doi: 10.1038/nature08603
[39]
Ma T, Gao H L, Cong H P, et al. A bioinspired interface design for improving the strength and electrical conductivity of graphene-based fibers. Adv Mater, 2018, 30(15), 1706435 doi: 10.1002/adma.201706435
[40]
Stankovich S, Dikin D A, Dommett G H B, et al. Graphene-based composite materials. Nature, 2006, 442(7100), 282 doi: 10.1038/nature04969
[41]
Sadasivuni K K, Ponnamma D, Thomas S, et al. Evolution from graphite to graphene elastomer composites. Prog Polym Sci, 2014, 39(4), 749 doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.08.003
[42]
Li G Z, Huang B, Pan Z F, et al. Advances in three-dimensional graphene-based materials: Configurations, preparation and application in secondary metal (Li, Na, K, Mg, Al)-ion batteries. Energy Environ Sci, 2019, 12(7), 2030 doi: 10.1039/C8EE03014F
[43]
D’Apuzzo F, Piacenti A R, Giorgianni F, et al. Terahertz and mid-infrared plasmons in three-dimensional nanoporous graphene. Nat Commun, 2017, 8, 14885 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14885
[44]
Shi J L, Wang H F, Zhu X L, et al. The nanostructure preservation of 3D porous graphene: New insights into the graphitization and surface chemistry of non-stacked double-layer templated graphene after high-temperature treatment. Carbon, 2016, 103, 36 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.03.002
[45]
Ma Y F, Chen Y S. Three-dimensional graphene networks: Synthesis, properties and applications. Natl Sci Rev, 2015, 2(1), 40 doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwu072
[46]
Ando Y, Zhao X, Ohkohchi M. Production of petal-like graphite sheets by hydrogen arc discharge. Carbon, 1997, 35(1), 153 doi: 10.1016/S0008-6223(96)00139-X
[47]
Wu Y, Qiao P, Chong T, et al. Carbon nanowalls grown by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Adv Mater, 2002, 14(1), 64 doi: 10.1002/1521-4095(20020104)14:1<64::AID-ADMA64>3.0.CO;2-G
[48]
Zhao J, Shaygan M, Eckert J, et al. A growth mechanism for free-standing vertical graphene. Nano Lett, 2014, 14(6), 3064 doi: 10.1021/nl501039c
[49]
Akhavan O, Ghaderi E, Rahighi R. Toward single-DNA electrochemical biosensing by graphene nanowalls. ACS Nano, 2012, 6(4), 2904 doi: 10.1021/nn300261t
[50]
Zhang L X, Sun Z, Qi J L, et al. Understanding the growth mechanism of vertically aligned graphene and control of its wettability. Carbon, 2016, 103, 339 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.03.029
[51]
Hojati-Talemi P, Simon G P. Field emission study of graphene nanowalls prepared by microwave-plasma method. Carbon, 2011, 49(8), 2875 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.03.004
[52]
Tang B, Wang S L, Zhang J, et al. Three-dimensional graphene monolith-based composite: Superiority in properties and applications. Int Mater Rev, 2018, 63(3), 204 doi: 10.1080/09506608.2017.1344377
[53]
Jin S X, Feng Y Y, Jia J C, et al. Three-dimensional N-doped carbon nanotube/graphene composite aerogel anode to develop high-power microbial fuel cell. Energy Environ Mater, 2023, 6(3), e12373 doi: 10.1002/eem2.12373
[54]
Yang Y, Liu T Y, Liao Q, et al. A three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel-activated carbon composite catalyst that enables low-cost microfluidic microbial fuel cells with superior performance. J Mater Chem A, 2016, 4(41), 15913 doi: 10.1039/C6TA05002F
[55]
Zhang Z Y, Li W Y, Yuen M F, et al. Hierarchical composite structure of few-layers MoS2 nanosheets supported by vertical graphene on carbon cloth for high-performance hydrogen evolution reaction. Nano Energy, 2015, 18, 196 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.10.014
[56]
Ye S B, Feng J C. Towards three-dimensional, multi-functional graphene-based nanocomposite aerogels by hydrophobicity-driven absorption. J Mater Chem A, 2014, 2(27), 10365 doi: 10.1039/c4ta01392a
[57]
Zheng X L, Xiong X, Yang J W, et al. A strong and compressible three dimensional graphene/polyurushiol composite for efficient water cleanup. Chem Eng J, 2018, 333, 153 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.09.146
[58]
Sun S M, Wang S, Li S D, et al. Asymmetric supercapacitors based on a NiCo2O4/three dimensional graphene composite and three dimensional graphene with high energy density. J Mater Chem A, 2016, 4(47), 18646 doi: 10.1039/C6TA07746C
[59]
