Eco-sustainable biosynthesis of CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles using apple extract for multifunctional applications

Heba Hussein; S. S. Ibrahim; Sherif A. Khairy

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/25040013

J. Semicond. > Just Accepted

ARTICLES

Eco-sustainable biosynthesis of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles using apple extract for multifunctional applications

Heba Hussein, S. S. Ibrahim and Sherif A. Khairy

+ Author Affiliations

Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo-11566, Egypt

Author Bio:

Heba Hussein is a doctoral researcher in the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science - Cairo University. She received her B.Sc. in Physics in 2006 and her M.Sc. in 2020, both from Cairo University. Currently pursuing her Ph.D. under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Sobhy Sayed Ibrahim and Prof. Dr. Sherif Ahmed Khairy,her research centers on the eco-sustainable synthesis of nanoparticles using plant-based and natural extracts. Her work bridges green chemistry and nanotechnology, with a focus on designing materials for advanced environmental remediation and biomedical applications. She integrates statistical optimization techniques such as response surface methodology to precisely tailor the physical, optical, and magnetic properties of nanomaterials. Her research contributes to the growing field of sustainable nanoscience, aiming to replace conventional synthesis methods with environmentally benign alternatives.

S. S. Ibrahim Sobhy Sayed Ibrahim is a Professor Emeritus of Materials Science in the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science - Cairo University. He began his academic career as a teaching assistant and rose through the ranks to become a full professor in material science, focusing on the electrical, thermal, and optical properties of materials. He has published extensively in polymers, ceramics, and polymer nanocomposites. He completed a six-month postdoctoral fellowship at Tokyo University of Science. Until 2001, he served as a professor at Cairo University and held advisory roles to the Minister of Youth and Sports and the Vice President of Cairo University. He later joined King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia, where he worked as a physics professor for 12 years and served as a scientific advisor to the university’s Vice President.

Sherif A. Khairy Sherif Ahmed Khairy is a Professor Emeritus of Materials Science in the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science - Cairo University. He obtained his PhD from a university in the former Soviet Union (now Russia). He began his academic career as a lecturer at Cairo University and progressed to the rank of full professor in materials science. He served as Vice Dean for Student Affairs at the Faculty of Science – Cairo University for three years. He is a founding member of the Solid State Society in Egypt and has supervised numerous MSc and PhD theses. He also worked for several years in Qatar at the College of Department of Physics. His main research interests focus on dielectric and electrical properties of materials, along with their technological applications.

Corresponding author: Heba Hussein, Heba@sci.cu.edu.eg

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040013CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25040013

Abstract: This study investigates the effect of apple extract on CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles synthesized via a green self-ignition method. HRTEM showed nanometric particles with varied shapes, while XRD and Rietveld refinement confirmed a face-centered cubic (Fd3̅m) structure. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed a Zeeman sextet pattern with only Fe³⁺ ions. UV-Vis-NIR spectra indicated strong absorbance in the visible and NIR regions, suggesting optoelectronic potential. The nanoparticles demonstrated high photo-Fenton catalytic efficiency, degrading 96.88% of methylene blue under visible light. They also exhibited 100% adsorption capacities for Cr³⁺ and Pb²⁺, making them effective for water treatment. These properties were attributed to a large surface area (347.04 m²/g), mesoporous structure, and mixed spinel phase. ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD tests confirmed that contact time and adsorbent dosage significantly affected pollutant removal. Additionally, strong antimicrobial activity highlighted their biotechnological relevance. The inclusion of apple extract enhanced structural and functional features, expanding application prospects in spin valves, magnetic recording, refrigeration, microwave technologies (C to Ku bands), optoelectronics, and biotechnology. Future work should explore the photo-Fenton degradation mechanism and optimize synthesis for scalable production, aiming to maximize their industrial utility

Key words: CoFe₂O₄ ferrite, ANOVA, heavy metal removal, photo-Fenton catalytic degradation, bactericidal effect

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Fig. 1. (Color online) Demonstration of organic-inorganic formation during the synthesis of Co-A using (a) a carboxyl-based chelating agent (using ferulic acid as an example) and (b) a hydroxyl-based chelating agent (using chlorogenic acid as an example).

