J. Semicond. > 2025, Volume 46 > Issue 1 > 012606

ARTICLES

Direct ink writing of nickel oxide-based thin films for room temperature gas detection

Neha Thakur1, , Hari Murthy1, Sudha Arumugam2, Neethu Thomas2, Aarju Mathew Koshy2 and Parasuraman Swaminathan2

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Neha Thakur, neha.thakur@res.christuniversity.in

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080025CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24080025

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Abstract: The rapid industrial growth and increasing population have led to significant pollution and deterioration of the natural atmospheric environment. Major atmospheric pollutants include NO2 and CO2. Hence, it is imperative to develop NO2 and CO2 sensors for ambient conditions, that can be used in indoor air quality monitoring, breath analysis, food spoilage detection, etc. In the present study, two thin film nanocomposite (nickel oxide-graphene and nickel oxide-silver nanowires) gas sensors are fabricated using direct ink writing. The nano-composites are investigated for their structural, optical, and electrical properties. Later the nano-composite is deposited on the interdigitated electrode (IDE) pattern to form NO2 and CO2 sensors. The deposited films are then exposed to NO2 and CO2 gases separately and their response and recovery times are determined using a custom-built gas sensing setup. Nickel oxide-graphene provides a good response time and recovery time of 10 and 9 s, respectively for NO2, due to the higher electron affinity of graphene towards NO2. Nickel oxide-silver nanowire nano-composite is suited for CO2 gas because silver is an excellent electrocatalyst for CO2 by giving response and recovery times of 11 s each. This is the first report showcasing NiO nano-composites for NO2 and CO2 sensing at room temperature.

Key words: nickel oxide, graphene, silver nanowires, NO2, CO2, gas sensor



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Fig. 1.  (Color online) (a) NiO ink, (b) Nickel oxide-graphene ink, (c) Nickel oxide-silver nanowire ink.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) DIW printing of IDE. (b) Schematic of IDE pattern. (c) IDE pattern after drying. (d) Printed nickel oxide-graphene sensor. (e) Printed nickel oxide-silver nanowire sensor.

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Fig. 3.  Schematic of gas sensor setup containing gas chamber, mass flow controller, source meter, and data acquisition system.

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Fig. 4.  (a) PXRD patterns of synthesized NiO nanoparticles. (b) PXRD patterns of as-purchased graphene powder. (c) PXRD patterns of synthesized silver nanowires. All peaks can be indexed to the respective materials. No impurity peaks are seen in the XRD plots. (d) SEM micrograph of the NiO nanoparticles. (e) SEM micrograph of silver nanowires with a larger magnification image in the inset. These are analyzed to obtain the average particle size, nanowire length, and diameter.

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Fig. 5.  (a) XRD pattern of nickel oxide-graphene nano-composite thin film, "X" represents the NiO peaks, and "O" represents the graphene peaks. (b) XRD of nickel oxide-silver nanowires nano-composite thin film, "X" represents the NiO peaks, and "O" represents the silver peaks. (c) Raman spectrum of nickel oxide-graphene containing NiO (2LO) and graphene (G and 2D bands). (d) Raman spectrum of nickel oxide-silver nanowires corresponding to NiO (1P-LO) and Ag (LO and 2M).

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) (a) HRSEM images of nickel oxide-graphene morphology showing the graphene flakes decorated with NiO. (b) HRSEM images of nickel oxide-silver nanowires morphology. (c) EDS data for nickel oxide-graphene. (d) EDS data for nickel oxide-silver nanowires.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) (a) XPS of nickel oxide-graphene (NG) and nickel oxide-silver nanowires (NA) composites showing C1s. (b) XPS of nickel oxide-silver nanowires (NA) composite showing Ag-3d peaks. (c) XPS of nickel oxide-graphene (NG) and nickel oxide-silver nanowires (NA) composite showing O1s. (d) XPS of nickel oxide-graphene (NG) and nickel oxide-silver nanowires (NA) composite showing Ni-2p.

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Fig. 8.  (a) FTIR of nickel oxide-graphene representing the associated functional groups. (b) FTIR of nickel oxide-silver nanowires representing the bond formation. (c) UV−Vis absorption spectrum of nickel oxide-graphene, inset representing the band gap information. (d) UV−Vis absorption spectrum of nickel oxide-silver nanowires, with an inset showing the band gap information obtained using the Tauc plot method.

