Theoretical study of a group IV p–i–n photodetector with a flat and broad response for visible and infrared detection

Jinyong Wu; Donglin Huang; Yujie Ye; Jianyuan Wang; Wei Huang; Cheng Li; Songyan Chen; Shaoying Ke

doi:10.1088/1674-4926/41/12/122402

J. Semicond. > 2020, Volume 41 > Issue 12 > 122402, doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/12/122402

ARTICLES

Theoretical study of a group IV p–i–n photodetector with a flat and broad response for visible and infrared detection

Jinyong Wu¹, Donglin Huang¹, Yujie Ye¹, Jianyuan Wang¹, Wei Huang¹, Cheng Li¹, Songyan Chen^1, and Shaoying Ke^2,

+ Author Affiliations

Corresponding author: Songyan Chen, Email: sychen@xmu.edu.cn; Shaoying Ke, keshaoying2005@163.com

Abstract: We report a theoretical study of a broadband Si/graded-SiGe/Ge/Ge_0.9Sn_0.1 p–i–n photodetector with a flat response based on modulating thickness of the layers in the active region. The responsivity of the photodetector is about 0.57 A/W in the range of 700 to 1800 nm. This structure is suitable for silicon-based epitaxial growth. Annealing is technically applied to form the graded-SiGe. The photodetector reaches a cut-off wavelength at ~2300 nm and a low dark-current density under 3 V reverse bias about 0.17 mA/cm² is achieved theoretical at room temperature. This work is of great significance for silicon-based detection and communication, from visible to infrared.

Key words: flat response, broad response, dark current density, graded-SiGe, Ge_0.9Sn_0.1