Zhao X Y, Li X L, Zhang S L, et al. A three-dimensional sponge of graphene nanoribbons crosslinked by Fe3O4 nanoparticles for Li+ storage. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5(45), 23592 doi: 10.1039/C7TA07874A
[60]
He M L, Wu L Y, Yu A L, et al. Surface functionalization of vertical graphene significantly enhances the energy storage capability for symmetric supercapacitors. Carbon, 2024, 216, 118511 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118511
[61]
Ma J H, Wang P, Dong L, et al. Highly conductive, mechanically strong graphene monolith assembled by three-dimensional printing of large graphene oxide. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2019, 534, 12 doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.096
[62]
Mo Y C, Yang K C, Lin J S, et al. CoSe2 anchored vertical graphene/macroporous carbon nanofibers used as multifunctional interlayers for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries. J Mater Chem A, 2023, 11(12), 6349 doi: 10.1039/D2TA10020G
[63]
Wang S, Wang X, Sun C L, et al. Room-temperature fast assembly of 3D macroscopically porous graphene frameworks for binder-free compact supercapacitors with high gravimetric and volumetric capacitances. J Energy Chem, 2021, 61, 23 doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2021.01.019
[64]
Rajackaitė E, Peckus D, Gudaitis R, et al. The evolution of properties with deposition time of vertical graphene nanosheets produced by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Surf Interfaces, 2021, 27, 101529 doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101529
[65]
Hiramatsu M, Shiji K, Amano H, et al. Fabrication of vertically aligned carbon nanowalls using capacitively coupled plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition assisted by hydrogen radical injection. Appl Phy Lett, 2004, 84(23), 4708 doi: 10.1063/1.1762702
[66]
Ma Y, Chaitoglou S, Farid G, et al. Supercapacitive performance of electrodes based on defective ZnO nanorods anchored on graphene nanowalls. Chem Eng J, 2024, 488, 151135 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.151135
[67]
Qi Y, Deng B, Guo X, et al. Switching vertical to horizontal graphene growth using faraday cage-assisted PECVD approach for high-performance transparent heating device. Adv Mater, 2018, 30, 1704839 doi: 10.1002/adma.201704839
[68]
Li J R, Liu Z D, Guo Q L, et al. Controllable growth of vertically oriented graphene for high sensitivity gas detection. J Mater Chem C, 2019, 7(20), 5995 doi: 10.1039/C9TC01246J
[69]
Li J R, Guo Q L, Zhang N, et al. Direct integration of polycrystalline graphene on silicon as a photodetector via plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. J Mater Chem C, 2018, 6(36), 9682 doi: 10.1039/C8TC02646G
[70]
Xu S C, Wang S S, Chen Z, et al. Electric-field-assisted growth of vertical graphene arrays and the application in thermal interface materials. Adv Funct Materials, 2020, 30(34), 2003302 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202003302
[71]
Davami K, Shaygan M, Kheirabi N, et al. Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanowalls on different substrates by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Carbon, 2014, 72, 372 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.025
[72]
He Z Y, Zhang G L, Zhang S, et al. Resonant nanocavity-enhanced graphene photodetectors on reflecting silicon-on-insulator wafers. Appl Phys Lett, 2021, 119(23), 232104 doi: 10.1063/5.0074703
[73]
Simionescu O G, Avram A, Adiaconiţă B, et al. Field-effect transistors based on single-layer graphene and graphene-derived materials. Micromachines, 2023, 14(6), 1096 doi: 10.3390/mi14061096
[74]
Seehra M S, Narang V, Geddam U K, et al. Correlation between X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra of 16 commercial graphene-based materials and their resulting classification. Carbon, 2017, 111, 380 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.10.010
[75]
Evlashin S, Svyakhovskiy S, Suetin N, et al. Optical and IR absorption of multilayer carbon nanowalls. Carbon, 2014, 70, 111 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.12.079
[76]
Zhang G L, Wang B K, Wu H J, et al. Nitrogen-doped 3D-graphene advances near-infrared photodetector for logic circuits and image sensors overcoming 2D limitations. Nano Lett, 2024, 24(33), 10062 doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01917
[77]
