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Electrochromic Retina E-Paper: Defining the Ultimate Display at the Human Vision Limit

Tongqing Zhou1, Jianmin Li1, 2, , Shujuan Liu1 and Qiang Zhao1, 2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Jianmin Li, lijm@njupt.edu.cn; Qiang Zhao, iamqzhao@njupt.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120050CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25120050

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[1]
Joo W J, Brongersma M L. Creating the ultimate virtual reality display. Science, 2022, 377: 1376-78 doi: 10.1126/science.abq7011
[2]
Lian Y, Wang Y, Yuan Y, et al. Downscaling micro-and nano-perovskite LEDs. Nature, 2025, 640: 62-8 doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08685-w
[3]
Shin J, Kim H, Sundaram S, et al. Vertical full-colour micro-LEDs via 2D materials-based layer transfer. Nature, 2023, 614: 81-7 doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05612-1
[4]
Kossyrev P A, Yin A, Cloutier SG, et al. Electric field tuning of plasmonic response of nanodot array in liquid crystal matrix. Nano Lett, 2005, 5: 1978-81 doi: 10.1021/nl0513535
[5]
Liu T, Lin H, Hou D, et al. Electrically-triggered oblique helicoidal cholesterics with a single-layer architecture for next-generation full-color reflective displays. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34: 2408855 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202408855
[6]
Kumar K, Duan H, Hegde R S, et al. Printing colour at the optical diffraction limit. Nat Nanotech, 2012, 7: 557-61 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2012.128
[7]
Bao Y, Yu Y, Xu H, et al. Full-colour nanoprint-hologram synchronous metasurface with arbitrary hue-saturation-brightness control. Light Sci Appl, 2019, 8: 95 doi: 10.1038/s41377-019-0206-2
[8]
Joo W J, Kyoung J, Esfandyarpour M, et al. Metasurface-driven OLED displays beyond 10, 000 pixels per inch. Science, 2020, 370: 459-63 doi: 10.1126/science.abc8530
[9]
Santosa A S S, Chang YW, Dahlin A B, et al. Video-rate tunable colour electronic paper with human resolution. Nature, 2025, 646: 1089-95 doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09642-3
[10]
Yang G, Zhang Y, Cai Y, et al. Advances in nanomaterials for electrochromic devices. Chem Soc Rev, 2020, 49: 8687-720 doi: 10.1039/D0CS00317D
Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) Metapixel design of tuning D and W of WO3 nanodisks achieves a diverse colour palette. (b) Colour mixing by subpixel arrangement achieving reflective colour varies as a function of T between adjacent RGB subpixels. (c) Electrical properties corresponding to optical modulation under the voltage pulses of ±4 V. (d) High-resolution 3D butterfly demonstration on retina E-paper. (e) High-resolution display of ‘The Kiss’ on retina E-paper versus iPhone 15[9]. Copyright 2025, Springer Nature.

[1]
Joo W J, Brongersma M L. Creating the ultimate virtual reality display. Science, 2022, 377: 1376-78 doi: 10.1126/science.abq7011
[2]
Lian Y, Wang Y, Yuan Y, et al. Downscaling micro-and nano-perovskite LEDs. Nature, 2025, 640: 62-8 doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08685-w
[3]
Shin J, Kim H, Sundaram S, et al. Vertical full-colour micro-LEDs via 2D materials-based layer transfer. Nature, 2023, 614: 81-7 doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05612-1
[4]
Kossyrev P A, Yin A, Cloutier SG, et al. Electric field tuning of plasmonic response of nanodot array in liquid crystal matrix. Nano Lett, 2005, 5: 1978-81 doi: 10.1021/nl0513535
[5]
Liu T, Lin H, Hou D, et al. Electrically-triggered oblique helicoidal cholesterics with a single-layer architecture for next-generation full-color reflective displays. Adv Funct Mater, 2024, 34: 2408855 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202408855
[6]
Kumar K, Duan H, Hegde R S, et al. Printing colour at the optical diffraction limit. Nat Nanotech, 2012, 7: 557-61 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2012.128
[7]
Bao Y, Yu Y, Xu H, et al. Full-colour nanoprint-hologram synchronous metasurface with arbitrary hue-saturation-brightness control. Light Sci Appl, 2019, 8: 95 doi: 10.1038/s41377-019-0206-2
[8]
Joo W J, Kyoung J, Esfandyarpour M, et al. Metasurface-driven OLED displays beyond 10, 000 pixels per inch. Science, 2020, 370: 459-63 doi: 10.1126/science.abc8530
[9]
Santosa A S S, Chang YW, Dahlin A B, et al. Video-rate tunable colour electronic paper with human resolution. Nature, 2025, 646: 1089-95 doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09642-3
[10]
Yang G, Zhang Y, Cai Y, et al. Advances in nanomaterials for electrochromic devices. Chem Soc Rev, 2020, 49: 8687-720 doi: 10.1039/D0CS00317D
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    Received: 30 December 2025 Revised: 02 February 2026 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 10 February 2026

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      Tongqing Zhou, Jianmin Li, Shujuan Liu, Qiang Zhao. Electrochromic Retina E-Paper: Defining the Ultimate Display at the Human Vision Limit[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2026, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120050 ****T Q Zhou, J M Li, S J Liu, and Q Zhao, Electrochromic Retina E-Paper: Defining the Ultimate Display at the Human Vision Limit[J]. J. Semicond., 2026, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120050
      Citation:
      Tongqing Zhou, Jianmin Li, Shujuan Liu, Qiang Zhao. Electrochromic Retina E-Paper: Defining the Ultimate Display at the Human Vision Limit[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2026, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120050 ****
      T Q Zhou, J M Li, S J Liu, and Q Zhao, Electrochromic Retina E-Paper: Defining the Ultimate Display at the Human Vision Limit[J]. J. Semicond., 2026, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120050

      Electrochromic Retina E-Paper: Defining the Ultimate Display at the Human Vision Limit

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/25120050
      CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.25120050
      More Information
      • Tongqing Zhou received his BS degree from Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications in 2019. Currently, he is pursuing his Ph.D degree under the supervision of Prof. Qiang Zhao and Prof. Jianmin Li at Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications. His current research interests focus on MXene based microwave absorption material and electromagnetic interference shielding materials
      • Jianmin Li obtained his BS and Ph.D. degree in Materials Science from Donghua University under the guidance of Prof. Hongzhi Wang in 2014 and 2019, respectively. From 2017–2018, he worked as joint Ph.D. student at A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel university, under the guidance of Prof. Yury Gogotsi. He joined in Department of Materials Science and Engineering at National University of Singapore as a Postdoctoral Researcher in 2019. He is now a Professor in Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications. His research interests focus on synthesis of two-dimensional transition metal nitrides and carbides for applications in terahertz and millimeter, Electrochromism, and energy storages
      • Shujuan Liu received her Ph.D. degree from Fudan University in 2006. She then joined the Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications. Since 2013, she has been a full professor. Her research focuses on organic optoelectronic materials and devices
      • Qiang Zhao received his Ph.D. degree in 2007 from Fudan University. He then became a postdoctoral fellow at Nagoya University of Japan. He joined Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications in 2008. He was promoted as full professor in 2010. His research area is organic optoelectronics, including the design, synthesis, and excited state tuning of organic semiconductors for applications in optoelectronic devices and biomedical fields
      • Corresponding author: lijm@njupt.edu.cniamqzhao@njupt.edu.cn
      • Received Date: 2025-12-30
      • Revised Date: 2026-02-02
      • Available Online: 2026-02-10

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