Two-dimensional non-layered atomic crystals

Yongqi Dai; Xin Wang; Xiang Chen; Haibo Zeng

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/26020022

J. Semicond. > Just Accepted

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Two-dimensional non-layered atomic crystals

Yongqi Dai, Xin Wang, Xiang Chen and Haibo Zeng

+ Author Affiliations

MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Author Bio:

Yongqi Dai received his bachelor’s degree from Nanjing Tech University in 2022. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate under the supervision of Prof. Xiang Chen in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Nanjing University of Science and Technology. His research is focused on the controllable synthesis and transistor application of 2D non-layered metal oxide semiconductors.

Xin Wang received his bachelor’s degree in 2023 from Shenyang Jianzhu University. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Nanjing University of Science and Technology, under the supervision of Prof. Xiang Chen and Prof. Haibo Zeng. His research primarily focuses on the CVD-controlled synthesis of two-dimensional oxide semiconductors and their applications in electronics.

Xiang Chen is currently a full professor at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology (NJUST). He received his Ph.D. from the University of Science and Technology Beijing in 2014 and worked as a research professor at Yonsei University from 2014 to 2018. His main research interest is the controllable and wafer-scale synthesis of p-type 2D semiconductors and their applications in high-performance, low-power integrated electronics.

Haibo Zeng received his Ph.D. degree from the Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2006. He later worked with Prof. Claus Klingshirn in 2007 at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. In 2008, he joined Prof. Yoshio Bando’s group at the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan. In 2011, he returned to Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics as a full professor, and then moved to Nanjing University of Science and Technology in 2013 as a distinguished professor and Director of the Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials. His current research interest is functional perovskite materials and devices.

Corresponding author: Xiang Chen, xiangchen@njust.edu.cn; Haibo Zeng, zeng.haibo@njust.edu.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020022CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.26020022

References

[1]	Liu Y C, Bai H K, Wang X, et al. Electronic properties and quantum transport behavior of twisted γ-graphdiyne/graphene. Natl Sci Open, 2025, 4(5): 20250036 doi: 10.1360/nso/20250036
[2]	Dai Y Q, Xiong Y H, Ahmad F, et al. 2D nonlayered materials for transistor application. Adv Phys Res, 2025, 4(6): 2400186 doi: 10.1002/apxr.202400186
[3]	Mounet N, Gibertini M, Schwaller P, et al. Two-dimensional materials from high-throughput computational exfoliation of experimentally known compounds. Nat Nanotechnol, 2018, 13(3): 246 doi: 10.1038/s41565-017-0035-5
[4]	Huang X, Li S Z, Huang Y Z, et al. Synthesis of hexagonal close-packed gold nanostructures. Nat Commun, 2011, 2: 292 doi: 10.1038/ncomms1291
[5]	Zhang X D, Zhang J J, Zhao J Y, et al. Half-metallic ferromagnetism in synthetic Co₉Se₈ nanosheets with atomic thickness. J Am Chem Soc, 2012, 134(29): 11908 doi: 10.1021/ja3046603
[6]	Cheng W R, He J F, Yao T, et al. Half-unit-cell α-Fe₂O₃ semiconductor nanosheets with intrinsic and robust ferromagnetism. J Am Chem Soc, 2014, 136(29): 10393 doi: 10.1021/ja504088n
[7]	Wang Q S, Wen Y, Yao F R, et al. BN-enabled epitaxy of Pb_1–xSn_xSe nanoplates on SiO₂/Si for high-performance mid-infrared detection. Small, 2015, 11(40): 5388
[8]	Huang W J, Gan L, Yang H T, et al. Controlled synthesis of ultrathin 2D β-In₂S₃ with broadband photoresponse by chemical vapor deposition. Adv Funct Mater, 2017, 27(36): 1702448 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201702448
[9]	Chen Y X, Liu K L, Liu J X, et al. Growth of 2D GaN single crystals on liquid metals. J Am Chem Soc, 2018, 140(48): 16392 doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b08351
[10]	Gong C H, Chu J W, Yin C J, et al. Self-confined growth of ultrathin 2D nonlayered wide-bandgap semiconductor CuBr flakes. Adv Mater, 2019, 31(36): 1903580
[11]	Yin C J, Gong C H, Chu J W, et al. Ultrabroadband photodetectors up to 10.6 µm based on 2D Fe₃O₄ nanosheets. Adv Mater, 2020, 32(25): 2002237 doi: 10.1002/adma.202002237
[12]	Wang P, Wen Y, Zhao X X, et al. Controllable synthesis quadratic-dependent unsaturated magnetoresistance of two-dimensional nonlayered Fe₇S₈ with robust environmental stability. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(5): 8301 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02267
[13]	Zhao Z J, Fang Z, Han X C, et al. A general thermodynamics-triggered competitive growth model to guide the synthesis of two-dimensional nonlayered materials. Nat Commun, 2023, 14: 958 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36619-5
[14]	Song L Y, Zhao Y, Xu B Q, et al. Robust multiferroic in interfacial modulation synthesized wafer-scale one-unit-cell of chromium sulfide. Nat Commun, 2024, 15: 721 doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-44929-5
[15]	Xiong Y H, Xu D, Zou Y S, et al. Vapour–liquid–solid–solid growth of two-dimensional non-layered β-Bi₂O₃ crystals with high hole mobility. Nat Mater, 2025, 24(5): 688 doi: 10.1038/s41563-025-02141-w
[16]	Kim J, Son E, Choi Y, et al. Kinetically tailored chemical vapor deposition approach for synthesizing high-quality large-area non-layered 2D materials. Small, 2025, 21(7): 2410411
[17]	Island J O, Steele G A, van der Zant H S J, et al. Thickness dependent interlayer transport in vertical MoS₂ Josephson junctions. 2D Mater, 2016, 3(3): 031002
[18]	Wen Y, Wang Q S, Yin L, et al. Epitaxial 2D PbS nanoplates arrays with highly efficient infrared response. Adv Mater, 2016, 28(36): 8051 doi: 10.1002/adma.201602481
[19]	Lei B C, Li A L, Zhou W Z, et al. Room-temperature ferromagnetism and half-metallicity in monolayer orthorhombic CrS₂. Front Phys, 2024, 19(4): 43200 doi: 10.1007/s11467-023-1387-y
[20]	Li Y, Li F M, Meng X Y, et al. Ultrathin Co₃O₄ nanomeshes for the oxygen evolution reaction. ACS Catal, 2018, 8(3): 1913 doi: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03949