References

[1]	Eda G, Fanchini G, Chhowalla M. Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material. Nat Nanotechnol, 2008, 3, 270 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2008.83
[2]	Park S, Wang G, Cho B, et al. Flexible molecular-scale electronic devices. Nat Nanotechnol, 2012, 7, 438 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2012.81
[3]	de Arquer F P G, Armin A, Meredith P, et al. Solution-processed semiconductors for next-generation photodetectors. Nat Rev Mater, 2017, 2, 16100 doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.100
[4]	Gong X, Tong M, Xia Y, et al. High-detectivity polymer photodetectors with spectral response from 300 nm to 1450 nm. Science, 2009, 325, 1665 doi: 10.1126/science.1176706
[5]	Qiao H, Yuan J, Xu Z Q, et al. Broadband photodetectors based on graphene–Bi₂Te₃ heterostructure. ACS Nano, 2015, 9, 1886 doi: 10.1021/nn506920z
[6]	Yuan H, Liu X, Afshinmanesh F, et al. Polarization-sensitive broadband photodetector using a black phosphorus vertical p–n junction. Nat Nanotechnol, 2015, 10, 707 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2015.112
[7]	Hu W, Cong H, Huang W, et al. Germanium/perovskite heterostructure for high-performance and broadband photodetector from visible to infrared telecommunication band. Light: Sci Appl, 2019, 8, 106 doi: 10.1038/s41377-019-0218-y
[8]	Eckhardt C, Hummer K, Kresse G. Indirect-to-direct gap transition in strained and unstrained Sn_xGe_1–_x alloys. Phys Rev B, 2014, 89, 165201 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.165201
[9]	Du W, Ghetmiri S A, Conley B R, et al. Competition of optical transitions between direct and indirect bandgaps in Ge₁₋_xSn_x. Appl Phys Lett, 2014, 105, 051104 doi: 10.1063/1.4892302
[10]	Gassenq A, Gencarelli F, van Campenhout J, et al. GeSn/Ge heterostructure short-wave infrared photodetectors on silicon. Opt Express, 2012, 20, 27297 doi: 10.1364/OE.20.027297
[11]	Cong H, Xue C L, Zheng J, et al. Silicon based GeSn p–i–n photodetector for SWIR detection. IEEE Photonics J, 2016, 8, 1 doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2016.2607687
[12]	Su S J, Cheng B W, Xue C L, et al. GeSn p–i–n photodetector for all telecommunication bands detection. Optics Express, 2011, 19, 6400 doi: 10.1364/OE.19.006400
[13]	Mathews J, Roucka R, Xie J, et al. Extended performance GeSn/Si(100) p–i–n photodetectors for full spectral range telecommunication applications. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95, 133506 doi: 10.1063/1.3238327
[14]	Kouvetakis J, Menendez J, Chizmeshya A V G. Tin-based group IV semiconductors: New platforms for opto- and microelectronics on silicon. Annu Rev Mater Res, 2006, 36, 497 doi: 10.1146/annurev.matsci.36.090804.095159
[15]	Ke S Y, Ye Y J, Lin S M, et al. Low-temperature oxide-free silicon and germanium wafer bonding based on a sputtered amorphous Ge. Appl Phys Lett, 2018, 112, 041601 doi: 10.1063/1.4996800
[16]	Ke S Y, Ye Y J, Wu J Y, et al. Interface characteristics and electrical transport of Ge/Si heterojunction fabricated by low-temperature wafer bonding. J Phys D, 2018, 51, 265306 doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/aac7b0
[17]	Ke S Y, Lin S M, Ye Y J, et al. Bubble evolution mechanism and stress-induced crystallization in low-temperature silicon wafer bonding based on a thin intermediate amorphous Ge layer. J Phys D, 2017, 50, 405305 doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa81ee
[18]	Lin Y, Lee K H, Bao S, et al. High-efficiency normal-incidence vertical p–i–n photodetectors on a germanium-on-insulator platform: Publisher's note. Photonics Res, 2018, 6, 46 doi: 10.1364/PRJ.6.000046
[19]	Ghetmiri S A, Du W, Conley B R, et al. Shortwave-infrared photoluminescence from Ge_{1– x}Sn_x thin films on silicon. J Vac Sci Technol B, 2014, 32, 060601 doi: 10.1116/1.4897917
[20]	Tran H, Du W, Ghetmiri S A, et al. Systematic study of Ge_{1− x}Sn_x absorption coefficient and refractive index for the device applications of Si-based optoelectronics. J Appl Phys, 2016, 119, 103106 doi: 10.1063/1.4943652
[21]	Masini C, Calace L, Assanto G, et al. High-performance p–i–n Ge on Si photodetectors for the near infrared: From model to demonstration. IEEE Trans Electron Devices, 2001, 48, 1092 doi: 10.1109/16.925232
[22]	Rzaev M, Schäffler F, Vdovin V, et al. Misfit dislocation nucleation and multiplication in fully strained SiGe/Si heterostructures under thermal annealing. Mater Sci Semicond Process, 2005, 8, 137 doi: 10.1016/j.mssp.2004.09.027
[23]	Humlíček J, Garriga M, Alonso M I, et al. Optical spectra of Si_xGe_1–_x alloys. J Appl Phys, 1989, 65, 2827 doi: 10.1063/1.342720
[24]	Braunstein R, Moore A R, Herman F. Intrinsic optical absorption in germanium-silicon alloys. Phys Rev, 1958, 109, 695 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.109.695
[25]	Choi D, Ge Y S, Harris J S, et al. Low surface roughness and threading dislocation density Ge growth on Si (001). J Cryst Growth, 2008, 310, 4273 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2008.07.029
[26]	Xia G, Hoyt J L, Canonico M. Si –Ge interdiffusion in strained Si/strained SiGe heterostructures and implications for enhanced mobility metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors. J Appl Phys, 2007, 101, 044901 doi: 10.1063/1.2430904
[27]	Gavelle M, Bazizi E M, Scheid E, et al. Study of silicon-germanium interdiffusion from pure germanium deposited layers. Mater Sci Eng B, 2008, 154/155, 110 doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2008.09.015
[28]	Luan H, Lim D R, Lee K K, et al. High-quality Ge epilayers on Si with low threading-dislocation densities. Appl Phys Lett, 1999, 75, 2909 doi: 10.1063/1.125187
[29]	del Alamo J, Swirhun S, Swanson R M. Simultaneous measurement of hole lifetime, hole mobility and bandgap narrowing in heavily doped n-type silicon. Int Electron Devices Meet, 1985, 290
[30]	Kulin S S, Kurtz A D. Effect of dislocations on minority carrier lifetime in germanium. Acta Metall, 1954, 2, 354 doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(54)90186-8
[31]	Zhao Y, Wang N, Yu K, et al. High performance silicon-based GeSn p–i–n photodetectors for short-wave infrared application. Chin Phys B, 2019, 28, 128501 doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4e84
[32]	Kasai I, Hettich H L, Lawrence S L, et al. Wideband anti-reflection coating for indium antimonide photodetector device. European Patent, EP0585055, 1997
[33]	Chang C, Sharma Y D, Kim Y, et al. A surface plasmon enhanced infrared photodetector based on InAs quantum dots. Nano Lett, 2010, 10, 1704 doi: 10.1021/nl100081j
[34]	Yang J K, Seo M K, Hwang I K, et al. Polarization-selective resonant photonic crystal photodetector. Appl Phys Lett, 2008, 93, 211103 doi: 10.1063/1.3036954
[35]	Zhu T F, Liu Z C, Liu Z C, et al. Fabrication of monolithic diamond photodetector with microlenses. Opt Express, 2017, 25, 31586 doi: 10.1364/OE.25.031586
[36]	Zhong H, Guo A R, Guo G H, et al. The enhanced light absorptance and device application of nanostructured black silicon fabricated by metal-assisted chemical etching. Nanoscale Res Lett, 2016, 11, 1 doi: 10.1186/s11671-015-1209-4