Yu L Y, Zhang S, Zhang G L, et al. Dual-enhanced photodetectors combining graphene plasmonic nanoresonators with germanium-on-insulator optical cavities. IEEE Trans Electron Devices, 2022, 69(6), 3246 doi: 10.1109/TED.2022.3168528
[78]
Liu J, Li X Y, Wang Q, et al. A new 3D Dirac nodal-line semi-metallic graphene monolith for lithium ion battery anode materials. J Mater Chem A, 2018, 6(28), 13816 doi: 10.1039/C8TA04428G
[79]
Fang X Y, Yu X X, Zheng H M, et al. Temperature- and thickness-dependent electrical conductivity of few-layer graphene and graphene nanosheets. Phys Lett A, 2015, 379(37), 2245 doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2015.06.063
[80]
Li H, Shi Y C, Shang H, et al. Atomic-scale tuning of graphene/cubic SiC Schottky junction for stable low-bias photoelectrochemical solar-to-fuel conversion. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(4), 4905 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00986
[81]
Bai Z Q, Xiao Y, Luo Q, et al. Highly tunable carrier tunneling in vertical graphene-WS2-graphene van der waals heterostructures. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(5), 7880 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00536
[82]
Lu Y H, Feng S R, Wu Z Q, et al. Broadband surface plasmon resonance enhanced self-powered graphene/GaAs photodetector with ultrahigh detectivity. Nano Energy, 2018, 47, 140 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.02.056
[83]
Heo J H, Shin D H, Kim S, et al. Highly efficient CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells prepared by AuCl3-doped graphene transparent conducting electrodes. Chem Eng J, 2017, 323, 153 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.097
[84]
Li H, Wu J B, Ran F R, et al. Interfacial interactions in van der waals heterostructures of MoS2 and graphene. ACS Nano, 2017, 11(11), 11714 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07015
[85]
Shao Q G, Qi H, Li C, et al. Recent progress of gr/Si Schottky photodetectors. Electron Mater Lett, 2023, 19(2), 121 doi: 10.1007/s13391-022-00384-2
[86]
Riazimehr S, Kataria S, Bornemann R, et al. High photocurrent in gated graphene-silicon hybrid photodiodes. ACS Photonics, 2017, 4(6), 1506 doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b00285
[87]
Zhang S, Zhang G L, Zheng L, et al. High-performance near-infrared photodetector by integration of PbS quantum dots with 3D-graphene. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2023, 44(8), 1240 doi: 10.1109/LED.2023.3288140
[88]
Zhao Y, Tsai T Y, Wu G, et al. Graphene/SnS2 van der waals photodetector with high photoresponsivity and high photodetectivity for broadband 365-2240 nm detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13(39), 47198 doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c11534
[89]
Zhang X K, Kang Z, Gao L, et al. Molecule-upgraded van der waals contacts for Schottky-barrier-free electronics. Adv Mater, 2021, 33(45), e2104935 doi: 10.1002/adma.202104935
[90]
Sun L, Zhu L F, Zhang C L, et al. Mechanical manipulation of silicon-based Schottky diodes via flexoelectricity. Nano Energy, 2021, 83, 105855 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105855
[91]
Li L, Fan Z Y. Optoelectronic materials and devices. Small Meth, 2024, 8(2), 2301632 doi: 10.1002/smtd.202301632
[92]
Shen J, Liu X Z, Song X F, et al. High-performance Schottky heterojunction photodetector with directly grown graphene nanowalls as electrodes. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(18), 6020 doi: 10.1039/C7NR00573C
[93]
He Z Y, Zhang S, Zheng L, et al. Si-based NIR tunneling heterojunction photodetector with interfacial engineering and 3D-graphene integration. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2022, 43(11), 1818 doi: 10.1109/LED.2022.3203474
[94]
Kuznetsov A I, Miroshnichenko A E, Brongersma M L, et al. Optically resonant dielectric nanostructures. Science, 2016, 354(6314), aag2472 doi: 10.1126/science.aag2472
[95]
Tai S P, Wu Y, Shieh D B, et al. Molecular imaging of cancer cells using plasmon-resonant-enhanced third-harmonic-generation in silver nanoparticles. Adv Mater, 2007, 19(24), 4520 doi: 10.1002/adma.200602213
[96]
Zhang G L, Zhang S, Zheng L, et al. Localized surface plasmon resonance enables Si-based near-infrared photodetector. IEEE Trans Electron Devices, 2023, 70(10), 5497 doi: 10.1109/TED.2023.3303148
[97]
