J. Semicond. > 2019, Volume 40 > Issue 8 > 081507, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/081507
|

REVIEWS

Mn-doped topological insulators: a review

Jing Teng1, 2, , Nan Liu1, 2 and Yongqing Li1, 2, 3

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Jing Teng, Email: jteng@iphy.ac.cn

PDF

Turn off MathJax

Abstract: Topological insulators (TIs) host robust edge or surface states protected by time-reversal symmetry (TRS), which makes them prime candidates for applications in spintronic devices. A promising avenue of research for the development of functional TI devices has involved doping of three-dimensional (3D) TI thin film and bulk materials with magnetic elements. This approach aims to break the TRS and open a surface band gap near the Dirac point. Utilizing this gapped surface state allows for a wide range of novel physical effects to be observed, paving a way for applications in spintronics and quantum computation. This review focuses on the research of 3D TIs doped with manganese (Mn). We summarize major progress in the study of Mn doped chalcogenide TIs, including Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3, and Bi2(Te,Se)3. The transport properties, in particular the anomalous Hall effect, of the Mn-doped Bi2Se3 are discussed in detail. Finally, we conclude with future prospects and challenges in further studies of Mn doped TIs.

Key words: topological insulators, thin films, electron transport, anomalous Hall effect, magnetic doping



[1]
Kane C L, Mele E J. Z2 topological order and the quantum spin Hall effect. Phys Rev Lett, 2005, 95, 146802 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.146802
[2]
Kane C L, Mele E J. Quantum spin Hall effect in graphene. Phys Rev Lett, 2005, 95, 226801 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.226801
[3]
Zhang Y, Tan Y W, Stormer H L, et al. Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature, 2005, 438, 201 doi: 10.1038/nature04235
[4]
Bernevig B A, Zhang S C. Quantum spin Hall effect. Phys Rev Lett, 2006, 96, 106802 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.106802
[5]
Prange R E, Girvin S M. The quantum Hall effect. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990
[6]
Klitzing K V, Dorda G, Pepper M. New method for high-accuracy determination of the fine-structure constant based on quantized hall resistance. Phys Rev Lett, 1980, 45, 494 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.494
[7]
Thouless D J, Kohmoto M, Nightingale M P, et al. Quantized Hall conductance in a two-dimensional periodic potential. Phys Rev Lett, 1982, 49, 405 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.405
[8]
Simon B. Holonomy, the quantum adiabatic theorem, and Berry’s phase. Phys Rev Lett, 1983, 51, 2167 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.2167
[9]
Bernevig B A, Hughes T L, Zhang S C. Quantum spin Hall effect and topological phase transition in HgTe quantum wells. Science, 2006, 314, 1757 doi: 10.1126/science.1133734
[10]
Koenig M, Wiedmann S, Bruene C, et al. Quantum spin Hall insulator state in HgTe quantum wells. Science, 2007, 318, 766 doi: 10.1126/science.1148047
[11]
Qi X L, Zhang S C. Topological insulators and superconductors. Rev Mov Phys, 2011, 83, 1057 doi: 10.1103/revmodphys.83.1057
[12]
Ando Y. Topological insulator materials. J Phys Soc Jpn, 2013, 82, 102001 doi: 10.7566/JPSJ.82.102001
[13]
Fu L, Kane C L, Mele E J. Topological insulators in three dimensions. Phys Rev Lett, 2007, 98, 106803 doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.106803
[14]
Hsieh D, Qian D, Wray L, et al. A topological Dirac insulator in a quantum spin Hall phase. Nature, 2008, 452, 970 doi: 10.1038/nature06843
[15]
Xia Y, Qian D, Hsieh D, et al. Observation of a large-gap topological insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface. Nat Phys, 2009, 5, 398 doi: 10.1038/nphys1274
[16]
Chen Y L, Analytis J G, Chu J H, et al. Experimental realization of a three-dimensional topological insulator, Bi2Te3. Science, 2009, 325, 178 doi: 10.1126/science.1173034
[17]
Zhang H, Liu C X, Qi X L, et al. Topological insulators in Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 with a single Dirac cone on the surface. Nat Phys, 2009, 5, 438 doi: 10.1038/nphys1270
[18]
Chen J, Qin H J, Yang F, et al. Gate-voltage control of chemical potential and weak antilocalization in Bi2Se3. Phys Rev Lett, 2010, 105, 176602 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.176602
[19]
Qu D X, Hor Y S, Xiong J, et al. Quantum oscillations and Hall anomaly of surface states in the topological insulator Bi2Te3. Science, 2010, 329, 821 doi: 10.1126/science.1189792
[20]
Analytis J G, Chu J H, Chen Y, et al. Bulk Fermi surface coexistence with Dirac surface state in Bi2Se3: A comparison of photoemission and Shubnikov–de Haas measurements. Phys Rev B, 2010, 81, 205407 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.205407
[21]
Yu R, Zhang W, Zhang H J, et al. Quantized anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological insulators. Science, 2010, 329, 61 doi: 10.1126/science.1187485
[22]
Chang C Z, Zhang J, Feng X, et al. Experimental observation of the quantum anomalous Hall effect in a magnetic topological insulator. Science, 2013, 340, 167 doi: 10.1126/science.1234414
[23]
Mellnik A R, Lee J S, Richardella A, et al. Spin-transfer torque generated by a topological insulator. Nature, 2014, 511, 449 doi: 10.1038/nature13534
[24]
Qi X L, Hughes T L, Zhang S C. Topological field theory of time-reversal invariant insulators. Phys Rev B, 2008, 78, 195424 doi: 10.1103/physrevb.78.195424
[25]
Essin A M, Moore J E, Vanderbilt D. Magnetoelectric polarizability and axion electrodynamics in crystalline insulators. Phys Rev Lett, 2009, 102, 146805 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.146805
[26]
Tse W K, MacDonald A H. Giant magneto-optical Kerr effect and universal Faraday effect in thin-film topological insulators. Phys Rev Lett, 2010, 105, 057401 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.057401
[27]
Li R, Wang J, Qi X L, et al. Dynamical axion field in topological magnetic insulators. Nat Phys, 2010, 6, 284 doi: 10.1038/nphys1534
[28]
Fu L, Kane C L. Superconducting proximity effect and Majorana Fermions at the surface of a topological insulator. Phys Rev Lett, 2008, 100, 096407 doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.096407
[29]
Qi X L, Li R, Zang J, et al. Inducing a magnetic monopole with topological surface states. Science, 2009, 323, 1184 doi: 10.1126/science.1167747
[30]
Hasan M Z, Kane C L. Colloquium: topological insulators. Rev Mod Phys, 2010, 82, 3045 doi: 10.1103/revmodphys.82.3045
[31]
Lu H Z, Shi J, Shen S Q. Competition between weak localization and antilocalization in topological surface states. Phys Rev Lett, 2011, 107, 076801 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.076801
[32]
Checkelsky J G, Yoshimi R, Tsukazaki A, et al. Trajectory of the anomalous Hall effect towards the quantized state in a ferromagnetic topological insulator. Nat Phys, 2014, 10, 731 doi: 10.1038/nphys3053
[33]
Kou X, Guo S T, Fan Y, et al. Scale-invariant quantum anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological insulators beyond the two-dimensional limit. Phys Rev Lett, 2014, 113, 137201 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.199901
[34]
Bestwick A J, Fox E J, Kou X, et al. Precise quantization of the anomalous Hall effect near zero magnetic field. Phys Rev Lett, 2015, 114, 187201 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.187201
[35]
Chang C Z, Zhao W, Kim D Y, et al. High-precision realization of robust quantum anomalous Hall state in a hard ferromagnetic topological insulator. Nat Mater, 2015, 14, 473 doi: 10.1038/nmat4204
[36]
Chen Y L, Chu J H, Analytis J G, et a. Massive Dirac Fermion on the surface of a magnetically doped topological insulator. Science, 2010, 329, 659 doi: 10.1126/science.1189924
[37]
Xu S Y, Neupane M, Liu C, et al. Hedgehog spin texture and Berry’s phase tuning in a magnetic topological insulator. Nat Phys, 2012, 8, 616 doi: 10.1038/nphys2351
[38]
Rienks E D L, Wimmer S, Mandal P S, et al. Large magnetic gap at the Dirac point in a Mn-induced Bi2Te3 heterostructure. arXiv: 1810.06238
[39]
Zhang J M, Ming W, Huang Z, et al. Stability, electronic, and magnetic properties of the magnetically doped topological insulators Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3. Phys Rev B, 2013, 88, 235131 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.235131
[40]
Abdalla L B, Seixas L, Schmidt T M, et al. Topological insulator Bi2Se3(111) surface doped with transition metals: An ab initio investigation. Phys Rev B, 2013, 88, 045312 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.045312
[41]
Růžička J, Caha O, Hol V, et al. Structural and electronic properties of manganese doped Bi2Te3 epitaxial layers. New J Phys, 2015, 17, 013028 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/17/1/013028
[42]
Lee J S, Richardella A, Rench D W, et al. Ferromagnetism and spin-dependent transport in n-type Mn-doped bismuth telluride thin films. Phys Rev B, 2014, 89, 174425 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.174425
[43]
Figueroa A I, van der Laan G, Collins-McIntyre L J, et al. Local structure and bonding of transition metal dopants in Bi2Se3 topological insulator thin films. J Phys Chem C, 2015, 119, 17344 doi: 10.1021/jp511713s
[44]
Hagmann J A, Li X, Chowdbury S, et al. Molecular beam epitaxy growth and structure of self-assembled Bi2Se3/Bi2MnSe4 multilayer heterostructures. New J Phys, 2017, 19, 085002 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/aa759c
[45]
Zhang D, Richardella A, Rench D W, et al. Interplay between ferromagnetism, surface states, and quantum corrections in a magnetically doped topological insulator. Phys Rev B, 2012, 86, 205127 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.86.205127
[46]
Choi J, Choi S, Choi J, et al. Magnetic properties of Mn-doped Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3. Phys Status Solidi B, 2004, 241, 1541 doi: 10.1002/pssb.200304527
[47]
Choi J, Choi S, Choi J, et al. Mn-doped V2VI3 semiconductors: Single crystal growth and magnetic properties. J Appl Phys, 2005, 97, 10D doi: 10.1063/1.1854451
[48]
Bos J W G, Lee M, Morosan E, et al. Ferromagnetism below 10 K in Mn-doped BiTe. Phys Rev B, 2006, 74, 184429 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.184429
[49]
Janíček P, Drašar Č, Lošt’ák P, et al. Transport, magnetic, optical and thermodynamic properties of Bi2– xMnxSe3 single crystals. Physica B, 2008, 403, 3553 doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2008.05.025
[50]