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Fig. 2. (Color online) X-ray diffraction pattern and the standard diffraction pattern (JCPDS card no. 01-080-6487) for the prepared sample. Enlarged view of the main diffraction peak (311) represented in the inset.

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Fig. 3. (Color online) Rietveld refinements for the prepared Co-A sample. The polyhedron configuration of the FCC spinel structure is represented as an inset.

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Fig. 4. (Color online) The arrangement of ion pairs in the prepared Co-A ferrite sample with optimal distances and angles for effective magnetic interactions.

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Fig. 5. (Color online) (a) 2D electron density map of individual atoms at X = 0 in the unit cell of the prepared cobalt ferrite nanoparticles, obtained using the GFourier program in the FullProf Software package. (b) 3D contour map of the electronic density of individual atoms at X = 0 in the unit cell of the eco-friendly cobalt ferrite sample (the electron density is measured in electrons per unit angstrom).

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Fig. 6. (Color online) FTIR spectra of the prepared Co-A nanoparticles in the 920−320 cm^-1 wavenumber interval.

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Fig. 7. (Color online) Raman spectrum for the eco-friendly synthesized Co-A nanoparticles, prepared via apple extract with experimental data and fitted Raman active modes (cumulative fit).

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Fig. 8. (Color online) FESEM micrographs of the eco-friendly cobalt ferrite nanoparticles at different magnifications.

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Fig. 9. (Color online) (a) HRTEM image, (b) Particle size distribution histogram, (c) The truncation process of the octahedron, (d) SAED pattern, and (e) The corresponding lattice fringes of the prepared Co-A sample with insets showing IFFT patterns (with line profiles via atomic planes of the marked regions).

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Fig. 10. (Color online) SAED pattern indexing utilizing the C Spot program for the eco-friendly Co-A nanoparticles.

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Fig. 11. (Color online) (a) XPS survey spectra, (b) high-resolution XPS spectra of the Co 2P_3/2 and Co 2P_1/2 regions (shake up lines), (c) deconvolution of the XPS spectra of the Fe 2P_3/2 and Fe 2P_1/2 regions (shake up lines), and (d) high-resolution deconvoluted XPS spectra of the O 1S region of the green-synthesized Co-A sample.

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Fig. 12. (Color online) Cation distribution obtained from XPS for the green-synthesized Co-A nanoparticles.

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Fig. 13. (Color online) The correlation between the magnetization (M) and the applied magnetic field (H) for the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. The inset shows an enlarged view of the (M-H) loop around the zero-field regions.

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Fig. 14. (Color online) (a) Magnetic spin structure resembling a core-shell configuration. (b) Néel's collinear spin alignment and Yafet-Kittel's noncollinear spin arrangement.

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Fig. 15. (Color online) (a) The dependence of microwave operating frequency (ω_m) on the applied magnetic Field. (b) The dependence of the SFD on the applied magnetic field (H) for the green-synthesized cobalt ferrite nanoparticles.

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Fig. 16. (Color online) M-H hysteresis loops (solid circles) along with the law of approach to saturation fitted curve (solid line) for the Co-A nanoparticles.

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Fig. 17. (Color online) (a) Dependence of the magnetization on the absolute temperature (T) as a function of different magnetic field intensities. The inset shows the thermal variation of the first derivative of magnetization at 3900 Oe. (b) Variation of the magnetic entropy change (ΔS_M) with the absolute temperature (T) as a function of different magnetic field intensities for the green-synthesized Co-A nanoparticles.

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Fig. 18. (Color online) Room-temperature Mössbauer spectrum of the synthesized Co-A nanoparticles.

