J. Semicond. > 2021, Volume 42 > Issue 10 > 101604
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REVIEWS

Recent progress of efficient flexible solar cells based on nanostructures

Yiyi Zhu1, 2, Qianpeng Zhang1, 2, Lei Shu1, 2, Daquan Zhang1, 2 and Zhiyong Fan1, 2, 3,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Zhiyong Fan, eezfan@ust.hk

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/101604

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Abstract: Flexible solar cells are important photovoltaics (PV) technologies due to the reduced processing temperature, less material consumption and mechanical flexibility, thus they have promising applications for portable devices and building-integrated applications. However, the efficient harvesting of photons is the core hindrance towards efficient, flexible PV. Light management by nanostructures and nanomaterials has opened new pathways for sufficient solar energy harvesting. Nanostructures on top surfaces provide an efficient pathway for the propagation of light. Aside from suppressing incident light reflection, micro-structured back-reflectors reduce transmission via multiple reflections. Nanostructures themselves can be the absorber layer. Photovoltaics based on high-crystallinity nanostructured light absorbers demonstrate enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) and excellent mechanical flexibility. To acquire a deep understanding of the impacts of nanostructures, herein, a concise overview of the recent development in the design and application of nanostructures and nanomaterials for photovoltaics is summarized.

Key words: solar cells, nanotechnology, antireflection, bendability, PCE



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) Three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured silicon solar cells and their corresponding absorption spectra. (a1, a2) Double-sided nanostructure. (b1, b2) Top-only nanostructure. (c1, c2) Bottom-only nanostructure. (d1, d2) Flat film. Red curves stand for the Yablonovitch limit, green curves are the single-pass absorption spectra, and black curves represent spectra for corresponding structures. Reproduced with permission[31]. Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH.

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Fig. 2.  The scanning electron microscope (SEM) of inverse nanocone (NC) template (a) and NC arrays (b). (c) The external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra of CdTe solar cells with and without NC film. The inset of (c) is the schematic structure of the device. (a–c) Reproduced with permission [25]. Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH. (d) SEM of NC arrays. The inset is a drop of water on NC arrays, illustrating a contact angle of 155°. (e) The current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics of perovskite solar cells with and without NC arrays (inset is a photo of the flexible device). (f) Under different incident angles, the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) with and without NC arrays. (d–f) Reproduced with permission[38]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (g) Schematic procedure of 3D nanostructured a-Si:H solar cells. (1) Spin coating ZnO film on polyimide film. (2) Patterned ZnO film. (3) A a-Si:H solar cell constructed on the as-fabricated substrate. (4) Fabrication of nanoindentation on aluminum foils. (5) The anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template with inverse NC arrays. (6) The NC arrays film peeled off from the template. (7) The a-Si:H solar cell with nanostructured back-reflector and top anti-reflection NC arrays. (h) Normalized PCE under different bending angles. (i) Normalized PCE as a function of bending cycles. The insets (h) and (i) demonstrate bending angles and a bent solar cell mounted on the set-up. Reproduced with permission[39]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH.