Hor Y S, Roushan P, Beidenkopf H, et al. Development of ferromagnetism in the doped topological insulator Bi2– xMnxTe3. Phys Rev B, 2010, 81, 195203 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.195203
[51]
Von Bardeleben H J, Cantin J L, Zhang D M, et al. Ferromagnetism in Bi2Se3:Mn epitaxial layers. Phys Rev B, 2013, 88, 075149 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.88.075149
[52]
Zimmermann S, Steckel F, Hess C, et al. Spin dynamics and magnetic interactions of Mn dopants in the topological insulator Bi2Te3. Phys Rev B, 2016, 94, 125205 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.125205
[53]
Islam M F, Canali C M, Pertsova A, et al. Systematics of electronic and magnetic properties in the transition metal doped Sb2Te3 quantum anomalous Hall platform. Phys Rev B, 2018, 97, 155429 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.97.155429
[54]
Niu C, Dai Y, Guo M, et al. Mn induced ferromagnetism and modulated topological surface states in Bi2Te3. Appl Phys Lett, 2011, 98, 252502 doi: 10.1063/1.3601020
[55]
Liu Q, Liu C X, Xu C, et al. Magnetic impurities on the surface of a topological insulator. Phys Rev Lett, 2009, 102, 156603 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.156603
[56]
Zhu J J, Yao D X, Zhang S C, et al. electrically controllable surface magnetism on the surface of topological insulators. Phys Rev Lett, 2011, 106, 097201 doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.097201
[57]
Sessi P, Reis F, Bathon T, et al. Signatures of Dirac fermion-mediated magnetic order. Nat Commun, 2014, 5, 5349 doi: 10.1038/ncomms6349
[58]
Chapler B C, Post K W, Richardella A R, et al. Infrared electrodynamics and ferromagnetism in the topological semiconductors Bi2Te3 and Mn-doped Bi2Te3. Phys Rev B, 2014, 89, 235308 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.235308
[59]
Collins-Mcintyre L J, Watson M D, Baker A A, et al. X-ray magnetic spectroscopy of MBE-grown Mn-doped Bi2Se3 thin films. AIP Adv, 2014, 4, 127136 doi: 10.1063/1.4904900
[60]
Sánchez-Barriga J, Varykhalov A, Springholz G, et al. Nonmagnetic band gap at the Dirac point of the magnetic topological insulator (Bi1− xMnx)2Se3. Nat Commun, 2016, 7, 10559 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10559
[61]
Liu N, Teng J, Li Y. Two-component anomalous Hall effect in a magnetically doped topological insulator. Nat Commun, 2018, 9, 1282 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03684-0
[62]
Tarasenko R, Vališka M, Vondráček M, et al. Magnetic and structural properties of Mn-doped Bi2Se3 topological insulators. Physica B, 2016, 481, 262 doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2015.11.022
[63]
Watson M D, Collins-McIntyre L J, Shelford L R, et al. Study of the structural, electric and magnetic properties of Mn-doped Bi2Te3 single crystals. New J Phys, 2013, 15, 103016 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/15/10/103016
[64]
Li Y, Zou X, J Li, Zhou G, et al. Ferromagnetism and topological surface states of manganese doped Bi2Te3: Insights from density-functional calculations. J Chem Phys, 2014, 140, 124704 doi: 10.1063/1.4869146
[65]
Checkelsky J G, Ye J, Onose Y, et al. Dirac-fermion-mediated ferromagnetism in a topological insulator. Nat Phys, 2012, 8, 729 doi: 10.1038/nphys2388
[66]
Rosenberg G, Franz M. Surface magnetic ordering in topological insulators with bulk magnetic dopants. Phys Rev B, 2012, 85, 195119 doi: 10.1103/physrevb.85.195119
[67]
Liu C, Zang Yunyi, Ruan Wei, et al. Dimensional crossover-induced topological Hall effect in a magnetic topological insulator. Phys Rev Lett, 2017, 119, 176809 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.176809
[68]
Kamboj S, Das S, Sirohi A, et al. Suppression of transport spin-polarization of surface states with emergence of ferromagnetism in Mn-doped Bi2Se3. J Phys Cond Matt, 2018, 30, 355001 doi: 10.1088/1361-648X/aad3ed
[69]
Ado I A, Dmitriev I A, Ostrovsky P M, et al. Anomalous Hall effect with massive Dirac fermions, Anomalous Hall effect with massive Dirac fermions. EPL, 2015, 111, 37004 doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/111/37004
[70]
Zhang J, Chang C Z, Tang P, et al. Topology-driven magnetic quantum phase transition in topological insulators. Science, 2013, 339, 1582 doi: 10.1126/science.1230905
[71]
Zhang Z, Feng X, Guo M, et al. Electrically tuned magnetic order and magnetoresistance in a topological insulator. Nat Commun, 2014, 5, 4915 doi: 10.1038/ncomms5915
[72]
Keser A C, Raimondi R, Culcer D. Sign change in the anomalous Hall effect and strong transport effects in a 2D massive Dirac metal due to spin-charge correlated disorder. arXiv: 1902.09605
[73]
Liu M, Zhang J, Chang C Z, et al. Crossover between weak antilocalization and weak localization in a magnetically doped topological insulator. Phys Rev Lett, 2012, 108, 036805 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.036805
[74]
Li J, Li Y, Du S, et al. Intrinsic magnetic topological insulators in van der Waals layered MnBi2Te4-family materials. Sci Adv, 2019, 5 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5685
[75]
Zhang D, Shi M, Zhu T, et al. Topological axion states in the magnetic insulator MnBi2Te4 with the quantized magnetoelectric effect. Phys Rev Lett, 2019, 122, 206401 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.206401
[76]
Otrokov M M, Klimovskikh I I, et al. Prediction and observation of the first antiferromagnetic topological insulator. arXiv: 1809.07389
[77]
Chen B, Fei F, Zhang D, et al. Searching the Mn(Sb, Bi)2Te4 family of materials for the ideal intrinsic magnetic topological insulator. arXiv: 1903.09934
[78]
Deng Y, Yu Y, Shi M Z, et al. Magnetic-field-induced quantized anomalous Hall effect in intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4. arXiv: 1904.11468
[79]
Liu C, Wang Y, Li H, et al. Quantum phase transition from axion insulator to Chern insulator in MnBi2Te4. arXiv: 1905.00715
[80]
Gong Y, Guo J, Li J, et al. Experimental realization of an intrinsic magnetic topological insulator. Chin Phys Lett, 2019, 36, 076801 doi: 10.1088/0256-307X/36/7/076801
[81]
Zhang S, Wang R, Wang X, et al. Experimental observation of the gate-controlled reversal of the anomalous Hall effect in the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 device. arXiv: 1905.04839
Fig. 1.  (Color online) Schematics of (a) a massless (m = 0) and (b) a massive (m ≠ 0) surface state of a 3D TI as for the time-reversal symmetry (TRS) broken by the introduction of effective magnetic interaction into the system.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 2.  (Color online) STM image of Mn doped Bi2Te3 (x = 0.09). Adapted from Ref. [50]. (a) STM topograph of Bi1.91Mn0.09Te3 (001) surface, +250 meV, 40 pA, 1000 × 1000 Å2. Substitutional Mn atoms appear as triangular suppressions of the LDOS. (b) and (c) Zoom-in topographies over Mn dopants of unoccupied (+500 mV, 30 pA) and filled states (−500 mV, 30 pA), 30 × 30 Å2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [50].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 3.  (Color online) Adapted from Ref. [42]. (a) X Ray Diffraction of undoped and Mn-doped Bi2Te3 thin films. (b) A high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image of (Bi1–xMnx)2Te3 thin film (5% Mn concentration). Dotted yellow lines indicate QLs and unit layers composed of a Bi bilayer sandwiched between two QLs. (c) Atomic crystal structures of QL–Bi2–QL. (d) Atomic crystal structures of Bi2Te3 QLs with Bi partially substituted by Mn. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [42].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 4.  (Color online) A proposed process for the self-assembly of Bi2Se3 layers interspersed with septuple Bi2MnSe4. Adapted from Ref. [44]. (a) Bi, Se, and Mn atoms arrival at the growth surface. (b) Bi2Se3 forms thermodynamically while Mn atoms remain diffuse until pairing with Se atoms. (c) Self-assembling of Bi2MnSe4 SLs as interspersing between Bi2Se3 QLs. STEM image of 2.5% (d) and 4.2% Mn doped Bi2Se3 (e) showing the layered structure of Mn doped Bi2Se3. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [44].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 5.  (Color online) HR-STEM images of Mn doped Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3[38], showing the layered heterostructure consisting of Bi2MnTe4 (Bi2MnSe4) SLs inserted between Bi2Te3 (Bi2Se3) QLs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [38].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 6.  (Color online) ARPES shows gap opening in the Dirac surface states of Mn doped Bi2Se3[36]. (a) ARPES spectra of of (Bi0.99Mn0.01)2Se3 single crystal along K–Γ–K. Inset is a close-up of the dispersion in the vicinity of EF, indicating a gap between the leading edge of the surface state band and EF. (b) A leading-edge gap of 7 meV by comparison between the Γ point EDC and EF. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [36].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 7.  (Color online) Spin-resolved ARPES of Mn doped Bi2Se3. Adapted from Ref. [37]. (a) Spin-integrated data and (b) corresponding MDCs on film I (20 eV photons, MDC mode). (c) Spin-integrated dispersion and corresponding EDCs on film II (9 eV photons, EDC mode). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [37].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 8.  (Color online) ARPES measurements of (Bi1–xMnx)2Se3 with different Mn doping and temperature. Adapted from Ref. [60]. (a–d) Mn doping-dependent ARPES for x values of (a) 0, (b) 0.02, (c) 0.04 and (d) 0.08, 50 eV photon energy, 12 K. The surface band gap increases with increasing Mn content. (e, f) ARPES dispersions of (Bi1–xMnx)2Se3 (x = 8%) at temperature of (e) 12 K and (f) 300 K. The surface band gap does not show a remarkable temperature dependence. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [60].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 9.  (Color online) Magnetic gap of Mn-doped Bi2Te3 derived by ARPES. Adapted from Ref. [38]. (a–d) Measurements for Bi2Te3 with 6% Mn performed above and below the Curie temperature TC ~ 10 K. Linear fits to the regions indicated in (c) yield shifts of 21 and 12 meV between these sections of the 20 and 1 K spectra. (d) Simulation showing that this corresponds to a magnetic gap $\varDelta$ = 90 ± 10 meV. (e–g) Same analysis for Mn doped Bi2Se3 with 6% Mn and a TC of 6 K, revealing only a nonmagnetic gap of 220 ± 5 meV at 20 K and 205 ± 5 meV at 1 K, determined by least-square fit to the upper Dirac cone and to the lower Dirac cone at k// = 0 Å–1. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [38]