Fig. 1. (Color online) (a) Schematic cross-section of the Si/graded-SiGe/Ge/Ge_0.9Sn_0.1 p–i–n photodetector. The mesa size is 32 µm in diameter. (b) Schematic of epitaxial growth and layer transfer technique for this p–i–n structure fabrication.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 2. (Color online) Simulation of spectral responsivity of the p–i–n photodetector with single material as active region for (a) Si, (b) graded-SiGe, (c) Ge, and (d) Ge_0.9Sn_0.1.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) AES of the sample annealed at 800 °C for 30 min and 900 °C for 0 s. (b) AES of the sample annealed at 800 °C for 30 min and 900 °C for 10 min. (c) Schematic cross-section of the single material p–i–n photodetector. The mesa size is 32 µm in diameter. (d) Influence of SRV on dark current density of Ge p–i–n photodetector.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 4. (Color online) Simulation of J_dark of the p–i–n photodetector with single material for (a) Si, (b) graded-SiGe, (c) Ge, and (d) Ge_0.9Sn_0.1.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 5. (Color online) The variation of responsivity under different active region is simulated for (a) Ge_0.9Sn_0.1, (b) Ge, (c) Si, and (d) graded-SiGe.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Fig. 6. (a) Magnitude of the J_dark at different thickness of Ge_0.9Sn_0.1 layer. (b) The final spectral response of the designed photodetector and the J_dark changes between 0–6 V reverse bias.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Table 1. Parameters of Si, SiGe, Ge, and Ge_0.9Sn_0.1.