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Fig. 3.  (Color online) (a) Complete compound moth eyes and a moth-eye-inspired structure (MEIS) device structure diagram. (b) Reflectance spectra of MEIS and human luminosity curve, inset is the photo of MEIS (scale bars, 3 cm). (c) J–V curves of the MEIS ST-PSCs and a planar reference under simulated AM1.5G illumination, the inset is the photographs of (c) (scale bars, 2 cm). Reproduced with permission[50]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (d) SEM images of TiO2 nanobowl with a diameter of 180 nm (NB-180). (e) J–V curves of the device based on different diameters. (f) Simulated cross-sectional |E| distribution of the electromagnetic (EM) waves at 600 nm wavelength in the perovskite deposited on (f1) TiO2 NB-180, (f2) TiO2 NB-220, (f3) TiO2 NB-500, and (f4) planar TiO2, Reproduced with permission[21]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (g) Schematic view of nanostructured a-Si:H thin-film. (h) SEM image of the 100 nm Ag-coated substrates deposited with 100 nm conductive Al-doped ZnO (AZO). (i) The calculated Jsc of the device based on different diameters TiO2. (j) Normalized PCE under different bending angles. The inset (j1) represents a photo of the measurement set-up and (j2) a schematic of bending angles. Reproduced with permission[40]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) Cross-sectional schematic diagram of a 3D solar nanopillar cell, demonstrating improved carrier separation and collection. (b) SEM images of d a CdS nanopillar array. The experimental (c) and simulated (d) absorption spectra of the nanowire (NW) plotted as a function of diameter and pitch. (c, d) Reproduced with permission[15]. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. (e) SEM images of InSb NW. (f) The electron mobility of InSb NW. (e, f) Reproduced with permission[58]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (g) Visualization of the Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) recombination in the 3D nanopillar cells plotted with a function of heigh (H): H = 0 nm (g1) and H = 900 nm (g2). (a, b, g) Reproduced with permission[28]. Copyright 2009, Nature Research. (h) Schematic representation of BiI3 structure. (h) Reproduced with permission[75]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH. (i) Cross-sectional schematic diagram of 3D BiI3 nanosheets (NSs) cell. (j) SEM of BiI3 NSs. (k) J–V curves of BiI3 NSs solar cells from different precursor Bi thicknesses. (i–k) Reproduced with permission [22]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram of the 3D nanospike. (b) Angular and wavelength-dependent absorption of a nanospike solar cell and a planar reference. (c) Normalized PCE of the nanospike device under different bending angles, inset is the schematic of a flexible nanospike solar cell. (a–c) Reproduced with permission[52]. Copyright 2014, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) SEM image of a-Si:H solar cells on 0.5 aspect ratio nanocone. The aspect ratio is the ratio between height and pitch. Simulated cross-sectional stress distribution of flat (e) and nanocone devices (f), with their photos after bending with a radius of 4 mm shown. (d–f) Reproduced with permission[73]. Copyright 2016, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

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    Received: 10 September 2021 Revised: 19 September 2021 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 24 September 2021Uncorrected proof: 26 September 2021Published: 15 October 2021

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2021  >  42(10): 101604
      Yiyi Zhu, Qianpeng Zhang, Lei Shu, Daquan Zhang, Zhiyong Fan. Recent progress of efficient flexible solar cells based on nanostructures[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(10): 101604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/101604 ****Y Y Zhu, Q P Zhang, L Shu, D Q Zhang, Z Y Fan, Recent progress of efficient flexible solar cells based on nanostructures[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(10): 101604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/101604.
      Citation:
      Yiyi Zhu, Qianpeng Zhang, Lei Shu, Daquan Zhang, Zhiyong Fan. Recent progress of efficient flexible solar cells based on nanostructures[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(10): 101604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/101604 ****
      Y Y Zhu, Q P Zhang, L Shu, D Q Zhang, Z Y Fan, Recent progress of efficient flexible solar cells based on nanostructures[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(10): 101604. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/101604.
      shu

      Recent progress of efficient flexible solar cells based on nanostructures

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/10/101604
      • 1.

        Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China

      • 2.

        HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China

      • 3.

        Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology, HKUST, Hong Kong 999077, China

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      • Yiyi Zhu：received her bachelor degree and master degree in Materials Science and Engineering from Central South University, China. She is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology under the supervision of Prof. Zhiyong Fan. Her research focuses on developing highly efficient and stable photovoltaics
      • Zhiyong Fan：is currently a Professor of the Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, HKUST, Hong Kong SAR, China. His current research interests include the design and fabrication of novel nanostructures and nanomaterials for high-performance optoelectronics, energy harvesting devices, and sensors. He has published about 200 papers in Nature, Nature Materials, Nature Communications, Science Advances, and Journal of Semiconductors with a total citation of more than 21 000 times. Prof. Fan is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, a Senior Member of IEEE, and the founding member of The Hong Kong Young Academy of Sciences
      • Corresponding author: eezfan@ust.hk
      • Received Date: 2021-09-10
      • Revised Date: 2021-09-19
      • Published Date: 2021-10-10

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