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 10.  (Color online) Magnetic-field-dependent magnetization of (Bi1–xMnx)2Te3 crystal (x = 0.045) with in-plane and out-of-plane fields, T = 1.8 K. Inset is the low field hysteresis MH loops of this Bi1.91Mn0.09Te3 crystal. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [50].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 11.  (Color online) SQUID measurements of (Bi1–xMnx)2Se3. Adapted from Ref. [45]. (a) Temperature-dependent magnetization curves (M–T) of the Bi/Mn = 12.5 sample. (b) Field-dependent magnetization plots (M–H) of the Bi/Mn = 12.5 sample with in-plane field at different temperatures. (c) M–H of the Bi/Mn = 12.5 sample with out-of-plane field at different temperatures. (d) M–T of the Bi/Mn = 23.6 sample. (e) M–H of the Bi/Mn = 23.6 sample with in-plane field at different temperatures. (f) M–H of the Bi/Mn = 23.6 sample with out-of-plane field at different temperatures. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [45].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 12.  (Color online) Magnetization M(H) and Anomalous Hall effect (AHE) of Mn doped Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3. Adapted from Ref. [38]. In-plane and out-of-plane M(H) of Bi2Te3 (a) and Bi2Se3 (b) films with Mn concentrations of 3 and 4% measured at 2 K by SQUID with the magnetic field either parallel or perpendicular to the surface, evidencing a perpendicular anisotropy (easy axis) for Bi2Te3 and an in-plane easy axis for Bi2Se3. The Curie temperature as a function of Mn concentration is depicted in the inserts, evidencing that TC is significantly higher in the telluride system. (c, d) AHE measurements of the samples with the contribution of the ordinary Hall effect extracted from the high field data subtracted. Due to the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, only Mn-doped Bi2Te3 displays a pronounced anomalous Hall effect appearing when the sample is cooled below TC. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [38]

