Over 1 cm<sup>2</sup> flexible organic solar cells

Wei Pan; Yunfei Han; Zhenguo Wang; Qun Luo; Changqi Ma; Liming Ding

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050301

J. Semicond. > 2021, Volume 42 > Issue 5 > 050301

COMMENTS AND OPINIONS

Over 1 cm² flexible organic solar cells

Wei Pan¹, Yunfei Han¹, Zhenguo Wang¹, Qun Luo^1,, Changqi Ma^1, and Liming Ding^2,

+ Author Affiliations

1. Pintable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
2. Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China

Author Bio:

Wei Pan is a MS student in Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (CAS). He obtained his BS from Wuhan Institute of Technology in 2018. His work focuses on interface engineering in flexible/large-area organic solar cells.

Qun Luo received her PhD form Zhejiang University in 2011. Then she worked as a postdoc at Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (CAS). Currently she is an associate professor at Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics. Her research interests include inks for printed photovoltaics and interface engineering in flexible/large-area printed solar cells.

Changqi Ma received his PhD at the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (CAS) with Professor Baowen Zhang. After that, he worked as a postdoc at Heriot-Watt University (UK) with Dr. Graeme Cooke, and then he joined Peter Bäuerle group at University of Ulm in 2004 as a Humboldt fellow. From January 2007 to May 2011, he did his Habilitation at Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University. In June 2011, he joined Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics as a professor. His research focuses on printing processing and stability of organic solar cells.

Liming Ding got his PhD from University of Science and Technology of China (was a joint student at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS). He started his research on OSCs and PLEDs in Olle Inganäs Lab in 1998. Later on, he worked at National Center for Polymer Research, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Argonne National Lab (USA). He joined Konarka as a Senior Scientist in 2008. In 2010, he joined National Center for Nanoscience and Technology as a professor. His research focuses on functional materials and devices. He is RSC Fellow, the nominator for Xplorer Prize, and the Associate Editors for Science Bulletin and Journal of Semiconductors.

Corresponding author: Qun Luo, qluo2011@sinano.ac.cn; Changqi Ma, cqma2011@sinano.ac.cn; Liming Ding, ding@nanoctr.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050301

References

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[32]	Jose da Silva W, Kim H P, Rashid bin Mohd Yusoff A, et al. Transparent flexible organic solar cells with 6.87% efficiency manufactured by an all-solution process. Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 9324 doi: 10.1039/c3nr03011c
[33]	Zhao B, He Z, Cheng X, et al. Flexible polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 8.7%. J Mater Chem C, 2014, 2, 5077 doi: 10.1039/c3tc32520b
[34]	Zuo L, Zhang S, Li H, et al. Toward highly efficient large-area ITO-free organic solar cells with a conductance-gradient transparent electrode. Adv Mater, 2015, 27, 6983 doi: 10.1002/adma.201502827
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Fig. 1. (Color online) Transparency and sheet resistance of the transparent conducting electrodes (reproduced with copyright permission from SPIE publisher)^[6].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) Photographs of the large-area flexible OSCs. (b) J–V characteristics and (c) EQE spectra of the large-area flexible solar cells with PET/Ag/Cu grid electrodes. (d) J–V characteristics and (e) EQE spectra of the large-area flexible solar cells with PET/ITO electrodes (reproduced with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH)^[16].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) Sketch of spin coating and slot-die coating. (b) The small-area rigid device and large-area flexible device. (c) The chemical structures of PTB7-Th, PC₇₁BM, and COi8DFIC. (d) Optical microscopy and SEM images of the PET/silver-grid substrate. (e) Comparison of this work with reported PCEs for flexible devices made by slot-die coating (reproduced with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH)^[4].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 4. (Color online) (a) Schematic diagram for the high-speed gravure printing process used to print silver nanowire electrodes. (b) Efficiency distribution diagram for the devices with PET/AgNWs-GV, PET/AgNWs-SP, and glass/ITO electrodes (reproduced with copyright permission from Wiley-VCH)^[3].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 5. (Color online) The PCEs for small-area OSCs^{[1, 2, 28–35]}, large-area OSCs (>1 cm²)^{[3, 10, 11, 16, 36–41]}, and flexible OSC modules^{[4, 27, 37, 38, 42–47]}.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1. The performance data for large-area flexible OSCs (> 1 cm²) (Fig. 5).