Material	Energy gap (eV)	Surface recombination velocity (cm/s)	Threading dislocation density (TDD) (cm^–2)	n, k
Si	1.12	3.5 × 10²	1 × 10⁴	Database
SiGe	0.66–1.12	1 × 10⁶	1 × 10⁷^[22]	Ref. [23, 24]
Ge	0.66	1 × 10⁶	1 × 10⁷^[25]	Database
Ge_0.9Sn_0.1	0.495	1 × 10⁶	1 × 10⁷	Ref. [20]

DownLoad: CSV

[1]	Eda G, Fanchini G, Chhowalla M. Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material. Nat Nanotechnol, 2008, 3, 270 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2008.83
[2]	Park S, Wang G, Cho B, et al. Flexible molecular-scale electronic devices. Nat Nanotechnol, 2012, 7, 438 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2012.81
[3]	de Arquer F P G, Armin A, Meredith P, et al. Solution-processed semiconductors for next-generation photodetectors. Nat Rev Mater, 2017, 2, 16100 doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.100
[4]	Gong X, Tong M, Xia Y, et al. High-detectivity polymer photodetectors with spectral response from 300 nm to 1450 nm. Science, 2009, 325, 1665 doi: 10.1126/science.1176706
[5]	Qiao H, Yuan J, Xu Z Q, et al. Broadband photodetectors based on graphene–Bi₂Te₃ heterostructure. ACS Nano, 2015, 9, 1886 doi: 10.1021/nn506920z
[6]	Yuan H, Liu X, Afshinmanesh F, et al. Polarization-sensitive broadband photodetector using a black phosphorus vertical p–n junction. Nat Nanotechnol, 2015, 10, 707 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2015.112
[7]	Hu W, Cong H, Huang W, et al. Germanium/perovskite heterostructure for high-performance and broadband photodetector from visible to infrared telecommunication band. Light: Sci Appl, 2019, 8, 106 doi: 10.1038/s41377-019-0218-y
[8]	Eckhardt C, Hummer K, Kresse G. Indirect-to-direct gap transition in strained and unstrained Sn_xGe_1–_x alloys. Phys Rev B, 2014, 89, 165201 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.165201
[9]	Du W, Ghetmiri S A, Conley B R, et al. Competition of optical transitions between direct and indirect bandgaps in Ge₁₋_xSn_x. Appl Phys Lett, 2014, 105, 051104 doi: 10.1063/1.4892302
[10]	Gassenq A, Gencarelli F, van Campenhout J, et al. GeSn/Ge heterostructure short-wave infrared photodetectors on silicon. Opt Express, 2012, 20, 27297 doi: 10.1364/OE.20.027297
[11]	Cong H, Xue C L, Zheng J, et al. Silicon based GeSn p–i–n photodetector for SWIR detection. IEEE Photonics J, 2016, 8, 1 doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2016.2607687
[12]	Su S J, Cheng B W, Xue C L, et al. GeSn p–i–n photodetector for all telecommunication bands detection. Optics Express, 2011, 19, 6400 doi: 10.1364/OE.19.006400
[13]	Mathews J, Roucka R, Xie J, et al. Extended performance GeSn/Si(100) p–i–n photodetectors for full spectral range telecommunication applications. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95, 133506 doi: 10.1063/1.3238327
[14]	Kouvetakis J, Menendez J, Chizmeshya A V G. Tin-based group IV semiconductors: New platforms for opto- and microelectronics on silicon. Annu Rev Mater Res, 2006, 36, 497 doi: 10.1146/annurev.matsci.36.090804.095159
[15]	Ke S Y, Ye Y J, Lin S M, et al. Low-temperature oxide-free silicon and germanium wafer bonding based on a sputtered amorphous Ge. Appl Phys Lett, 2018, 112, 041601 doi: 10.1063/1.4996800
[16]	Ke S Y, Ye Y J, Wu J Y, et al. Interface characteristics and electrical transport of Ge/Si heterojunction fabricated by low-temperature wafer bonding. J Phys D, 2018, 51, 265306 doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/aac7b0
[17]	Ke S Y, Lin S M, Ye Y J, et al. Bubble evolution mechanism and stress-induced crystallization in low-temperature silicon wafer bonding based on a thin intermediate amorphous Ge layer. J Phys D, 2017, 50, 405305 doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa81ee