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 13.  (Color online) AHE and TC of MnxBi2–xTe3–ySey single crystal (x = 0.04 and y = 0.12) at different carrier density tuned by gating. Adapted from Ref. [65]. (a) Hall conductivity σxy of device A at different back-gate voltages VB. AHE increases with depleting carriers. (b) After application of a top-gate voltage VT = –3 V, device B shows an enhanced σxy. The ordinary Hall conductivity $\sigma _{xy}^N$ changes from n-type to p-type at the most negative VB. (c) Temperature-dependent σxy of device C. (d) TC of devices A–E on the carrier density. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [65].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 14.  (Color online) Magnetoconductivity of MnxBi2–xTe3–ySey (x = 0.04 and y = 0.12) with gating. Adapted from Ref. [65]. (a) σxx(B) at different VB. (b) σxx(B) at VB = –100 V. (c) Schematic of the domain structure in a magnetic topological insulator. A chiral mode appears in the domain walls across the opposite M domains. (d) σxx(B) at different temperatures at VB = –100 V. (e) σxx(B) shows hysteresis at high carrier density. (f) The difference between the virgin and trained σxx. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [65].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 15.  (Color online) Hall conductivity σxy and longitudinal conductivity σxx of Mn-Bi2Te3 films. Adapted from Ref. [42]. (a)–(c) Temperature dependence of σxy with Mn doping 2% (S3), 5% (S4), and 10% (S5). (d) Schematic of the Hall device. (e) Photo image of a Hall bar. (f) σxy with different Mn doping, T = 0.5 K. (g) Temperature dependence of σxy at zero magnetic field with different Mn concentrations. (h) Temperature dependence of σxx. (i) σxx (red) and σxy (black) at 0.5 K. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [42].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 16.  (Color online) Magneto-transport of Mn-Bi2Se3 thin films. Adapted from Ref. [45]. (a) Measurement geometry. (b) ${\rm{\Delta }}{\sigma _{xx}}$–H curves at different field directions in xz plane. (c) Rxx–H plots under field (θ = 5° and ϕ = 0) at different temperatures. (d) Rxx–H in xy plane at different temperatures. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [45].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 17.  (Color online) Evolution of the Hall effect and the corresponding AH resistances with Mn concentration (a) and gate-voltage tuning (b). Adapted from Ref. [61]. The magnetic field dependences of the Hall resistance Ryx and the nonlinear part of the Hall resistance (RAH(B) = Ryx(B) – RHB) are shown in the top panels and bottom panels of (a) and (b) respectively. The AH resistance RAH is separated into a positive component (orange line) and a negative one (blue line). The right panels show the schematic band diagrams of the Fermi level changing with doping and gate-voltage tuning.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 18.  (Color online) Characteristics of the AH conductivity in a lightly doped (Bi1−xMnx)2Se3 sample (x = 0.02). Adapted from Ref. [61]. (a) and (b) σxx dependences of the magnitudes of the positive and negative AH conductivities above the saturation fields, σAH,1 (panel a) and σAH,2 (panel b). (c) The ratio of the AH components, σAH,2/σAH,2, plotted as a function of σxx. Inset shows the schematic band diagrams for high and low Fermi levels.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1.   Magnetic characteristics of Mn doped TIs.