Year	Area (cm²)	PCE (%)	Electrode	Device structure	Fabrication technique	Ref.
2005	1.2	1	PEDOT:PSS	PEDOT:PSS/α-NPD/C₆₀/BCP/Mg:Al	Spin coating	[36]
2007	10	1.6	ITO	PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al	Doctor blading	[37]
2009	1	2.7	ITO	PET/ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Silver	Screen printing	[38]
2010	4	1.93	Ag grid	PEN/Ag grid/HC-PEDOT/P3HT:PCBM/LiF/Al	Spin coating	[39]
2013	1.21	1.36	Ag grid	PET/Ag grid/PH1000/PEDOT:PSS-4083/P3HT:PCBB-C8/LiF/Al	Spin coating	[11]
2014	1.21	5.85	Ag grid	PET/Ag grid/PH1000/ZnO/PFN/PTB7:PC₇₁BM/MoO₃/Ag	Spin coating	[10]
2015	4	7.09	Ag	PET/Ag/PFN/PTB7-Th:PC₇₁BM/MoO₃/Ag/MoO₃	Spin coating	[34]
2017	1.25	8.28	Ag grid	PET/Ag grid/PTB7-Th:p-DTS(FBTTH₂)₂:PC₇₁BM/MoO₃/Ag	Slot-die	[40]
2018	2.03	7.6	Ag/TiO_x	Ag/TiO_x/ZnO/PTB7-Th:ITIC/PEDOT:PSS	Doctor blading	[41]
2019	1	12.26	Ag/Cu grid	PET/Ag/Cu grid/E100/ZnO/PBDB-TF:IT-4F/MoO₃/Al	Spin coating	[16]
2020	1	13.6	Ag NWs	PET/Ag NWs/ZnO/PM6:Y6/MoO₃/Al	Spin coating	[3]

DownLoad: CSV

Table 2. The performance data for flexible OSC modules (Fig. 5).

Year	Area (cm²)	PCE (%)	Electrode	Device structure	Fabrication technique	Ref.
2005	16.8	0.04	PEDOT:PSS	PET/PEDOT:PSS/MDMO-PPV:PCBM/Al	Doctor blading	[42]
2007	17.1	1.5	ITO	PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al	Doctor blading	[37]
2008	53	2.52	ITO	PET/ITO/ PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/ LiF/Al	Spin coating	[43]
2009	120	2.1	ITO	PET/ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Silver	Screen printing	[38]
2013	66	1.6	Ag grid	PET/Ag grid/PEDOT:PSS/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag grid	Slot-die	[44]
2014	8	3	Ag grid	PET/Ag grid/PEDOT/ZnO/PDTSTTz-4:PCBM/PEDOT/Ag	Slot-die	[45]
2016	35	4.2	FTO	PET/FTO/PBTZT-stat-BDTT-8:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag	Slot-die	[46]
2017	10.5	6.5	Ag	PES/Ag/PEI/P3HT:ICBA/PEI:m-PEDOT:PSS/PTB7-Th:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag grid	Spin coating	[47]
2019	15	8.9	ITO	PET/ITO/ZnO/active layer (PTB7-Th: PC71BM or PBDB-T: ITIC)/MoO₃/Ag	Slot-die	[27]
2020	25	10.09	Ag grid	PET/Ag grid/ZnO/PTB7-Th:COi8DFIC:PC71BM/MoO₃/Ag	Slot-die	[4]