Liu Y H, Li F H, Huang H, et al. Optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties of I–III–VI QDs: Bridging between traditional and emerging new QDs. J Semicond, 2020, 41(9), 091701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/9/091701
[98]
Marino E, Sciortino A, Berkhout A, et al. Simultaneous photonic and excitonic coupling in spherical quantum dot supercrystals. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(10), 13806 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06188
[99]
Pang X H, Bian H J, Wang W J, et al. A bio-chemical application of N-GQDs and g-C3N4 QDs sensitized TiO2 nanopillars for the quantitative detection of pcDNA3-HBV. Biosens Bioelectron, 2017, 91, 456 doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.059
[100]
Wu H J, Liu Z Y, Wang B K, et al. Integration of PbS quantum dots with 3D-graphene for self-powered broadband photodetectors in image sensors. ACS Photonics, 2024, 11(3), 1342 doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01803
[101]
Zhao M H, Xue Z Y, Zhu W, et al. Interface engineering-assisted 3D-graphene/germanium heterojunction for high-performance photodetectors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020, 12(13), 15606 doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c02485
[102]
Sinha D, Lee J U. Ideal graphene/silicon Schottky junction diodes. Nano Lett, 2014, 14(8), 4660 doi: 10.1021/nl501735k
[103]
Xu Y, Cheng C, Du S C, et al. Contacts between two- and three-dimensional materials: Ohmic, Schottky, and p-n heterojunctions. ACS Nano, 2016, 10(5), 4895 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01842
[104]
Liu X Z, Zhou Q, Luo S, et al. Infrared photodetector based on the photothermionic effect of graphene-nanowall/silicon heterojunction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11(19), 17663 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b03329
[105]
Feng X Q, He Z Y, Liu Z D, et al. Intact vertical 3D–0D–2D carbon-based p–n junctions for use in high-performance photodetectors. Adv Opt Mater, 2021, 9(16), 2100387 doi: 10.1002/adom.202100387
[106]
Zhu W, Xue Z Y, Wang G, et al. Graphene quantum dot-decorated vertically oriented graphene/germanium heterojunctions for near-infrared photodetectors. ACS Appl Nano Mater, 2020, 3(7), 6915 doi: 10.1021/acsanm.0c01258
[107]
Fang H H, Hu W D. Photogating in low dimensional photodetectors. Adv Sci, 2017, 4(12), 1700323 doi: 10.1002/advs.201700323
[108]
Long M S, Wang P, Fang H H, et al. Progress, challenges, and opportunities for 2D material based photodetectors. Adv Funct Materials, 2019, 29(19), 1803807 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201803807
[109]
Sukhovatkin V, Hinds S, Brzozowski L, et al. Colloidal quantum-dot photodetectors exploiting multiexciton generation. Science, 2009, 324(5934), 1542 doi: 10.1126/science.1173812
[110]
Huijser A, Savenije T J, Kotlewski A, et al. Efficient light-harvesting layers of homeotropically aligned porphyrin derivatives. Adv Mater, 2006, 18(17), 2234 doi: 10.1002/adma.200600045
[111]
Zhang Z, Jia F A, Kong F H, et al. Chloride adsorbates enhance the photocarrier separation and promote the bio-syngas evolution. Small, 2023, 19(21), e2300810 doi: 10.1002/smll.202300810
[112]
Ghosh C, Dey A, Biswas I, et al. CuO–TiO2 based self-powered broad band photodetector. Nano Energy, 2020, 70, 104518 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104518
[113]
Ghosh C, Dey A, Biswas I, et al. CuO-TiO2 based self-powered broad band photodetector. Nano Mater Sci, 2024, 6(3), 345 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2023.11.003
[114]
Niu W Z, Moehl T, Cui W, et al. Extended light harvesting with dual Cu2O-based photocathodes for high efficiency water splitting. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8(10), 1702323 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201702323
[115]
Tang H Y, Anwar T, Jang M S, et al. Light-intensity switching of graphene/WSe2 synaptic devices. Adv Sci, 2024, 11(24), e2309876 doi: 10.1002/advs.202309876
[116]
Wang W H, Du R X, Sun L T, et al. Ultrasensitive graphene position-sensitive detector induced by synergistic effects of charge injection and interfacial gating. Nanophotonics, 2020, 9(8), 2531 doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2020-0053
[117]