Chemical formulaDoping concentrationMagnetometryTc (K)Easy axisMechanismRef.
(Bi1−xMnx)2Te30.04–0.10PPMS9–12Surface normal[50]
(Bi1−xMnx)2Te30.09,0.15SQUID, torque, muSR9–13Surface normal[63]
(Bi1−xMnx)2Te30.02–0.10SQUID13.8–17Surface normalVan Vleck type[42]
(Bi1−xMnx)2Te30.04–0.09ESR12Surface normalRKKY[52]
(Bi1−xMnx)2Te30.03–0.14XMCD7–15Surface normal[38]
Bi2−xMnxTe3−ySey0.04magnetotransport13Surface normalRKKY[65]
(Bi1−xMnx)2Te30.07SQUID5.4In-plane[45]
(Bi1−xMnx)2Se30.01FMR, PNR6In-planeRKKY[51]
(Bi1−xMnx)2Se30.06–0.14SQUID< 7In-plane[62]
(Bi1−xMnx)2Se30.025XMCDUp to 45 KSurface normal[37]
(Bi1−xMnx)2Se30.075XMCD1.5 KIn-plane[59]
(Bi1−xMnx)2Se30.04–0.14XMCD5–7In-plane[38]
DownLoad: CSV

Table 2.   The AHE sign in magnetically doped Tis.