DownLoad: CSV

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[13]	Wu Q, Guo J, Sun R, et al. Slot-die printed non-fullerene organic solar cells with the highest efficiency of 12.9% for low-cost pv-driven water splitting. Nano Energy, 2019, 61, 559 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.04.091
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[15]	Chen X L, Nie S H, Guo W R, et al. Printable high-aspect ratio and high-resolution Cu grid flexible transparent conductive film with figure of merit over 80000. Adv Electron Mater, 2019, 5, 1800991 doi: 10.1002/aelm.201800991
[16]	Han Y, Chen X, Wei J, et al. Efficiency above 12% for 1 cm² flexible organic solar cells with Ag/Cu grid transparent conducting electrode. Adv Sci, 2019, 6, 1901490 doi: 10.1002/advs.201901490
[17]	Tang H H, Feng H R, Wang H K, et al. Highly conducting mxene-silver nanowire transparent electrodes for flexible organic solar cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11, 25330 doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b04113
[18]	Chen X B, Xu G Y, Zeng G, et al. Realizing ultrahigh mechanical flexibility and > 15% efficiency of flexible organic solar cells via a "welding" flexible transparent electrode. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, 198478 doi: 10.1002/adma.201908478
[19]	Dong X Y, Shi P, Sun L L, et al. Flexible nonfullerene organic solar cells based on embedded silver nanowires with an efficiency up to 11.6%. J Mater Chem A, 2019, 7, 1989 doi: 10.1039/C8TA11378E
[20]	Zhang Y X, Fang J, Li W, et al. Synergetic transparent electrode architecture for efficient non-fullerene flexible organic solar cells with >12% efficiency. ACS Nano, 2019, 13, 4686 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00970
[21]	Kang S B, Noh Y J, Na S I, et al. Brush-painted flexible organic solar cells using highly transparent and flexible Ag nanowire network electrodes. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2014, 122, 152 doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2013.11.036
[22]	Lu H F, Ren X G, Ouyang D, et al. Emerging novel metal electrodes for photovoltaic applications. Small, 2018, 14, 1703140 doi: 10.1002/smll.201703140
[23]	Kim J, Ouyang D, Lu H F, et al. High performance flexible transparent electrode via one-step multifunctional treatment for Ag nanonetwork composites semi-embedded in low-temperature-processed substrate for highly performed organic photovoltaics. Adv Energy Mater, 2020, 10, 1903919 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201903919
[24]	Han Y W, Jeon S J, Lee H S, et al. Evaporation-free nonfullerene flexible organic solar cell modules manufactured by an all-solution process. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9, 1902065 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201902065
[25]	Zhao W C, Li S S, Yao H F, et al. Molecular optimization enables over 13% efficiency in organic solar cells. J Am Chem Soc, 2017, 139, 7148 doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b02677
[26]	Yuan J, Zhang Y Q, Zhou L Y, et al. Single-junction organic solar cell with over 15% efficiency using fused-ring acceptor with electron-deficient core. Joule, 2019, 3, 1140 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.01.004
[27]	Meng X, Zhang L, Xie Y, et al. A general approach for lab-to-manufacturing translation on flexible organic solar cells. Adv Mater, 2019, 31, 1903649 doi: 10.1002/adma.201903649
[28]	Huang J, Wang X, Kim Y, et al. High efficiency flexible ITO-free polymer/fullerene photodiodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2006, 8, 3904 doi: 10.1039/b607016g
[29]	Hau S K, Yip H L, Baek N S, et al. Air-stable inverted flexible polymer solar cells using zinc oxide nanoparticles as an electron selective layer. Appl Phys Lett, 2008, 92, 253301 doi: 10.1063/1.2945281
[30]	Wang J C, Weng W T, Tsai M Y, et al. Highly efficient flexible inverted organic solar cells using atomic layer deposited ZnO as electron selective layer. J Mater Chem, 2010, 20, 862 doi: 10.1039/B921396A
[31]	Stec H M, Hatton R A. Plasmon-active nano-aperture window electrodes for organic photovoltaics. Adv Energy Mater, 2013, 3, 193 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201200502