[18]	Lin Y, Lee K H, Bao S, et al. High-efficiency normal-incidence vertical p–i–n photodetectors on a germanium-on-insulator platform: Publisher's note. Photonics Res, 2018, 6, 46 doi: 10.1364/PRJ.6.000046
[19]	Ghetmiri S A, Du W, Conley B R, et al. Shortwave-infrared photoluminescence from Ge_{1– x}Sn_x thin films on silicon. J Vac Sci Technol B, 2014, 32, 060601 doi: 10.1116/1.4897917
[20]	Tran H, Du W, Ghetmiri S A, et al. Systematic study of Ge_{1− x}Sn_x absorption coefficient and refractive index for the device applications of Si-based optoelectronics. J Appl Phys, 2016, 119, 103106 doi: 10.1063/1.4943652
[21]	Masini C, Calace L, Assanto G, et al. High-performance p–i–n Ge on Si photodetectors for the near infrared: From model to demonstration. IEEE Trans Electron Devices, 2001, 48, 1092 doi: 10.1109/16.925232
[22]	Rzaev M, Schäffler F, Vdovin V, et al. Misfit dislocation nucleation and multiplication in fully strained SiGe/Si heterostructures under thermal annealing. Mater Sci Semicond Process, 2005, 8, 137 doi: 10.1016/j.mssp.2004.09.027
[23]	Humlíček J, Garriga M, Alonso M I, et al. Optical spectra of Si_xGe_1–_x alloys. J Appl Phys, 1989, 65, 2827 doi: 10.1063/1.342720
[24]	Braunstein R, Moore A R, Herman F. Intrinsic optical absorption in germanium-silicon alloys. Phys Rev, 1958, 109, 695 doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.109.695
[25]	Choi D, Ge Y S, Harris J S, et al. Low surface roughness and threading dislocation density Ge growth on Si (001). J Cryst Growth, 2008, 310, 4273 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2008.07.029
[26]	Xia G, Hoyt J L, Canonico M. Si –Ge interdiffusion in strained Si/strained SiGe heterostructures and implications for enhanced mobility metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors. J Appl Phys, 2007, 101, 044901 doi: 10.1063/1.2430904
[27]	Gavelle M, Bazizi E M, Scheid E, et al. Study of silicon-germanium interdiffusion from pure germanium deposited layers. Mater Sci Eng B, 2008, 154/155, 110 doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2008.09.015
[28]	Luan H, Lim D R, Lee K K, et al. High-quality Ge epilayers on Si with low threading-dislocation densities. Appl Phys Lett, 1999, 75, 2909 doi: 10.1063/1.125187
[29]	del Alamo J, Swirhun S, Swanson R M. Simultaneous measurement of hole lifetime, hole mobility and bandgap narrowing in heavily doped n-type silicon. Int Electron Devices Meet, 1985, 290
[30]	Kulin S S, Kurtz A D. Effect of dislocations on minority carrier lifetime in germanium. Acta Metall, 1954, 2, 354 doi: 10.1016/0001-6160(54)90186-8
[31]	Zhao Y, Wang N, Yu K, et al. High performance silicon-based GeSn p–i–n photodetectors for short-wave infrared application. Chin Phys B, 2019, 28, 128501 doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4e84
[32]	Kasai I, Hettich H L, Lawrence S L, et al. Wideband anti-reflection coating for indium antimonide photodetector device. European Patent, EP0585055, 1997
[33]	Chang C, Sharma Y D, Kim Y, et al. A surface plasmon enhanced infrared photodetector based on InAs quantum dots. Nano Lett, 2010, 10, 1704 doi: 10.1021/nl100081j
[34]	Yang J K, Seo M K, Hwang I K, et al. Polarization-selective resonant photonic crystal photodetector. Appl Phys Lett, 2008, 93, 211103 doi: 10.1063/1.3036954
[35]	Zhu T F, Liu Z C, Liu Z C, et al. Fabrication of monolithic diamond photodetector with microlenses. Opt Express, 2017, 25, 31586 doi: 10.1364/OE.25.031586
[36]	Zhong H, Guo A R, Guo G H, et al. The enhanced light absorptance and device application of nanostructured black silicon fabricated by metal-assisted chemical etching. Nanoscale Res Lett, 2016, 11, 1 doi: 10.1186/s11671-015-1209-4