DopantTICarrier typeSign of $\sigma _{xy}^{{\rm{AH}}}$Reference
Cr (22%)Bi2Te3n+[71]
Cr (15%)(BixSb1–x)2Te3p$\to$n+[72]
V (13%)Sb2Te3p+[35]
Cr (4%–22%)Bi2Se3n–[73]
Mn (5%–20%)Bi2Te3n–[42]
Mn (4%)Bi2(Te,Se)3n–[65]
Mn (1%–9%)Bi2Se3n– (surface), +(bulk)[61]
DownLoad: CSV
[1]
Kane C L, Mele E J. Z2 topological order and the quantum spin Hall effect. Phys Rev Lett, 2005, 95, 146802 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.146802
[2]
Kane C L, Mele E J. Quantum spin Hall effect in graphene. Phys Rev Lett, 2005, 95, 226801 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.226801
[3]
Zhang Y, Tan Y W, Stormer H L, et al. Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature, 2005, 438, 201 doi: 10.1038/nature04235
[4]
Bernevig B A, Zhang S C. Quantum spin Hall effect. Phys Rev Lett, 2006, 96, 106802 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.106802
[5]
Prange R E, Girvin S M. The quantum Hall effect. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990
[6]
Klitzing K V, Dorda G, Pepper M. New method for high-accuracy determination of the fine-structure constant based on quantized hall resistance. Phys Rev Lett, 1980, 45, 494 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.494
[7]
Thouless D J, Kohmoto M, Nightingale M P, et al. Quantized Hall conductance in a two-dimensional periodic potential. Phys Rev Lett, 1982, 49, 405 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.405
[8]
Simon B. Holonomy, the quantum adiabatic theorem, and Berry’s phase. Phys Rev Lett, 1983, 51, 2167 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.2167
[9]
Bernevig B A, Hughes T L, Zhang S C. Quantum spin Hall effect and topological phase transition in HgTe quantum wells. Science, 2006, 314, 1757 doi: 10.1126/science.1133734
[10]
Koenig M, Wiedmann S, Bruene C, et al. Quantum spin Hall insulator state in HgTe quantum wells. Science, 2007, 318, 766 doi: 10.1126/science.1148047
[11]
Qi X L, Zhang S C. Topological insulators and superconductors. Rev Mov Phys, 2011, 83, 1057 doi: 10.1103/revmodphys.83.1057
[12]
Ando Y. Topological insulator materials. J Phys Soc Jpn, 2013, 82, 102001 doi: 10.7566/JPSJ.82.102001
[13]
Fu L, Kane C L, Mele E J. Topological insulators in three dimensions. Phys Rev Lett, 2007, 98, 106803 doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.106803
[14]
Hsieh D, Qian D, Wray L, et al. A topological Dirac insulator in a quantum spin Hall phase. Nature, 2008, 452, 970 doi: 10.1038/nature06843
[15]
Xia Y, Qian D, Hsieh D, et al. Observation of a large-gap topological insulator class with a single Dirac cone on the surface. Nat Phys, 2009, 5, 398 doi: 10.1038/nphys1274
[16]
Chen Y L, Analytis J G, Chu J H, et al. Experimental realization of a three-dimensional topological insulator, Bi2Te3. Science, 2009, 325, 178 doi: 10.1126/science.1173034
[17]
Zhang H, Liu C X, Qi X L, et al. Topological insulators in Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 with a single Dirac cone on the surface. Nat Phys, 2009, 5, 438 doi: 10.1038/nphys1270
[18]
Chen J, Qin H J, Yang F, et al. Gate-voltage control of chemical potential and weak antilocalization in Bi2Se3. Phys Rev Lett, 2010, 105, 176602 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.176602
[19]
Qu D X, Hor Y S, Xiong J, et al. Quantum oscillations and Hall anomaly of surface states in the topological insulator Bi2Te3. Science, 2010, 329, 821 doi: 10.1126/science.1189792
[20]
Analytis J G, Chu J H, Chen Y, et al. Bulk Fermi surface coexistence with Dirac surface state in Bi2Se3: A comparison of photoemission and Shubnikov–de Haas measurements. Phys Rev B, 2010, 81, 205407 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.205407
[21]
Yu R, Zhang W, Zhang H J, et al. Quantized anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological insulators. Science, 2010, 329, 61 doi: 10.1126/science.1187485
[22]
Chang C Z, Zhang J, Feng X, et al. Experimental observation of the quantum anomalous Hall effect in a magnetic topological insulator. Science, 2013, 340, 167 doi: 10.1126/science.1234414
[23]
Mellnik A R, Lee J S, Richardella A, et al. Spin-transfer torque generated by a topological insulator. Nature, 2014, 511, 449 doi: 10.1038/nature13534
[24]
Qi X L, Hughes T L, Zhang S C. Topological field theory of time-reversal invariant insulators. Phys Rev B, 2008, 78, 195424 doi: 10.1103/physrevb.78.195424
[25]
Essin A M, Moore J E, Vanderbilt D. Magnetoelectric polarizability and axion electrodynamics in crystalline insulators. Phys Rev Lett, 2009, 102, 146805 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.146805
[26]
Tse W K, MacDonald A H. Giant magneto-optical Kerr effect and universal Faraday effect in thin-film topological insulators. Phys Rev Lett, 2010, 105, 057401 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.057401
[27]
Li R, Wang J, Qi X L, et al. Dynamical axion field in topological magnetic insulators. Nat Phys, 2010, 6, 284 doi: 10.1038/nphys1534
[28]
Fu L, Kane C L. Superconducting proximity effect and Majorana Fermions at the surface of a topological insulator. Phys Rev Lett, 2008, 100, 096407 doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.096407
[29]
Qi X L, Li R, Zang J, et al. Inducing a magnetic monopole with topological surface states. Science, 2009, 323, 1184 doi: 10.1126/science.1167747
[30]
Hasan M Z, Kane C L. Colloquium: topological insulators. Rev Mod Phys, 2010, 82, 3045 doi: 10.1103/revmodphys.82.3045
[31]
Lu H Z, Shi J, Shen S Q. Competition between weak localization and antilocalization in topological surface states. Phys Rev Lett, 2011, 107, 076801 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.076801
[32]
Checkelsky J G, Yoshimi R, Tsukazaki A, et al. Trajectory of the anomalous Hall effect towards the quantized state in a ferromagnetic topological insulator. Nat Phys, 2014, 10, 731 doi: 10.1038/nphys3053
[33]
Kou X, Guo S T, Fan Y, et al. Scale-invariant quantum anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological insulators beyond the two-dimensional limit. Phys Rev Lett, 2014, 113, 137201 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.199901
[34]
Bestwick A J, Fox E J, Kou X, et al. Precise quantization of the anomalous Hall effect near zero magnetic field. Phys Rev Lett, 2015, 114, 187201 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.187201
[35]
Chang C Z, Zhao W, Kim D Y, et al. High-precision realization of robust quantum anomalous Hall state in a hard ferromagnetic topological insulator. Nat Mater, 2015, 14, 473 doi: 10.1038/nmat4204
[36]
Chen Y L, Chu J H, Analytis J G, et a. Massive Dirac Fermion on the surface of a magnetically doped topological insulator. Science, 2010, 329, 659 doi: 10.1126/science.1189924
[37]
Xu S Y, Neupane M, Liu C, et al. Hedgehog spin texture and Berry’s phase tuning in a magnetic topological insulator. Nat Phys, 2012, 8, 616 doi: 10.1038/nphys2351
[38]
Rienks E D L, Wimmer S, Mandal P S, et al. Large magnetic gap at the Dirac point in a Mn-induced Bi2Te3 heterostructure. arXiv: 1810.06238
[39]
Zhang J M, Ming W, Huang Z, et al. Stability, electronic, and magnetic properties of the magnetically doped topological insulators Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3. Phys Rev B, 2013, 88, 235131 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.235131
[40]
Abdalla L B, Seixas L, Schmidt T M, et al. Topological insulator Bi2Se3(111) surface doped with transition metals: An ab initio investigation. Phys Rev B, 2013, 88, 045312 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.045312
[41]
Růžička J, Caha O, Hol V, et al. Structural and electronic properties of manganese doped Bi2Te3 epitaxial layers. New J Phys, 2015, 17, 013028 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/17/1/013028
[42]
Lee J S, Richardella A, Rench D W, et al. Ferromagnetism and spin-dependent transport in n-type Mn-doped bismuth telluride thin films. Phys Rev B, 2014, 89, 174425 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.174425