[32]	Jose da Silva W, Kim H P, Rashid bin Mohd Yusoff A, et al. Transparent flexible organic solar cells with 6.87% efficiency manufactured by an all-solution process. Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 9324 doi: 10.1039/c3nr03011c
[33]	Zhao B, He Z, Cheng X, et al. Flexible polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 8.7%. J Mater Chem C, 2014, 2, 5077 doi: 10.1039/c3tc32520b
[34]	Zuo L, Zhang S, Li H, et al. Toward highly efficient large-area ITO-free organic solar cells with a conductance-gradient transparent electrode. Adv Mater, 2015, 27, 6983 doi: 10.1002/adma.201502827
[35]	Song W, Fan X, Xu B, et al. All-solution-processed metal-oxide-free flexible organic solar cells with over 10% efficiency. Adv Mater, 2018, 30, 1800075 doi: 10.1002/adma.201800075
[36]	Kushto G P, Kim W, Kafafi Z H. Flexible organic photovoltaics using conducting polymer electrodes. Appl Phys Lett, 2005, 86, 093502 doi: 10.1063/1.1867568
[37]	Lungenschmied C, Dennler G, Neugebauer H, et al. Flexible, long-lived, large-area, organic solar cells. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2007, 91, 379 doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2006.10.013
[38]	Krebs F C, Gevorgyan S A, Alstrup J. A roll-to-roll process to flexible polymer solar cells: Model studies, manufacture and operational stability studies. J Mater Chem, 2009, 19, 5442 doi: 10.1039/b823001c
[39]	Galagan Y, Rubingh J E, Andriessen R, et al. ITO-free flexible organic solar cells with printed current collecting grids. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells, 2011, 95, 1339 doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.011
[40]	Zhang J, Zhao Y, Fang J, et al. Enhancing performance of large-area organic solar cells with thick film via ternary strategy. Small, 2017, 13, 1700388 doi: 10.1002/smll.201700388
[41]	Lin Y, Jin Y, Dong S, et al. Printed nonfullerene organic solar cells with the highest efficiency of 9.5%. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8, 1701942 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201701942
[42]	Dennler G, Lungenschmied C, Neugebauer H, et al. Flexible, conjugated polymer-fullerene-based bulk-heterojunction solar cells: basics, encapsulation, and integration. J Mater Res, 2005, 20, 3224 doi: 10.1557/jmr.2005.0399
[43]	Tsakalakos L, Lemaitre N, de Bettignies R, et al. High-efficiency large area flexible organic solar cells. 2008, 7047, 70470K doi: 10.1117/12.795036
[44]	Hösel M, Søndergaard R R, Jørgensen M, et al. Fast inline roll-to-roll printing for indium-tin-oxide-free polymer solar cells using automatic registration. Energy Technol, 2013, 1, 102 doi: 10.1002/ente.201200029
[45]	Carlé J E, Helgesen M, Madsen M V, et al. Upscaling from single cells to modules – fabrication of vacuum- and ITO-free polymer solar cells on flexible substrates with long lifetime. J Mater Chem C, 2014, 2, 1290 doi: 10.1039/C3TC31859A
[46]	Lucera L, Machui F, Kubis P, et al. Highly efficient, large area, roll coated flexible and rigid opv modules with geometric fill factors up to 98.5% processed with commercially available materials. Energy Environ Sci, 2016, 9, 89 doi: 10.1039/C5EE03315B
[47]	Mao L, Tong J H, Xiong S X, et al. Flexible large-area organic tandem solar cells with high defect tolerance and device yield. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5, 3186 doi: 10.1039/C6TA10106B
[48]	Dong S, Zhang K, Xie B M, et al. High-performance large-area organic solar cells enabled by sequential bilayer processing via nonhalogenated solvents. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9, 1802832 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201802832
[49]	Zhao H, Naveed H B, Lin B J, et al. Hot hydrocarbon-solvent slot-die coating enables high-efficiency organic solar cells with temperature-dependent aggregation behavior. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, 2002302 doi: 10.1002/adma.202002302
[50]	Ji G Q, Zhao W C, Wei J F, et al. 12.88% efficiency in doctor-blade coated organic solar cells through optimizing the surface morphology of a ZnO cathode buffer layer. J Mater Chem A, 2019, 7, 212 doi: 10.1039/C8TA08873J
[51]	Kim Y Y, Yang T Y, Suhonen R, et al. Gravure-printed flexible perovskite solar cells: Toward roll-to-roll manufacturing. Adv Sci, 2019, 6, 1802094 doi: 10.1002/advs.201802094