Liu F Z, Kar S. Quantum carrier reinvestment-induced ultrahigh and broadband photocurrent responses in graphene-silicon junctions. ACS Nano, 2014, 8(10), 10270 doi: 10.1021/nn503484s
[118]
Ma Z Y, Li G, Zhang X L, et al. High-performance and broadband photodetection of bicrystalline (GaN)1-x(ZnO)x solid solution nanowires via crystal defect engineering. J Mater Sci Technol, 2021, 85, 255 doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.01.020
[119]
Srisonphan S, Jung Y S, Kim H K. Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor with a vacuum channel. Nat Nanotechnol, 2012, 7(8), 504 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2012.107
[120]
Luo H W, Yu C M, Liu Z T, et al. Remarkable enhancement of charge carrier mobility of conjugated polymer field-effect transistors upon incorporating an ionic additive. Sci Adv, 2016, 2(5), e1600076 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1600076
[121]
Sun H T, Mei L, Liang J F, et al. Three-dimensional holey-graphene/niobia composite architectures for ultrahigh-rate energy storage. Science, 2017, 356(6338), 599 doi: 10.1126/science.aam5852
[122]
Wang H C, Fu Y Q. Graphene-nanowalls/silicon hybrid heterojunction photodetectors. Carbon, 2020, 162, 181 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.02.023
[123]
Liu H Y, Sun F, Li X Y, et al. g-C3N4/TiO2/ZnIn2S4 graphene aerogel photocatalysts with double S-scheme heterostructure for improving photocatalytic multifunctional performances. Compos Part B Eng, 2023, 259, 110746 doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110746
[124]
Li M M, Wang Y, Yang C C, et al. In situ grown Co3O4 nanocubes on N-doped graphene as a synergistic hybrid for applications in nickel metal hydride batteries. Int J Hydrog Energy, 2018, 43(39), 18421 doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.054
[125]
Guo S H, Zhang B C, Zhang X L, et al. Non-noble-metal plasmonic parabolic membrane with "pearl necklace" structure for enhanced hydrogen production based on light concentration effect. Chem Eng J, 2024, 493, 152708 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.152708
[126]
Meng J H, Liu X, Zhang X W, et al. Interface engineering for highly efficient graphene-on-silicon Schottky junction solar cells by introducing a hexagonal boron nitride interlayer. Nano Energy, 2016, 28, 44 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.08.028
[127]
Yang J, Tang L L, Luo W, et al. Interface engineering of a silicon/graphene heterojunction photodetector via a diamond-like carbon interlayer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13(3), 4692 doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c18850
[128]
Yang J W, Liu Y D, Ci H N, et al. High-performance 3D vertically oriented graphene photodetector using a floating indium tin oxide channel. Sensors, 2022, 22(3), 959 doi: 10.3390/s22030959
[129]
Qiao H, Li Z J, Huang Z Y, et al. Self-powered photodetectors based on 0D/2D mixed dimensional heterojunction with black phosphorus quantum dots as hole accepters. Appl Mater Today, 2020, 20, 100765 doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100765
[130]
Lan G L, Nong J P, Jin W F, et al. Enhanced UV photoresponse employing 3D graphene nanowalls/SnO2 nanocomposite film. Surf Coat Technol, 2019, 359, 90 doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.12.052
[131]
Gao Y, Zhao C, Pu K, et al. Low-voltage-modulated perovskite/organic dual-band photodetectors for visible and near-infrared imaging. Sci Bull, 2022, 67(19), 1982 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.09.007
[132]
Ahmad A A, Al-Bataineh Q M, Migdadi A B. Nanocomposite superstructure of zinc oxide mesocrystal/reduced graphene oxide with effective photoconductivity. J Semicond, 2024, 45(11), 112701 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24060019
[133]
Zhou D H, Yu L Y, Zhu P, et al. Lateral structured phototransistor based on mesoscopic graphene/perovskite heterojunctions. Nanomaterials, 2021, 11(3), 641 doi: 10.3390/nano11030641
[134]
Feng X Q, He Z Y, Zhu W, et al. Perovskite quantum dots integrated with vertically aligned graphene toward ambipolar multifunctional photodetectors. J Mater Chem C, 2021, 9(2), 609 doi: 10.1039/D0TC04932H
[135]
Yang H, Tan C W, Deng C Y, et al. Bolometric effect in Bi2O2Se photodetectors. Small, 2019, 15(43), e1904482 doi: 10.1002/smll.201904482
[136]
