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CZTS based novel bifunctional photovoltaic and self-powered photodetection nano system

Kalyan B. Chavan1, 3, Maruti V. Salve1, Shweta Chaure2 and Nandu B. Chaure1,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Nandu B. Chaure, n.chaure@physics.unipune.ac.in

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030025CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25030025

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Abstract: CZTS (Cu2ZnSnS4) is a quaternary semiconductor that is environmentally friendly, less expensive. In this paper, we report on the optimization and fabrication of CZTS-based heterojunction nanodevices for bifunctional applications such as solar cells and photodetectors. CZTS thin films were deposited on top of (Molybdenum) Mo-coated glass substrates via RF sputtering at 100 and 200 Watt. Rapid thermal processing (RTP) was used at 300, 400, and 500°C temperatures. CdS (Cadmium sulphide) was deposited on CZTS using a chemical bath deposition system with 3- and 5-minute (min) deposition times. ZnO (Zinc Oxide) and AZO (Aluminium doped Zinc Oxide) layers were deposited using RF (Radio Frequency) sputtering to create the solar device. XRD confirms the formation of a tetragonal structure with increased crystallinity due to the use of RTP. Raman reveals the characteristic Raman shift peak associated with CZTS at 336 and 335 cm−1. The FESEM shows a relationship with RTP temperature. Surface features, including grain size, vary with RTP temperature. The ideality factor is nearly 2, indicating imperfection in the Mo/CZTS interface. Schottky barrier height estimates range from 0.6 to 0.7 eV. Absorbance and transmittance show a predictable fluctuation with RTP temperature. Photovoltaic device was built using the higher crystalline feature of CZTS in conjunction with CdS deposited at 3 and 5 min. The efficiency of CdS deposited after 3 and 5 min was 1.15 and 0.97 percent, respectively. Fabricated devices were used for wavelength-dependent photodetection. This work demonstrated self-powered photodetection.

Key words: CZTS thin film solar cell, Bifunctional device, Photodetection, RF sputtering, etc.



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Schematic illustration of CZTS based bifunctional nanosystems

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) X ray diffractograms of CZTS/Mo heterojunction deposited at various deposition powers and treated at RTP temperatures.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) Raman spectrographs of CZTS thin films grown at different experimental conditions

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) FESEM imagery’s of CZTS thin film grown at 100 Watt treated at different RTP temperatures (a) 300 °C (b) 400 °C (c) 500 °C °C CZTS thin film grown at 200 Watt treated at different RTP temperatures (d) 300 °C (e) 400 °C (f) 500 °C

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a)−(d) Ln (I) Vs V for Mo/CZTS interface growth and RTP processed at different temperatures. Fig. 5 (e)−(h) plot of $ {\ln}\left(\dfrac{{I}}{\left[1-{\exp}\left(-\dfrac{{q}{V}}{{k}{T}}\right)\right]}\right){V}{s}{V} $ of FTO/CZTS interface deposited at different deposition temperatures.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) Absorbance and transmittance plot of CZTS deposited at different RTP conditions.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) J-V Curve of CZTS device fabricated for CdS deposited for 3 and 5 min.

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) Photoresponse, Dark current, photocurrent, rise time, fall time of CZTS based nanosystems with CdS deposited for 3 min.

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) Photoresponse, Dark current, photocurrent, rise time, fall time of CZTS based nanosystems with CdS deposited for 5 min.

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Fig. 10.  (Color online) Spectral dependence of spectral dependence of (a) responsivity (b) detectivity and (c) Linear dynamic range of CZTS based photodetectors.

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Table 1.   Comparative review of work done on bifunctional capabilities of CZTS.

Reference Solar cell Photodetector
Efficiency (%) Jsc (mA/cm2) Voc (V) Self-powered/Biased Detectivity (Jones)
Pesku et.al.[36] 2.82 20.80 0.46 − −
Tumbul et.al.[37] 0.7 3.1 0.490 − −
Gour et.al.[38, 39] − − − Biasing (1mV) 4.48×108
Gour et.al.[39] − − − Biasing (500 mV) 109
This work 1.15 4.037 0.37 Self-powered ~1010
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Table 2.   Growth parameters of Mo/CZTS thin films.