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Fig. 19. (Color online) (a) Absorbance spectrum of the Co-A nanoparticles over the wavelength range of 190−2400 nm. (b) The reflectance spectrum of the green-synthesized Co-A nanoparticles.

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Fig. 20. (Color online) (F(R)hv)² spectrum versus the photon energy (hv) of the Co-A nanoparticles.

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Fig. 21. (Color online) (a) N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm, (b) Brunauer–Emmett–Teller plot, (c) t-plot analysis, and (d) pore size distribution of the Co-A nanoparticles.

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Fig. 22. (Color online) Illustration of the impact of (a) pH, (b) adsorbent dose, and (c) contact time on the removal efficiency of Cr³⁺ and Pb²⁺ using CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles synthesized via apple extract.

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Fig. 23. (Color online) Possible removal mechanisms of Cr³⁺ and Pb²⁺ by the green-synthesized Co-A ferrite nanoparticles.

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Fig. 24. (Color online) Reusability test for the eco-friendly CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles.

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Fig. 25. (Color online) Percent vs Residuals plot for (a) Cr³⁺ and (b) Pb²⁺ removal efficiency.

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Fig. 26. (Color online) Residuals vs. Predicted plot for (a) Cr³⁺ and (b) Pb²⁺ removal efficiency.

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Fig. 27. (Color online) Boxplot illustrating the removal efficiency of (a) Cr³⁺ and (b) Pb²⁺.

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Fig. 28. (Color online) Tukey’s HSD analysis for the removal efficiency of (a) Cr³⁺ and (b) Pb²⁺ using the CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles.

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Fig. 29. (Color online) Time-dependent UV–Vis absorption spectra for the photo-Fenton catalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye with green-synthesized CoFe₂O₄ catalyst and oxalic acid. The inset shows the decolorization (degradation) of methylene blue (MB) dye with time.

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Fig. 30. (Color online) (a) Time-dependent profile of methylene blue (MB) dye degradation with and without catalyst, and (OA) (b) ln (C₀/C_t) versus time.

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Fig. 31. (Color online) Illustration of photo-Fenton catalytic degradation mechanism of methylene blue (MB) dye using green-synthesized Co-A with H₂C₂O₄^[210].

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Fig. 32. (Color online) The Possible photocatalytic degradation pathways of methylene blue (MB) dye^[215].

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Fig. 33. (Color online) Reusability test for Co-A nanoparticles. The inset shows the decolorization (degradation) of Methylene Blue (MB) dye during the 1^st, 3^rd, and 5^th cycles.

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Fig. 34. (Color online) Antimicrobial activity of green-synthesized Co-A nanoparticles synthesized by apple extract against different pathogens.

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Fig. 35. (Color online) The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer surrounding a single lipid membrane with embedded proteins. On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall that includes two lipid membranes, with a thin peptidoglycan layer positioned between them. Additionally, the outer lipid membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is rich in negatively charged lipopolysaccharides (LPS)^[225].

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Fig. 36. (Color online) Possible ROS production mechanism of Co-A nanoparticles synthesized using apple extract.

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Fig. 37. (Color online) Possible antibacterial activity mechanisms of green-synthesized Co-A nanoparticles synthesized by apple extract.

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Table 1. Chemical composition of apple extract.

Flavonoids and phenolic acids	Retention time (Min)	Flavonoids and phenolic acids	Retention time (Min)
	21.859		38.241
	32.671		43.830
	59.966

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Received: 14 April 2025 Revised: 28 May 2025 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 18 June 2025

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2025 > Accepted Manuscript

Heba Hussein, S. S. Ibrahim, Sherif A. Khairy. Eco-sustainable biosynthesis of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles using apple extract for multifunctional applications[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040013 ****H Hussein, S S Ibrahim, and S A Khairy, Eco-sustainable biosynthesis of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles using apple extract for multifunctional applications[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040013