[43]
Figueroa A I, van der Laan G, Collins-McIntyre L J, et al. Local structure and bonding of transition metal dopants in Bi2Se3 topological insulator thin films. J Phys Chem C, 2015, 119, 17344 doi: 10.1021/jp511713s
[44]
Hagmann J A, Li X, Chowdbury S, et al. Molecular beam epitaxy growth and structure of self-assembled Bi2Se3/Bi2MnSe4 multilayer heterostructures. New J Phys, 2017, 19, 085002 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/aa759c
[45]
Zhang D, Richardella A, Rench D W, et al. Interplay between ferromagnetism, surface states, and quantum corrections in a magnetically doped topological insulator. Phys Rev B, 2012, 86, 205127 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.86.205127
[46]
Choi J, Choi S, Choi J, et al. Magnetic properties of Mn-doped Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3. Phys Status Solidi B, 2004, 241, 1541 doi: 10.1002/pssb.200304527
[47]
Choi J, Choi S, Choi J, et al. Mn-doped V2VI3 semiconductors: Single crystal growth and magnetic properties. J Appl Phys, 2005, 97, 10D doi: 10.1063/1.1854451
[48]
Bos J W G, Lee M, Morosan E, et al. Ferromagnetism below 10 K in Mn-doped BiTe. Phys Rev B, 2006, 74, 184429 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.184429
[49]
Janíček P, Drašar Č, Lošt’ák P, et al. Transport, magnetic, optical and thermodynamic properties of Bi2– xMnxSe3 single crystals. Physica B, 2008, 403, 3553 doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2008.05.025
[50]
Hor Y S, Roushan P, Beidenkopf H, et al. Development of ferromagnetism in the doped topological insulator Bi2– xMnxTe3. Phys Rev B, 2010, 81, 195203 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.195203
[51]
Von Bardeleben H J, Cantin J L, Zhang D M, et al. Ferromagnetism in Bi2Se3:Mn epitaxial layers. Phys Rev B, 2013, 88, 075149 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.88.075149
[52]
Zimmermann S, Steckel F, Hess C, et al. Spin dynamics and magnetic interactions of Mn dopants in the topological insulator Bi2Te3. Phys Rev B, 2016, 94, 125205 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.125205
[53]
Islam M F, Canali C M, Pertsova A, et al. Systematics of electronic and magnetic properties in the transition metal doped Sb2Te3 quantum anomalous Hall platform. Phys Rev B, 2018, 97, 155429 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.97.155429
[54]
Niu C, Dai Y, Guo M, et al. Mn induced ferromagnetism and modulated topological surface states in Bi2Te3. Appl Phys Lett, 2011, 98, 252502 doi: 10.1063/1.3601020
[55]
Liu Q, Liu C X, Xu C, et al. Magnetic impurities on the surface of a topological insulator. Phys Rev Lett, 2009, 102, 156603 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.156603
[56]
Zhu J J, Yao D X, Zhang S C, et al. electrically controllable surface magnetism on the surface of topological insulators. Phys Rev Lett, 2011, 106, 097201 doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.097201
[57]
Sessi P, Reis F, Bathon T, et al. Signatures of Dirac fermion-mediated magnetic order. Nat Commun, 2014, 5, 5349 doi: 10.1038/ncomms6349
[58]
Chapler B C, Post K W, Richardella A R, et al. Infrared electrodynamics and ferromagnetism in the topological semiconductors Bi2Te3 and Mn-doped Bi2Te3. Phys Rev B, 2014, 89, 235308 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.235308
[59]
Collins-Mcintyre L J, Watson M D, Baker A A, et al. X-ray magnetic spectroscopy of MBE-grown Mn-doped Bi2Se3 thin films. AIP Adv, 2014, 4, 127136 doi: 10.1063/1.4904900
[60]
Sánchez-Barriga J, Varykhalov A, Springholz G, et al. Nonmagnetic band gap at the Dirac point of the magnetic topological insulator (Bi1− xMnx)2Se3. Nat Commun, 2016, 7, 10559 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10559
[61]
Liu N, Teng J, Li Y. Two-component anomalous Hall effect in a magnetically doped topological insulator. Nat Commun, 2018, 9, 1282 doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03684-0
[62]
Tarasenko R, Vališka M, Vondráček M, et al. Magnetic and structural properties of Mn-doped Bi2Se3 topological insulators. Physica B, 2016, 481, 262 doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2015.11.022
[63]
Watson M D, Collins-McIntyre L J, Shelford L R, et al. Study of the structural, electric and magnetic properties of Mn-doped Bi2Te3 single crystals. New J Phys, 2013, 15, 103016 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/15/10/103016
[64]
Li Y, Zou X, J Li, Zhou G, et al. Ferromagnetism and topological surface states of manganese doped Bi2Te3: Insights from density-functional calculations. J Chem Phys, 2014, 140, 124704 doi: 10.1063/1.4869146
[65]
Checkelsky J G, Ye J, Onose Y, et al. Dirac-fermion-mediated ferromagnetism in a topological insulator. Nat Phys, 2012, 8, 729 doi: 10.1038/nphys2388
[66]
Rosenberg G, Franz M. Surface magnetic ordering in topological insulators with bulk magnetic dopants. Phys Rev B, 2012, 85, 195119 doi: 10.1103/physrevb.85.195119
[67]
Liu C, Zang Yunyi, Ruan Wei, et al. Dimensional crossover-induced topological Hall effect in a magnetic topological insulator. Phys Rev Lett, 2017, 119, 176809 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.176809
[68]
Kamboj S, Das S, Sirohi A, et al. Suppression of transport spin-polarization of surface states with emergence of ferromagnetism in Mn-doped Bi2Se3. J Phys Cond Matt, 2018, 30, 355001 doi: 10.1088/1361-648X/aad3ed
[69]
Ado I A, Dmitriev I A, Ostrovsky P M, et al. Anomalous Hall effect with massive Dirac fermions, Anomalous Hall effect with massive Dirac fermions. EPL, 2015, 111, 37004 doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/111/37004
[70]
Zhang J, Chang C Z, Tang P, et al. Topology-driven magnetic quantum phase transition in topological insulators. Science, 2013, 339, 1582 doi: 10.1126/science.1230905
[71]
Zhang Z, Feng X, Guo M, et al. Electrically tuned magnetic order and magnetoresistance in a topological insulator. Nat Commun, 2014, 5, 4915 doi: 10.1038/ncomms5915
[72]
Keser A C, Raimondi R, Culcer D. Sign change in the anomalous Hall effect and strong transport effects in a 2D massive Dirac metal due to spin-charge correlated disorder. arXiv: 1902.09605
[73]
Liu M, Zhang J, Chang C Z, et al. Crossover between weak antilocalization and weak localization in a magnetically doped topological insulator. Phys Rev Lett, 2012, 108, 036805 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.036805
[74]
Li J, Li Y, Du S, et al. Intrinsic magnetic topological insulators in van der Waals layered MnBi2Te4-family materials. Sci Adv, 2019, 5 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5685
[75]
Zhang D, Shi M, Zhu T, et al. Topological axion states in the magnetic insulator MnBi2Te4 with the quantized magnetoelectric effect. Phys Rev Lett, 2019, 122, 206401 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.206401
[76]
Otrokov M M, Klimovskikh I I, et al. Prediction and observation of the first antiferromagnetic topological insulator. arXiv: 1809.07389
[77]
Chen B, Fei F, Zhang D, et al. Searching the Mn(Sb, Bi)2Te4 family of materials for the ideal intrinsic magnetic topological insulator. arXiv: 1903.09934
[78]
Deng Y, Yu Y, Shi M Z, et al. Magnetic-field-induced quantized anomalous Hall effect in intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4. arXiv: 1904.11468
[79]
Liu C, Wang Y, Li H, et al. Quantum phase transition from axion insulator to Chern insulator in MnBi2Te4. arXiv: 1905.00715
[80]
Gong Y, Guo J, Li J, et al. Experimental realization of an intrinsic magnetic topological insulator. Chin Phys Lett, 2019, 36, 076801 doi: 10.1088/0256-307X/36/7/076801
[81]
Zhang S, Wang R, Wang X, et al. Experimental observation of the gate-controlled reversal of the anomalous Hall effect in the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 device. arXiv: 1905.04839