Guo X H, Lu X W, Jiang P, et al. Touchless thermosensation enabled by flexible infrared photothermoelectric detector for temperature prewarning function of electronic skin. Adv Mater, 2024, 36(23), e2313911 doi: 10.1002/adma.202313911
[137]
Xiao Y, Zhao L D. Seeking new, highly effective thermoelectrics. Science, 2020, 367(6483), 1196 doi: 10.1126/science.aaz9426
[138]
Zhao L D, Lo S H, Zhang Y S, et al. Ultralow thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in SnSe crystals. Nature, 2014, 508(7496), 373 doi: 10.1038/nature13184
[139]
Wei M, Li H B, Nisar M, et al. The synergistic effect of hole co-doping on carrier transports and phonon tuning in Sb2Te3 flexible thermoelectric thin film. Chem Eng J, 2024, 495, 153185 doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.153185
[140]
Li Y Y, Liu G H, Cao T F, et al. Enhanced thermoelectric properties of Cu2SnSe3 by (Ag, In)-co-doping. Adv Funct Materials, 2016, 26(33), 6025 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201601486
[141]
Wang L M, Bi H, Yao Q, et al. Three-dimensional tubular graphene/polyaniline composites as high-performance elastic thermoelectrics. Compos Sci Technol, 2017, 150, 135 doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.07.001
[142]
Yao Q, Chen L D, Zhang W Q, et al. Enhanced thermoelectric performance of single-walled carbon nanotubes/polyaniline hybrid nanocomposites. ACS Nano, 2010, 4(4), 2445 doi: 10.1021/nn1002562
[143]
Peng H S. Aligned carbon nanotube/polymer composite films with robust flexibility, high transparency, and excellent conductivity. J Am Chem Soc, 2008, 130(1), 42 doi: 10.1021/ja078267m
[144]
Kondapalli V K R, Akinboye O I, Zhang Y, et al. Three-dimensional graphene sheet-carbon veil thermoelectric composite with microinterfaces for energy applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2024, 16(10), 13150 doi: 10.1021/acsami.3c19605
[145]
Chen C H, Yi X J, Zhao X R, et al. Characterizations of VO2- based uncooled microbolometer linear array. Sens Actuat A Phys, 2001, 90(3), 212 doi: 10.1016/S0924-4247(01)00495-2
[146]
Wang B, Lai J J, Li H, et al. Nanostructured vanadium oxide thin film with high TCR at room temperature for microbolometer. Infrared Phys Technol, 2013, 57, 8 doi: 10.1016/j.infrared.2012.10.006
[147]
Dai J, Wang X Z, He S W, et al. Low temperature fabrication of VO x thin films for uncooled IR detectors by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering method. Infrared Phys Technol, 2008, 51(4), 287 doi: 10.1016/j.infrared.2007.12.002
[148]
Wei Z Y, Yang F, Bi K D, et al. Thermal transport properties of all-sp2 three-dimensional graphene: Anisotropy, size and pressure effects. Carbon, 2017, 113, 212 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.11.055
[149]
Lv P, Tan X W, Yu K H, et al. Super-elastic graphene/carbon nanotube aerogel: A novel thermal interface material with highly thermal transport properties. Carbon, 2016, 99, 222 doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.026
[150]
Iglesias J M, Martín M J, Pascual E, et al. Hot carrier and hot phonon coupling during ultrafast relaxation of photoexcited electrons in graphene. Appl Phy Lett, 2016, 108(4), 043105 doi: 10.1063/1.4940902
[151]
Tran M D, Lee S G, Jeon S, et al. Decelerated hot carrier cooling in graphene via nondissipative carrier injection from MoS2. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(10), 13905 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06311
[152]
Xu C, Liu G W, Li M, et al. Optical switching and nanothermochromic studies of VO2(M) nanoparticles prepared by mild thermolysis method. Mater Des, 2020, 187, 108396 doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108396
[153]
Wu B M, Zhang Z Y, Chen B X, et al. One-step rolling fabrication of VO2 tubular bolometers with polarization-sensitive and omnidirectional detection. Sci Adv, 2023, 9(42), eadi7805 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7805
[154]
Lu Y, Zhang H, Wan D Y. CVD preparation of vertical graphene nanowalls/VO2(B) composite films with superior thermal sensitivity in uncooled infrared detector. J Materiomics, 2020, 6(2), 280 doi: 10.1016/j.jmat.2020.03.002
[155]
Zhang H, Zhao K Y, Cui S Y, et al. Anomalous temperature coefficient of resistance in graphene nanowalls/polymer films and applications in infrared photodetectors. Nanophotonics, 2018, 7(5), 883 doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2017-0135

