J. Semicond. > 2021, Volume 42 > Issue 5 > 050502
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SHORT COMMUNICATION

Drop-coating produces efficient CsPbI2Br solar cells

Hanrui Xiao1, 2, Chuantian Zuo2, , Fangyang Liu1, and Liming Ding2,

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Chuantian Zuo, zuocht@nanoctr.cn; Fangyang Liu, liufangyang@csu.edu.cn; Liming Ding, ding@nanoctr.cn

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050502

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Inorganic perovskites (CsPbX3, X = halide anion), containing no volatile organic cations, exhibit better thermal stability than organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites[1, 2]. Among inorganic perovskites, α-CsPbI3 (cubic phase) possesses a relatively suitable bandgap of ~1.7 eV. CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over 20%[3-5]. However, either in ambient atmosphere or in glovebox, α-CsPbI3 tends to transform into a non-photoactive δ-phase (orthorhombic phase) at room temperature, leading to degraded device performance[6-8]. Replacing I– with smaller Br– can stabilize the cubic phase due to the increased Goldschmidt tolerance factor. Yet the bandgap will increase from ~1.7 eV (CsPbI3) to ~2.3 eV (CsPbBr3), resulting in insufficient light absorption[9-12]. Therefore, taking both phase stability and light-harvesting ability into account, CsPbI2Br (bandgap ~1.9 eV) becomes a superior choice for solar cells compared with other inorganic perovskites[13]. In the past 5 years, many efforts have been devoted to enhancing the performance of CsPbI2Br PSCs, such as interface engineering[14, 15], element doping[16], crystallization optimizing[17, 18], and additive engineering[19-21]. Inspiringly, PCEs over 17% were achieved for CsPbI2Br PSCs[22, 23]. However, CsPbI2Br films are usually prepared by spin-coating, which wastes precursor solution and is not compatible with fast and continuous manufacturing. Therefore, spin-coating is not suitable for low-cost and high-productivity industrial production. Blade-coating was used to prepare CsPbI2Br films, but the PCE is below 15%[24]. Recently, high-quality organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite films were made by drop-coating[25-27]. Unlike spin-coating, the substrate in drop-coating method is motionless, leading to different film-forming conditions and film quality. Drop-coating to make inorganic perovskite films has not been investigated yet. In this work, we used drop-coating to make CsPbI2Br films. Isopropanol (IPA) was added into the precursor solution to improve the wettability of the solution, resulting in improved film morphology, reduced trap states, and enhanced performance of PSCs. A PCE of 16.27% was achieved.

The preparation of CsPbI2Br films by drop-coating is illustrated in Fig. 1(a). A drop of precursor solution is dropped onto a preheated substrate, the solution can spread spontaneously, forming a round wet film, which is dried by N2 blowing. Only 1 μL CsPbI2Br solution is needed for a 1.49 × 1.49 cm2 substrate. Unlike the solution of 2D perovskites, the spreading of CsPbI2Br solution is nonuniform, leading to poor film quality (Fig. S1). Adding a small amount of IPA into CsPbI2Br solution can improve the wettability of the solution, leading to improved film quality (Fig. S1).

Figure  1.  (Color online) (a) Illustration for the drop-coating process. (b) XRD patterns for CsPbI2Br films made without or with IPA. (c) SEM image for the film made without IPA. (d) SEM image for the film made with IPA. (e) Dark I–V curves for the electron-only devices made without or with IPA. (f) J–V curves for the best cells made without or with IPA.
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The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for CsPbI2Br films are shown in Fig. 1(b). The film presents three main peaks at 14.7°, 20.9°, and 29.8°, assigned to the (100), (110), and (200) planes of α-phase CsPbI2Br, respectively. The film made from the solution with IPA has smaller full width at half maximum (FWHM) for the (100) and (200) peaks (Table S1), indicating improved crystallinity. Moreover, the much higher intensity ratios of the peaks (Table S2) for the film prepared from the solution with IPA suggest a higher degree of preferred orientation, which is beneficial for charge transport[28, 29].

The film morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figs. 1(c) and 1(d)) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Fig. S2). Some pinholes (highlighted by red circles in Fig. 1(c)) were observed in the film made from the pristine solution. The pinholes could become shunt pathways in solar cells, thus decreasing photocurrent. The film made from the solution with IPA was pinhole-free, with larger grain, leading to less grain boundaries and reduced charge recombination. The film made from the solution with IPA presents reduced root-mean-square (RMS) roughness (11.1 nm) than that of the film made from the pristine solution (25.8 nm). The film made from the solution with IPA shows higher absorbance (Fig. S3(a)) due to the improved coverage and crystallinity, and it presents a bandgap of 1.91 eV (Fig. S3(b)).