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Received: 12 March 2020 Revised: 28 April 2020 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 13 July 2020Uncorrected proof: 16 July 2020Published: 08 December 2020

Article Navigation > Journal of Semiconductors > 2020 > 41(12): 122402

Jinyong Wu, Donglin Huang, Yujie Ye, Jianyuan Wang, Wei Huang, Cheng Li, Songyan Chen, Shaoying Ke. Theoretical study of a group IV p–i–n photodetector with a flat and broad response for visible and infrared detection[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2020, 41(12): 122402. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/12/122402 J Y Wu, D L Huang, Y J Ye, J Y Wang, W Huang, C Li, S Y Chen, S Y Ke, Theoretical study of a group IV p–i–n photodetector with a flat and broad response for visible and infrared detection[J]. J. Semicond., 2020, 41(12): 122402. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/12/122402.Export: BibTex EndNote

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J Y Wu, D L Huang, Y J Ye, J Y Wang, W Huang, C Li, S Y Chen, S Y Ke, Theoretical study of a group IV p–i–n photodetector with a flat and broad response for visible and infrared detection[J]. J. Semicond., 2020, 41(12): 122402. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/12/122402.

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Theoretical study of a group IV p–i–n photodetector with a flat and broad response for visible and infrared detection

doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/41/12/122402

1.
Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Condensed Matter Physics (Department of Education of Fujian Province), Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
2.
College of Physics and Information Engineering, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China

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Corresponding author: Email: sychen@xmu.edu.cn; keshaoying2005@163.com
Received Date: 2020-03-12
Revised Date: 2020-04-28
Published Date: 2020-12-10

Abstract

Abstract

We report a theoretical study of a broadband Si/graded-SiGe/Ge/Ge_0.9Sn_0.1 p–i–n photodetector with a flat response based on modulating thickness of the layers in the active region. The responsivity of the photodetector is about 0.57 A/W in the range of 700 to 1800 nm. This structure is suitable for silicon-based epitaxial growth. Annealing is technically applied to form the graded-SiGe. The photodetector reaches a cut-off wavelength at ~2300 nm and a low dark-current density under 3 V reverse bias about 0.17 mA/cm² is achieved theoretical at room temperature. This work is of great significance for silicon-based detection and communication, from visible to infrared.
- flat response,
- broad response,
- dark current density,
- graded-SiGe,
- Ge_0.9Sn_0.1

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References(36)