Sample
Codes		 Mo (DC power)
(Watt)		 CZTS (RF power) (Watt) RTP temp
(°C)
A41 150 100 400
A51 150 100 500
A44 500 100 400
A54 500 100 500
B31 150 200 300
B41 150 200 400
B51 150 200 500
B34 500 200 300
B44 500 200 400
B54 500 200 500
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Table 3.   Structural and electrical Parameters of CZTS grown Mo coated SLG.

Sample CodeFWHMCrystallite size (nm)dislocation Density (nm−2)Ideality FactorSchottky Barrier height (eV)
A411.8975.060.03911.940.63
A441.5525.820.02952.000.70
A511.2127.290.01882.000.62
A540.92110.040.00992.000.61
B311.5896.880.02112.000.62
B347.2065.540.03262.040.66
B411.6706.660.02252.000.61
B441.7466.560.02322.000.63
B511.0538.680.01332.000.62
B541.3888.750.01312.000.66
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Table 4.   Spectra range dependent photodetector parameters.

Spectral range (nm)Photocurrent ($ \mu A $)Responsivity (10-4) $ \left(\dfrac{A}{W}\right) $Detectivity (109) (Jones)Linear dynamic Range (dB)
3 min5 min3 min5 min3 min5 min3 min5 min
AM1.569.5424.871.440.5151.9620.62655.3044.39
398-4125.503.161.050.6023.9263.75250.8354.87
478-5043.952.800.550.3883.1612.50955.5254.48
645-67314.358.383.492.0395.5817.70444.3854.65
698-7395.004.153.362.78869.19811.43779.6349.97
814-8732.081.681.391.1278.8015.45551.4444.99
935-10660.540.430.130.1031.6261.14051.7147.55
1071-11630.00160.00890.00110.0060.0090.0817.4916.62
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[1]
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[2]
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    Received: 13 March 2025 Revised: 14 May 2025 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 15 July 2025

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2025  > Accepted Manuscript
      Kalyan B. Chavan, Maruti V. Salve, Shweta Chaure, Nandu B. Chaure. CZTS based novel bifunctional photovoltaic and self-powered photodetection nano system[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030025 ****Kalyan B. Chavan, M V Salve, S Chaure, and N B Chaure, CZTS based novel bifunctional photovoltaic and self-powered photodetection nano system[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030025
      Citation:
      Kalyan B. Chavan, Maruti V. Salve, Shweta Chaure, Nandu B. Chaure. CZTS based novel bifunctional photovoltaic and self-powered photodetection nano system[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030025 ****
      Kalyan B. Chavan, M V Salve, S Chaure, and N B Chaure, CZTS based novel bifunctional photovoltaic and self-powered photodetection nano system[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030025
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      CZTS based novel bifunctional photovoltaic and self-powered photodetection nano system

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25030025
      CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25030025
      • 1.

        Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University (formerly University of Pune), Pune, 411 007, India

      • 2.

        Department of Physics, College of Engineering Pune, Pune, 411005, India

      • 3.

        Department of Physics, Ahmednagar College, Maharashtra, 414001, India

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      • Kalyan B. Chavan is a research scholar at the Savitribai Phule Pune University in Pune, India. He earned his M.Sc. from the University of Pune, India. He is currently working on his Ph.D. in RF sputtered CZTS-based thin film solar cells under the guidance of Prof. Nandu B. Chaure. Aside from this, he works in a variety of scientific fields, including semiconductor physics, energy materials for thin film photovoltaics, and supercapacitor applications
      • Nandu B. Chaure is a Professor at Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Materials and Device Physics from the University of Pune and University of Bhopal, India. His research mainly focuses on Semiconductor Physics, Energy materials for thin film photovoltaics and supercapacitor applications
      • Corresponding author: n.chaure@physics.unipune.ac.in
      • Received Date: 2025-03-13
      • Revised Date: 2025-05-14
        • Available Online: 2025-07-15

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