The trap-state density was studied by using the space-charge limited current (SCLC) method. Electron-only devices with the structure of ITO/SnO2/ZnO/CsPbI2Br/PC61BM/Ag were made, and the dark current was measured (Fig. 1(e)). The films made with or without IPA show trap-filled limit voltages (VTFL) of 0.14 and 0.30 V, respectively, corresponding to a trap-state density of 6.37 × 1015 and 1.12 × 1016 cm−3, respectively. The reduced trap-state density results from the enhanced crystallinity, increased grain size, and improved film morphology, leading to enhanced photoluminescence (PL) and prolonged PL lifetime (Fig. S4).

Solar cells with a structure of ITO/SnO2/ZnO/CsPbI2Br/D-PTAA/MoO3/Ag (Fig. S5) were made to investigate the photovoltaic performance. The charge-transport layers and CsPbI2Br layer can be seen clearly from the cross-section SEM image of the device (Fig. S6). The amount of IPA in the solution and the drying temperature were optimized to obtain the best device performance (Tables S3 and S4). Compared with the cells made without IPA, the average PCE for the cells made with IPA increased from 13.92% to 15.57%, and the reproducibility was improved obviously (Fig. S7), which is due to the improved CsPbI2Br film quality. The best PCE of the cells increased from 15.15% to 16.27% (Fig. 1(f)), mainly due to the enhanced Jsc and FF. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) was also improved (Fig. S8), due to the enhanced absorbance and reduced trap states in CsPbI2Br films. The improved film morphology can reduce charge recombination and facilitate charge transport, leading to enhanced Jsc[30-32]. An integrated current density of 15.08 mA/cm2 is obtained from the EQE spectrum of the best cell, consistent with the Jsc (15.68 mA/cm2) from J–V measurement. PSCs via spin-coating were also made for comparison, which gave a lower PCE of 15.18% (Fig. S10 and Table S5).

In summary, drop-coating was used to make CsPbI2Br perovskite films. The wettability of CsPbI2Br solution was improved by adding IPA, leading to increased crystallinity, improved film morphology, reduced trap states, and enhanced solar cell performance. The best device delivered a PCE of 16.27%.

We thank the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0206600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51773045, 21772030, 51922032 and 21961160720), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2020CDJQY-A055) for financial support.

Appendix A. Supplementary materials

Supplementary materials to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/1674-4926/42/5/050502https://doi.org/1674-4926/42/5/050502.