References

[1]	Eda G, Fanchini G, Chhowalla M. Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material. Nat Nanotechnol, 2008, 3, 270 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2008.83
[2]	Park S, Wang G, Cho B, et al. Flexible molecular-scale electronic devices. Nat Nanotechnol, 2012, 7, 438 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2012.81
[3]	de Arquer F P G, Armin A, Meredith P, et al. Solution-processed semiconductors for next-generation photodetectors. Nat Rev Mater, 2017, 2, 16100 doi: 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.100
[4]	Gong X, Tong M, Xia Y, et al. High-detectivity polymer photodetectors with spectral response from 300 nm to 1450 nm. Science, 2009, 325, 1665 doi: 10.1126/science.1176706
[5]	Qiao H, Yuan J, Xu Z Q, et al. Broadband photodetectors based on graphene–Bi₂Te₃ heterostructure. ACS Nano, 2015, 9, 1886 doi: 10.1021/nn506920z
[6]	Yuan H, Liu X, Afshinmanesh F, et al. Polarization-sensitive broadband photodetector using a black phosphorus vertical p–n junction. Nat Nanotechnol, 2015, 10, 707 doi: 10.1038/nnano.2015.112
[7]	Hu W, Cong H, Huang W, et al. Germanium/perovskite heterostructure for high-performance and broadband photodetector from visible to infrared telecommunication band. Light: Sci Appl, 2019, 8, 106 doi: 10.1038/s41377-019-0218-y
[8]	Eckhardt C, Hummer K, Kresse G. Indirect-to-direct gap transition in strained and unstrained Sn_xGe_1–_x alloys. Phys Rev B, 2014, 89, 165201 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.165201
[9]	Du W, Ghetmiri S A, Conley B R, et al. Competition of optical transitions between direct and indirect bandgaps in Ge₁₋_xSn_x. Appl Phys Lett, 2014, 105, 051104 doi: 10.1063/1.4892302
[10]	Gassenq A, Gencarelli F, van Campenhout J, et al. GeSn/Ge heterostructure short-wave infrared photodetectors on silicon. Opt Express, 2012, 20, 27297 doi: 10.1364/OE.20.027297
[11]	Cong H, Xue C L, Zheng J, et al. Silicon based GeSn p–i–n photodetector for SWIR detection. IEEE Photonics J, 2016, 8, 1 doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2016.2607687
[12]	Su S J, Cheng B W, Xue C L, et al. GeSn p–i–n photodetector for all telecommunication bands detection. Optics Express, 2011, 19, 6400 doi: 10.1364/OE.19.006400
[13]	Mathews J, Roucka R, Xie J, et al. Extended performance GeSn/Si(100) p–i–n photodetectors for full spectral range telecommunication applications. Appl Phys Lett, 2009, 95, 133506 doi: 10.1063/1.3238327
[14]	Kouvetakis J, Menendez J, Chizmeshya A V G. Tin-based group IV semiconductors: New platforms for opto- and microelectronics on silicon. Annu Rev Mater Res, 2006, 36, 497 doi: 10.1146/annurev.matsci.36.090804.095159
[15]	Ke S Y, Ye Y J, Lin S M, et al. Low-temperature oxide-free silicon and germanium wafer bonding based on a sputtered amorphous Ge. Appl Phys Lett, 2018, 112, 041601 doi: 10.1063/1.4996800
[16]	Ke S Y, Ye Y J, Wu J Y, et al. Interface characteristics and electrical transport of Ge/Si heterojunction fabricated by low-temperature wafer bonding. J Phys D, 2018, 51, 265306 doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/aac7b0
[17]	Ke S Y, Lin S M, Ye Y J, et al. Bubble evolution mechanism and stress-induced crystallization in low-temperature silicon wafer bonding based on a thin intermediate amorphous Ge layer. J Phys D, 2017, 50, 405305 doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa81ee
[18]	Lin Y, Lee K H, Bao S, et al. High-efficiency normal-incidence vertical p–i–n photodetectors on a germanium-on-insulator platform: Publisher's note. Photonics Res, 2018, 6, 46 doi: 10.1364/PRJ.6.000046
[19]	Ghetmiri S A, Du W, Conley B R, et al. Shortwave-infrared photoluminescence from Ge_{1– x}Sn_x thin films on silicon. J Vac Sci Technol B, 2014, 32, 060601 doi: 10.1116/1.4897917
[20]	Tran H, Du W, Ghetmiri S A, et al. Systematic study of Ge_{1− x}Sn_x absorption coefficient and refractive index for the device applications of Si-based optoelectronics. J Appl Phys, 2016, 119, 103106 doi: 10.1063/1.4943652
[21]	Masini C, Calace L, Assanto G, et al. High-performance p–i–n Ge on Si photodetectors for the near infrared: From model to demonstration. IEEE Trans Electron Devices, 2001, 48, 1092 doi: 10.1109/16.925232
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Theoretical study of a group IV p–i–n photodetector with a flat and broad response for visible and infrared detection

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Theoretical study of a group IV p–i–n photodetector with a flat and broad response for visible and infrared detection

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Theoretical study of a group IV p–i–n photodetector with a flat and broad response for visible and infrared detection

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Theoretical study of a group IV p–i–n photodetector with a flat and broad response for visible and infrared detection

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