Fig. 1. (Color online) (a) Structural differences between layered and non-layered materials. (b) Proportion of layered versus non-layered materials in crystal databases. (c) Publication statistics of non-layered materials during the past 15 years (data sourced from Web of Science). (d) Evolution and trends in the research of 2D non-layered materials^[4−15]. (e) Synthesis challenges, strategy, and key achievements for 2D non-layered materials.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) Schematic structure of an FET, where 2D NL material denotes 2D non-layered material. (b) Illustration of electron transport within a non-layered material. (c) Schematic structure of a photodetector. (d) Broad-spectrum photoresponse of a non-layered material. (e) Schematic structure of a Hall-bar device. (f) Ferromagnetic behavior (M–H loop) of a non-layered material. (g) Schematic reaction mechanism for electrocatalysis. (h) High surface activity of non-layered materials arising from unsaturated surface dangling bonds. (i) Application challenges, strategy, and key achievements for 2D non-layered materials.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

[1]	Liu Y C, Bai H K, Wang X, et al. Electronic properties and quantum transport behavior of twisted γ-graphdiyne/graphene. Natl Sci Open, 2025, 4(5): 20250036 doi: 10.1360/nso/20250036
[2]	Dai Y Q, Xiong Y H, Ahmad F, et al. 2D nonlayered materials for transistor application. Adv Phys Res, 2025, 4(6): 2400186 doi: 10.1002/apxr.202400186
[3]	Mounet N, Gibertini M, Schwaller P, et al. Two-dimensional materials from high-throughput computational exfoliation of experimentally known compounds. Nat Nanotechnol, 2018, 13(3): 246 doi: 10.1038/s41565-017-0035-5
[4]	Huang X, Li S Z, Huang Y Z, et al. Synthesis of hexagonal close-packed gold nanostructures. Nat Commun, 2011, 2: 292 doi: 10.1038/ncomms1291
[5]	Zhang X D, Zhang J J, Zhao J Y, et al. Half-metallic ferromagnetism in synthetic Co₉Se₈ nanosheets with atomic thickness. J Am Chem Soc, 2012, 134(29): 11908 doi: 10.1021/ja3046603
[6]	Cheng W R, He J F, Yao T, et al. Half-unit-cell α-Fe₂O₃ semiconductor nanosheets with intrinsic and robust ferromagnetism. J Am Chem Soc, 2014, 136(29): 10393 doi: 10.1021/ja504088n
[7]	Wang Q S, Wen Y, Yao F R, et al. BN-enabled epitaxy of Pb_1–xSn_xSe nanoplates on SiO₂/Si for high-performance mid-infrared detection. Small, 2015, 11(40): 5388
[8]	Huang W J, Gan L, Yang H T, et al. Controlled synthesis of ultrathin 2D β-In₂S₃ with broadband photoresponse by chemical vapor deposition. Adv Funct Mater, 2017, 27(36): 1702448 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201702448
[9]	Chen Y X, Liu K L, Liu J X, et al. Growth of 2D GaN single crystals on liquid metals. J Am Chem Soc, 2018, 140(48): 16392 doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b08351
[10]	Gong C H, Chu J W, Yin C J, et al. Self-confined growth of ultrathin 2D nonlayered wide-bandgap semiconductor CuBr flakes. Adv Mater, 2019, 31(36): 1903580
[11]	Yin C J, Gong C H, Chu J W, et al. Ultrabroadband photodetectors up to 10.6 µm based on 2D Fe₃O₄ nanosheets. Adv Mater, 2020, 32(25): 2002237 doi: 10.1002/adma.202002237
[12]	Wang P, Wen Y, Zhao X X, et al. Controllable synthesis quadratic-dependent unsaturated magnetoresistance of two-dimensional nonlayered Fe₇S₈ with robust environmental stability. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(5): 8301 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02267
[13]	Zhao Z J, Fang Z, Han X C, et al. A general thermodynamics-triggered competitive growth model to guide the synthesis of two-dimensional nonlayered materials. Nat Commun, 2023, 14: 958 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36619-5
[14]	Song L Y, Zhao Y, Xu B Q, et al. Robust multiferroic in interfacial modulation synthesized wafer-scale one-unit-cell of chromium sulfide. Nat Commun, 2024, 15: 721 doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-44929-5
[15]	Xiong Y H, Xu D, Zou Y S, et al. Vapour–liquid–solid–solid growth of two-dimensional non-layered β-Bi₂O₃ crystals with high hole mobility. Nat Mater, 2025, 24(5): 688 doi: 10.1038/s41563-025-02141-w
[16]	Kim J, Son E, Choi Y, et al. Kinetically tailored chemical vapor deposition approach for synthesizing high-quality large-area non-layered 2D materials. Small, 2025, 21(7): 2410411
[17]	Island J O, Steele G A, van der Zant H S J, et al. Thickness dependent interlayer transport in vertical MoS₂ Josephson junctions. 2D Mater, 2016, 3(3): 031002
[18]	Wen Y, Wang Q S, Yin L, et al. Epitaxial 2D PbS nanoplates arrays with highly efficient infrared response. Adv Mater, 2016, 28(36): 8051 doi: 10.1002/adma.201602481
[19]	Lei B C, Li A L, Zhou W Z, et al. Room-temperature ferromagnetism and half-metallicity in monolayer orthorhombic CrS₂. Front Phys, 2024, 19(4): 43200 doi: 10.1007/s11467-023-1387-y
[20]	Li Y, Li F M, Meng X Y, et al. Ultrathin Co₃O₄ nanomeshes for the oxygen evolution reaction. ACS Catal, 2018, 8(3): 1913 doi: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03949