    • Search

    Advanced Search >>

    GET CITATION

    shu

    Export: BibTex EndNote

    Article Metrics

    Article views: 850 Times PDF downloads: 134 Times Cited by: 0 Times

    History

    Received: 11 January 2025 Revised: 17 February 2025 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 03 March 2025Uncorrected proof: 11 April 2025Published: 10 July 2025

    Catalog

      Email This Article

      User name:
      Email:*请输入正确邮箱
      Code:*验证码错误
      Send
      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2025  >  46(7): 071401
      Bingkun Wang, Jinqiu Zhang, Huijuan Wu, Fanghao Zhu, Shanshui Lian, Genqiang Cao, Hui Ma, Xurui Hu, Li Zheng, Gang Wang. Review on three-dimensional graphene: synthesis and joint photoelectric regulation in photodetectors[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, 46(7): 071401. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010015 ****B K Wang, J Q Zhang, H J Wu, F H Zhu, S S Lian, G Q Cao, H Ma, X R Hu, L Zheng, and G Wang, Review on three-dimensional graphene: synthesis and joint photoelectric regulation in photodetectors[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(7), 071401 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010015
      Citation:
      Bingkun Wang, Jinqiu Zhang, Huijuan Wu, Fanghao Zhu, Shanshui Lian, Genqiang Cao, Hui Ma, Xurui Hu, Li Zheng, Gang Wang. Review on three-dimensional graphene: synthesis and joint photoelectric regulation in photodetectors[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, 46(7): 071401. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010015 ****
      B K Wang, J Q Zhang, H J Wu, F H Zhu, S S Lian, G Q Cao, H Ma, X R Hu, L Zheng, and G Wang, Review on three-dimensional graphene: synthesis and joint photoelectric regulation in photodetectors[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(7), 071401 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010015
      shu

      Review on three-dimensional graphene: synthesis and joint photoelectric regulation in photodetectors

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25010015
      CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25010015
      • 1.

        Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China

      • 2.

        State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China

      More Information
      • Bingkun Wang was born on October 9, 2000, and received her bachelor's degree in 2022 from Guangxi Normal University. Now, she is a graduate student studying at Ningbo University under the supervision of Prof. Gang Wang. Her research focuses on the preparation of graphene with controlled dimensionality and specific physical properties and its applications
      • Gang Wang is a professor at Ningbo University, China. He received the B.S. degree from Lanzhou University in 2011 and Ph.D. degree from Lanzhou University in 2016. 2011−2016, he co-educated in Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Research in his laboratory currently includes preparation and application of graphene quantum dot, graphene films and vertically-aligned graphene arrays, thin-film photoelectric devices and device physics
      • Corresponding author: huxurui@nbu.edu.cn; zhengli@mail.sim.ac.cn; gangwang@nbu.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2025-01-11
      • Revised Date: 2025-02-17
        • Available Online: 2025-03-03

      Catalog

        Journal of Semiconductors © 2017 All Rights Reserved   京ICP备05085259号-2

        /

        DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
        Return
        Return