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[4]
Zhang J, Hodes G, Jin Z, et al. All-inorganic CsPbX3 perovskite solar cells: Progress and prospects. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2019, 58, 15596 doi: 10.1002/anie.201901081
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Yoon S M, Min H, Kim J B, et al. Surface engineering of ambient-air-processed cesium lead triiodide layers for efficient solar cells. Joule, 2021, 5, 183 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.11.020
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Yao H, Zhao J, Li Z, et al. Research and progress of black metastable phase CsPbI3 solar cells. Mater Chem Front, 2021, 5, 1221 doi: 10.1039/D0QM00756K
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Li Z, Yang M, Park J S, et al. Stabilizing perovskite structures by tuning tolerance factor: Formation of formamidinium and cesium lead iodide solid-state alloys. Chem Mater, 2016, 28, 284 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04107
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Fang Z, Meng X, Zuo C, et al. Interface engineering gifts CsPbI2.25Br0.75 solar cells high performance. Sci Bull, 2019, 64, 1743 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.09.023
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Fang Z, Liu L, Zhang Z, et al. CsPbI2.25Br0.75 solar cells with 15.9% efficiency. Sci Bull, 2019, 64, 507 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.04.013
[12]
Jia X, Zuo C, Tao S, et al. CsPb(IxBr1−x)3 solar cells. Sci Bull, 2019, 64, 1532 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.08.017
[13]
Liu L, Xiao Z, Zuo C, et al. Inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells with efficiency over 20%. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 020501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/020501
[14]
Zhang Z, Li J, Fang Z, et al. Adjusting energy level alignment between HTL and CsPbI2Br to improve solar cell efficiency. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 030501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/030501
[15]
Wang P, Wang H, Mao Y, et al. Organic ligands armored ZnO enhances efficiency and stability of CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells. Adv Sci, 2020, 7, 2000421 doi: 10.1002/advs.202000421
[16]
Patil J V, Mali S S, Hong C K. A-site rubidium cation-incorporated CsPbI2Br all-inorganic perovskite solar cells exceeding 17% efficiency. Sol RRL, 2020, 4, 2000164 doi: 10.1002/solr.202000164
[17]
Chen W, Chen H, Xu G, et al. Precise control of crystal growth for highly efficient CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells. Joule, 2019, 3, 191 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.10.011
[18]
Lin Z Q, Qiao H W, Zhou Z R, et al. Water assisted formation of highly oriented CsPbI2Br perovskite films with the solar cell efficiency exceeding 16%. J Mater Chem A, 2020, 8, 17670 doi: 10.1039/D0TA05118G
[19]
Wang A, Deng X, Wang J, et al. Ionic liquid reducing energy loss and stabilizing CsPbI2Br solar cells. Nano Energy, 2021, 81, 105631 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105631
[20]
Han Y, Zhao H, Duan C, et al. Controlled n-doping in air-stable CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells with a record efficiency of 16.79%. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30, 1909972 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201909972
[21]
Shang Y, Fang Z, Hu W, et al. Efficient and photostable CsPbI2Br solar cells realized by adding PMMA. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 050501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/050501
[22]
Mali S S, Patil J V, Shinde P S, et al. Fully air-processed dynamic hot-air-assisted M:CsPbI2Br (M: Eu2+, In3+) for stable inorganic perovskite solar cells. Matter, 2021, 4, 635 doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.11.008
[23]
He J, Liu J, Hou Y, et al. Surface chelation of cesium halide perovskite by dithiocarbamate for efficient and stable solar cells. Nat Commun, 2020, 11, 4237 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18015-5
[24]
Fan Y, Fang J, Chang X, et al. Scalable ambient fabrication of high-performance CsPbI2Br solar cells. Joule, 2019, 3, 2485 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.015
[25]
Zuo C, Scully A D, Tan W L, et al. Crystallisation control of drop-cast quasi-2D/3D perovskite layers for efficient solar cells. Commun Mater, 2020, 1, 33 doi: 10.1038/s43246-020-0036-z
[26]
Zuo C, Scully A D, Vak D, et al. Self-assembled 2D perovskite layers for efficient printable solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9, 1803258 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201803258
[27]
Zuo C, Ding L. Drop-casting enables making efficient perovskite solar cells under high humidity. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2021 doi: 10.1002/anie.202101868
[28]
Xu G, Xue R, Chen W, et al. New strategy for two-step sequential deposition: Incorporation of hydrophilic fullerene in second precursor for high-performance p-i-n planar perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8, 1703054 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201703054
[29]
Bi D, Yi C, Luo J, et al. Polymer-templated nucleation and crystal growth of perovskite films for solar cells with efficiency greater than 21%. Nat Energy, 2016, 1, 16142 doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2016.142
[30]
Tian J, Wang J, Xue Q, et al. Composition engineering of all-inorganic perovskite film for efficient and operationally stable solar cells. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30, 2001764 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202001764
[31]
Li G, Ching K L, Ho J Y L, et al. Identifying the optimum morphology in high-performance perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2015, 5, 1401775 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201401775
[32]
Eperon G E, Burlakov V M, Docampo P, et al. Morphological control for high performance, solution-processed planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Adv Funct Mater, 2014, 24, 151 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201302090
Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) Illustration for the drop-coating process. (b) XRD patterns for CsPbI2Br films made without or with IPA. (c) SEM image for the film made without IPA. (d) SEM image for the film made with IPA. (e) Dark I–V curves for the electron-only devices made without or with IPA. (f) J–V curves for the best cells made without or with IPA.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
[1]
Sutton R J, Eperon G E, Miranda L, et al. Bandgap-tunable cesium lead halide perovskites with high thermal stability for efficient solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2016, 6, 1502458 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201502458