    • Search

    Advanced Search >>

    GET CITATION

    shu

    Export: BibTex EndNote

    Article Metrics

    Article views: 5233 Times PDF downloads: 262 Times Cited by: 0 Times

    History

    Received: 11 June 2019 Revised: 05 July 2019 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 12 July 2019Uncorrected proof: 15 July 2019Published: 09 August 2019

    Catalog

      Email This Article

      User name:
      Email:*请输入正确邮箱
      Code:*验证码错误
      Send
      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2019  >  40(8): 081507
      Jing Teng, Nan Liu, Yongqing Li. Mn-doped topological insulators: a review[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(8): 081507. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/081507 ****J Teng, N Liu, Y Q Li, Mn-doped topological insulators: a review[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(8): 081507. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/081507.
      Citation:
      Jing Teng, Nan Liu, Yongqing Li. Mn-doped topological insulators: a review[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(8): 081507. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/081507 ****
      J Teng, N Liu, Y Q Li, Mn-doped topological insulators: a review[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(8): 081507. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/081507.
      shu

      Mn-doped topological insulators: a review

      doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/8/081507
      • 1.

        Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

      • 2.

        School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

      • 3.

        Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China

      More Information
      • Corresponding author: Email: jteng@iphy.ac.cn
      • Received Date: 2019-06-11
      • Revised Date: 2019-07-05
      • Published Date: 2019-08-01

      Catalog

        Journal of Semiconductors © 2017 All Rights Reserved   京ICP备05085259号-2

        /

        DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
        Return
        Return