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Heba Hussein, S. S. Ibrahim, Sherif A. Khairy. Eco-sustainable biosynthesis of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles using apple extract for multifunctional applications[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040013 ****

H Hussein, S S Ibrahim, and S A Khairy, Eco-sustainable biosynthesis of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles using apple extract for multifunctional applications[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040013

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Eco-sustainable biosynthesis of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles using apple extract for multifunctional applications

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25040013

CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25040013

Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo-11566, Egypt

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Heba Hussein is a doctoral researcher in the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science - Cairo University. She received her B.Sc. in Physics in 2006 and her M.Sc. in 2020, both from Cairo University. Currently pursuing her Ph.D. under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Sobhy Sayed Ibrahim and Prof. Dr. Sherif Ahmed Khairy,her research centers on the eco-sustainable synthesis of nanoparticles using plant-based and natural extracts. Her work bridges green chemistry and nanotechnology, with a focus on designing materials for advanced environmental remediation and biomedical applications. She integrates statistical optimization techniques such as response surface methodology to precisely tailor the physical, optical, and magnetic properties of nanomaterials. Her research contributes to the growing field of sustainable nanoscience, aiming to replace conventional synthesis methods with environmentally benign alternatives
S. S. Ibrahim：Sobhy Sayed Ibrahim is a Professor Emeritus of Materials Science in the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science - Cairo University. He began his academic career as a teaching assistant and rose through the ranks to become a full professor in material science, focusing on the electrical, thermal, and optical properties of materials. He has published extensively in polymers, ceramics, and polymer nanocomposites. He completed a six-month postdoctoral fellowship at Tokyo University of Science. Until 2001, he served as a professor at Cairo University and held advisory roles to the Minister of Youth and Sports and the Vice President of Cairo University. He later joined King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia, where he worked as a physics professor for 12 years and served as a scientific advisor to the university’s Vice President
Sherif A. Khairy：Sherif Ahmed Khairy is a Professor Emeritus of Materials Science in the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science - Cairo University. He obtained his PhD from a university in the former Soviet Union (now Russia). He began his academic career as a lecturer at Cairo University and progressed to the rank of full professor in materials science. He served as Vice Dean for Student Affairs at the Faculty of Science – Cairo University for three years. He is a founding member of the Solid State Society in Egypt and has supervised numerous MSc and PhD theses. He also worked for several years in Qatar at the College of Department of Physics. His main research interests focus on dielectric and electrical properties of materials, along with their technological applications
Corresponding author: Heba@sci.cu.edu.eg
Received Date: 2025-04-14
Revised Date: 2025-05-28

Available Online: 2025-06-18

Abstract

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of apple extract on CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles synthesized via a green self-ignition method. HRTEM showed nanometric particles with varied shapes, while XRD and Rietveld refinement confirmed a face-centered cubic (Fd3̅m) structure. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed a Zeeman sextet pattern with only Fe³⁺ ions. UV-Vis-NIR spectra indicated strong absorbance in the visible and NIR regions, suggesting optoelectronic potential. The nanoparticles demonstrated high photo-Fenton catalytic efficiency, degrading 96.88% of methylene blue under visible light. They also exhibited 100% adsorption capacities for Cr³⁺ and Pb²⁺, making them effective for water treatment. These properties were attributed to a large surface area (347.04 m²/g), mesoporous structure, and mixed spinel phase. ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD tests confirmed that contact time and adsorbent dosage significantly affected pollutant removal. Additionally, strong antimicrobial activity highlighted their biotechnological relevance. The inclusion of apple extract enhanced structural and functional features, expanding application prospects in spin valves, magnetic recording, refrigeration, microwave technologies (C to Ku bands), optoelectronics, and biotechnology. Future work should explore the photo-Fenton degradation mechanism and optimize synthesis for scalable production, aiming to maximize their industrial utility
- CoFe₂O₄ ferrite,
- ANOVA,
- heavy metal removal,
- photo-Fenton catalytic degradation,
- bactericidal effect

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