[2]
Eperon G E, Stranks S D, Menelaou C, et al. Formamidinium lead trihalide: A broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells. Energy Environ Sci, 2014, 7, 982 doi: 10.1039/c3ee43822h
[3]
Wang Y, Dar M I, Ono L K, et al. Thermodynamically stabilized β-CsPbI3-based perovskite solar cells with efficiencies > 18%. Science, 2019, 365, 591 doi: 10.1126/science.aav8680
[4]
Zhang J, Hodes G, Jin Z, et al. All-inorganic CsPbX3 perovskite solar cells: Progress and prospects. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2019, 58, 15596 doi: 10.1002/anie.201901081
[5]
Yoon S M, Min H, Kim J B, et al. Surface engineering of ambient-air-processed cesium lead triiodide layers for efficient solar cells. Joule, 2021, 5, 183 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.11.020
[6]
Sutton R J, Filip M R, Haghighirad A A, et al. Cubic or orthorhombic? Revealing the crystal structure of metastable black-phase CsPbI3 by theory and experiment. ACS Energy Lett, 2018, 3, 1787 doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00672
[7]
Yao H, Zhao J, Li Z, et al. Research and progress of black metastable phase CsPbI3 solar cells. Mater Chem Front, 2021, 5, 1221 doi: 10.1039/D0QM00756K
[8]
Li Z, Yang M, Park J S, et al. Stabilizing perovskite structures by tuning tolerance factor: Formation of formamidinium and cesium lead iodide solid-state alloys. Chem Mater, 2016, 28, 284 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04107
[9]
Fang Z, Meng X, Zuo C, et al. Interface engineering gifts CsPbI2.25Br0.75 solar cells high performance. Sci Bull, 2019, 64, 1743 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.09.023
[10]
Ho-Baillie A, Zhang M, Lau C F J, et al. Untapped potentials of inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells. Joule, 2019, 3, 938 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.02.002
[11]
Fang Z, Liu L, Zhang Z, et al. CsPbI2.25Br0.75 solar cells with 15.9% efficiency. Sci Bull, 2019, 64, 507 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.04.013
[12]
Jia X, Zuo C, Tao S, et al. CsPb(IxBr1−x)3 solar cells. Sci Bull, 2019, 64, 1532 doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.08.017
[13]
Liu L, Xiao Z, Zuo C, et al. Inorganic perovskite/organic tandem solar cells with efficiency over 20%. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 020501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/020501
[14]
Zhang Z, Li J, Fang Z, et al. Adjusting energy level alignment between HTL and CsPbI2Br to improve solar cell efficiency. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 030501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/030501
[15]
Wang P, Wang H, Mao Y, et al. Organic ligands armored ZnO enhances efficiency and stability of CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells. Adv Sci, 2020, 7, 2000421 doi: 10.1002/advs.202000421
[16]
Patil J V, Mali S S, Hong C K. A-site rubidium cation-incorporated CsPbI2Br all-inorganic perovskite solar cells exceeding 17% efficiency. Sol RRL, 2020, 4, 2000164 doi: 10.1002/solr.202000164
[17]
Chen W, Chen H, Xu G, et al. Precise control of crystal growth for highly efficient CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells. Joule, 2019, 3, 191 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.10.011
[18]
Lin Z Q, Qiao H W, Zhou Z R, et al. Water assisted formation of highly oriented CsPbI2Br perovskite films with the solar cell efficiency exceeding 16%. J Mater Chem A, 2020, 8, 17670 doi: 10.1039/D0TA05118G
[19]
Wang A, Deng X, Wang J, et al. Ionic liquid reducing energy loss and stabilizing CsPbI2Br solar cells. Nano Energy, 2021, 81, 105631 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105631
[20]
Han Y, Zhao H, Duan C, et al. Controlled n-doping in air-stable CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells with a record efficiency of 16.79%. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30, 1909972 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201909972
[21]
Shang Y, Fang Z, Hu W, et al. Efficient and photostable CsPbI2Br solar cells realized by adding PMMA. J Semicond, 2021, 42, 050501 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/2/050501
[22]
Mali S S, Patil J V, Shinde P S, et al. Fully air-processed dynamic hot-air-assisted M:CsPbI2Br (M: Eu2+, In3+) for stable inorganic perovskite solar cells. Matter, 2021, 4, 635 doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.11.008
[23]
He J, Liu J, Hou Y, et al. Surface chelation of cesium halide perovskite by dithiocarbamate for efficient and stable solar cells. Nat Commun, 2020, 11, 4237 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18015-5
[24]
Fan Y, Fang J, Chang X, et al. Scalable ambient fabrication of high-performance CsPbI2Br solar cells. Joule, 2019, 3, 2485 doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.015
[25]
Zuo C, Scully A D, Tan W L, et al. Crystallisation control of drop-cast quasi-2D/3D perovskite layers for efficient solar cells. Commun Mater, 2020, 1, 33 doi: 10.1038/s43246-020-0036-z
[26]
Zuo C, Scully A D, Vak D, et al. Self-assembled 2D perovskite layers for efficient printable solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2019, 9, 1803258 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201803258
[27]
Zuo C, Ding L. Drop-casting enables making efficient perovskite solar cells under high humidity. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2021 doi: 10.1002/anie.202101868
[28]
Xu G, Xue R, Chen W, et al. New strategy for two-step sequential deposition: Incorporation of hydrophilic fullerene in second precursor for high-performance p-i-n planar perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2018, 8, 1703054 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201703054
[29]
Bi D, Yi C, Luo J, et al. Polymer-templated nucleation and crystal growth of perovskite films for solar cells with efficiency greater than 21%. Nat Energy, 2016, 1, 16142 doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2016.142
[30]
Tian J, Wang J, Xue Q, et al. Composition engineering of all-inorganic perovskite film for efficient and operationally stable solar cells. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30, 2001764 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202001764
[31]
Li G, Ching K L, Ho J Y L, et al. Identifying the optimum morphology in high-performance perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 2015, 5, 1401775 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201401775
[32]
Eperon G E, Burlakov V M, Docampo P, et al. Morphological control for high performance, solution-processed planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Adv Funct Mater, 2014, 24, 151 doi: 10.1002/adfm.201302090