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Received: 07 February 2026 Revised: 07 April 2026 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 07 May 2026

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2026 > Accepted Manuscript

Yongqi Dai, Xin Wang, Xiang Chen, Haibo Zeng. Two-dimensional non-layered atomic crystals[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2026, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020022 ****Y Q Dai, X Wang, X Chen, and H B Zeng, Two-dimensional non-layered atomic crystals[J]. J. Semicond., 2026, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020022

Citation:

Yongqi Dai, Xin Wang, Xiang Chen, Haibo Zeng. Two-dimensional non-layered atomic crystals[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2026, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020022 ****

Y Q Dai, X Wang, X Chen, and H B Zeng, Two-dimensional non-layered atomic crystals[J]. J. Semicond., 2026, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020022

Citation:

Yongqi Dai, Xin Wang, Xiang Chen, Haibo Zeng. Two-dimensional non-layered atomic crystals[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2026, In Press. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020022 ****

Y Q Dai, X Wang, X Chen, and H B Zeng, Two-dimensional non-layered atomic crystals[J]. J. Semicond., 2026, accepted doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020022

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Two-dimensional non-layered atomic crystals

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/26020022

CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.26020022

MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

More Information

Yongqi Dai received his bachelor’s degree from Nanjing Tech University in 2022. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate under the supervision of Prof. Xiang Chen in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Nanjing University of Science and Technology. His research is focused on the controllable synthesis and transistor application of 2D non-layered metal oxide semiconductors
Xin Wang received his bachelor’s degree in 2023 from Shenyang Jianzhu University. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Nanjing University of Science and Technology, under the supervision of Prof. Xiang Chen and Prof. Haibo Zeng. His research primarily focuses on the CVD-controlled synthesis of two-dimensional oxide semiconductors and their applications in electronics
Xiang Chen is currently a full professor at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology (NJUST). He received his Ph.D. from the University of Science and Technology Beijing in 2014 and worked as a research professor at Yonsei University from 2014 to 2018. His main research interest is the controllable and wafer-scale synthesis of p-type 2D semiconductors and their applications in high-performance, low-power integrated electronics
Haibo Zeng received his Ph.D. degree from the Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2006. He later worked with Prof. Claus Klingshirn in 2007 at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. In 2008, he joined Prof. Yoshio Bando’s group at the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan. In 2011, he returned to Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics as a full professor, and then moved to Nanjing University of Science and Technology in 2013 as a distinguished professor and Director of the Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials. His current research interest is functional perovskite materials and devices
Corresponding author: xiangchen@njust.edu.cn; zeng.haibo@njust.edu.cn
Received Date: 2026-02-07
Revised Date: 2026-04-07

Available Online: 2026-05-07

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