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Received: 06 February 2021 Revised: Online: Accepted Manuscript: 08 February 2021Uncorrected proof: 08 February 2021Published: 01 May 2021

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2021 > 42(5): 050301

Wei Pan, Yunfei Han, Zhenguo Wang, Qun Luo, Changqi Ma, Liming Ding. Over 1 cm2 flexible organic solar cells[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(5): 050301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050301 ****W Pan, Y F Han, Z G Wang, Q Luo, C Q Ma, L M Ding, Over 1 cm2 flexible organic solar cells[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(5): 050301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050301.

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Wei Pan, Yunfei Han, Zhenguo Wang, Qun Luo, Changqi Ma, Liming Ding. Over 1 cm² flexible organic solar cells[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(5): 050301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050301 ****

W Pan, Y F Han, Z G Wang, Q Luo, C Q Ma, L M Ding, Over 1 cm2 flexible organic solar cells[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(5): 050301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050301.

Citation:

W Pan, Y F Han, Z G Wang, Q Luo, C Q Ma, L M Ding, Over 1 cm2 flexible organic solar cells[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(5): 050301. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050301.

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Over 1 cm² flexible organic solar cells

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050301

1.
Pintable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
2.
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China

More Information

Wei Pan：is a MS student in Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (CAS). He obtained his BS from Wuhan Institute of Technology in 2018. His work focuses on interface engineering in flexible/large-area organic solar cells
Qun Luo：received her PhD form Zhejiang University in 2011. Then she worked as a postdoc at Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (CAS). Currently she is an associate professor at Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics. Her research interests include inks for printed photovoltaics and interface engineering in flexible/large-area printed solar cells
Changqi Ma：received his PhD at the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (CAS) with Professor Baowen Zhang. After that, he worked as a postdoc at Heriot-Watt University (UK) with Dr. Graeme Cooke, and then he joined Peter Bäuerle group at University of Ulm in 2004 as a Humboldt fellow. From January 2007 to May 2011, he did his Habilitation at Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University. In June 2011, he joined Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics as a professor. His research focuses on printing processing and stability of organic solar cells
Liming Ding：got his PhD from University of Science and Technology of China (was a joint student at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS). He started his research on OSCs and PLEDs in Olle Inganäs Lab in 1998. Later on, he worked at National Center for Polymer Research, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Argonne National Lab (USA). He joined Konarka as a Senior Scientist in 2008. In 2010, he joined National Center for Nanoscience and Technology as a professor. His research focuses on functional materials and devices. He is RSC Fellow, the nominator for Xplorer Prize, and the Associate Editors for Science Bulletin and Journal of Semiconductors
Corresponding author: qluo2011@sinano.ac.cn; cqma2011@sinano.ac.cn; ding@nanoctr.cn
Received Date: 2021-02-06
Published Date: 2021-05-10

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References

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[45]	Carlé J E, Helgesen M, Madsen M V, et al. Upscaling from single cells to modules – fabrication of vacuum- and ITO-free polymer solar cells on flexible substrates with long lifetime. J Mater Chem C, 2014, 2, 1290 doi: 10.1039/C3TC31859A
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[47]	Mao L, Tong J H, Xiong S X, et al. Flexible large-area organic tandem solar cells with high defect tolerance and device yield. J Mater Chem A, 2017, 5, 3186 doi: 10.1039/C6TA10106B
[48]	Dong S, Zhang K, Xie B M, et al. High-performance large-area organic solar cells enabled by sequential bilayer processing via nonhalogenated solvents. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9, 1802832 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201802832
[49]	Zhao H, Naveed H B, Lin B J, et al. Hot hydrocarbon-solvent slot-die coating enables high-efficiency organic solar cells with temperature-dependent aggregation behavior. Adv Mater, 2020, 32, 2002302 doi: 10.1002/adma.202002302
[50]	Ji G Q, Zhao W C, Wei J F, et al. 12.88% efficiency in doctor-blade coated organic solar cells through optimizing the surface morphology of a ZnO cathode buffer layer. J Mater Chem A, 2019, 7, 212 doi: 10.1039/C8TA08873J
[51]	Kim Y Y, Yang T Y, Suhonen R, et al. Gravure-printed flexible perovskite solar cells: Toward roll-to-roll manufacturing. Adv Sci, 2019, 6, 1802094 doi: 10.1002/advs.201802094

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