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    Hanrui Xiao, Chuantian Zuo, Fangyang Liu, Liming Ding. Drop-coating produces efficient CsPbI2Br solar cells[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(5): 050502. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050502
    H R Xiao, C T Zuo, F Y Liu, L M Ding, Drop-coating produces efficient CsPbI2Br solar cells[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(5): 050502. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050502.
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    Received: 13 March 2021 Revised: Online: Accepted Manuscript: 15 March 2021Uncorrected proof: 15 March 2021Published: 01 May 2021

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2021  >  42(5): 050502
      Hanrui Xiao, Chuantian Zuo, Fangyang Liu, Liming Ding. Drop-coating produces efficient CsPbI2Br solar cells[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(5): 050502. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050502 ****H R Xiao, C T Zuo, F Y Liu, L M Ding, Drop-coating produces efficient CsPbI2Br solar cells[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(5): 050502. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050502.
      Citation:
      Hanrui Xiao, Chuantian Zuo, Fangyang Liu, Liming Ding. Drop-coating produces efficient CsPbI2Br solar cells[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2021, 42(5): 050502. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050502 ****
      H R Xiao, C T Zuo, F Y Liu, L M Ding, Drop-coating produces efficient CsPbI2Br solar cells[J]. J. Semicond., 2021, 42(5): 050502. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050502.
      shu

      Drop-coating produces efficient CsPbI2Br solar cells

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/42/5/050502
      • 1.

        School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

      • 2.

        Center for Excellence in Nanoscience (CAS), Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication (CAS), National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China

      More Information
      • Hanrui Xiao：got his BS degree from Hunan University of Technology in 2016. Now he is a PhD student at Central South University under the supervision of Professor Fangyang Liu. Since March 2019, he has been working in Liming Ding Group at National Center for Nanoscience and Technology as a visiting student. His work focuses on perovskite solar cells
      • Chuantian Zuo：received his PhD degree in 2018 from National Center for Nanoscience and Technology under the supervision of Professor Liming Ding. Then he did postdoctoral research in CSIRO, Australia. Currently, he is an assistant professor in Liming Ding Group. His research focuses on innovative materials and devices
      • Fangyang Liu：received his BS in 2006 and PhD in 2011 from Central South University, later he worked as a lecturer and associate professor there. In 2013, he joined Martin Green Group at University of New South Wales, Australia as a postdoc. In 2017, he moved back to Central South University as a full professor. His research focuses on inorganic solar cells and lithium ion battery
      • Liming Ding：got his PhD from University of Science and Technology of China (was a joint student at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, CAS). He started his research on OSCs and PLEDs in Olle Inganäs Lab in 1998. Later on, he worked at National Center for Polymer Research, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and Argonne National Lab (USA). He joined Konarka as a Senior Scientist in 2008. In 2010, he joined National Center for Nanoscience and Technology as a full professor. His research focuses on functional materials and devices. He is RSC Fellow, the nominator for Xplorer Prize, and the Associate Editors for Science Bulletin and Journal of Semiconductors
      • Corresponding author: zuocht@nanoctr.cn; liufangyang@csu.edu.cn; ding@nanoctr.cn
      • Received Date: 2021-03-13
      • Published Date: 2021-05-10

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