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Fig. 9.  (Color online) I−V plots of (a) Nickel oxide-graphene in the presence of air and NO2. (b) Nickel oxide-silver nanowires in the presence of air and NO2. (c) Nickel oxide graphene in the presence of air and CO2. (d) Nickel oxide-silver nanowires in the presence of air and CO2. The I−V plots were measured before (in the air) and after 5 SCCM of NO2 and 30 SCCM of CO2 gas exposure. The current has slightly increased in the presence of gas. These devices exhibit superior gas sensing at room temperature and low applied voltage thereby enabling the development of low-power sensors.

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Fig. 10.  (Color online) R−t plot curves for (a) Nickel oxide-graphene in the presence of NO2. (b) Nickel oxide-silver nanowires in the presence of NO2. (c) Nickel oxide-graphene in the presence of CO2. (d) Nickel oxide-silver nanowires in the presence of CO2.

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Fig. 11.  (Color online) (a) and (b) Stability of the sensors over 100 days, with measurements once every 7−10 days. The device was tested at 5 SCCM for NO2 and 30 SCCM for CO2 from −1 to 1 V and stored in an ambient atmosphere between tests. (c) Histogram representing nickel oxide-graphene is more stable for NO2 and nickel oxide-silver nanowires are more stable for CO2.

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    Received: 17 July 2024 Revised: 16 October 2024 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 03 December 2024Uncorrected proof: 05 December 2024Published: 15 January 2025

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2025  >  46(1): 012606
      Neha Thakur, Hari Murthy, Sudha Arumugam, Neethu Thomas, Aarju Mathew Koshy, Parasuraman Swaminathan. Direct ink writing of nickel oxide-based thin films for room temperature gas detection[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, 46(1): 012606. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080025 ****N Thakur, H Murthy, S Arumugam, N Thomas, A M Koshy, and P Swaminathan, Direct ink writing of nickel oxide-based thin films for room temperature gas detection[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(1), 012606 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080025
      Citation:
      Neha Thakur, Hari Murthy, Sudha Arumugam, Neethu Thomas, Aarju Mathew Koshy, Parasuraman Swaminathan. Direct ink writing of nickel oxide-based thin films for room temperature gas detection[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2025, 46(1): 012606. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080025 ****
      N Thakur, H Murthy, S Arumugam, N Thomas, A M Koshy, and P Swaminathan, Direct ink writing of nickel oxide-based thin films for room temperature gas detection[J]. J. Semicond., 2025, 46(1), 012606 doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080025
      shu

      Direct ink writing of nickel oxide-based thin films for room temperature gas detection

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/24080025
      CSTR: 32376.14.1674-4926.24080025
      • 1.

        Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, CHRIST University, Kumbalagodu, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560074, India

      • 2.

        Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India

      More Information
      • Neha Thakur is a research scholar at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, specializing in Printed Electronics technology. She completed her Master’s degree from Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) Noida in VLSI Design. Neha has participated in numerous national and international conferences and has published many research papers. Her recent publications include "Mathematical Model of Nickel-Graphene Composite Inks for Jetting Properties in Inkjet Printing" and "Formulation of Nickel Oxide-Graphene Composite Ink and the Fabrication of Thin-Film Electrodes Using Direct Ink Writing", among others. Her research focuses on nanoparticle synthesis, ink formulation, thin-film fabrication using direct ink writing, and gas sensors
      • Hari Murthy is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru. He earned his PhD from the University of Canterbury in 2017. Dr. Murthy has authored several journal articles and book chapters. His recent publications include "Internet of Things in Bioelectronics: Emerging Technologies and Applications" and "Mathematical Model of Nickel-Graphene Composite Inks for Jetting Properties in Inkjet Printing", among others
      • Sudha Arumugam is a postdoctoral fellow in the Electronic Materials and Thin Films Lab at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. She received her PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. Her research focuses on the development of metal oxide-based materials for flexible gas sensors and sustainable electrochromic displays
      • Neethu Thomas works as a project scientist at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras' Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (MME). She completed her Bachelor's and Master's degree from the Government Engineering Colleges in Calicut and Thrissur. She completed her PhD from IIT Madras. After that, she worked as a postdoctoral fellow at IIT Madras' Department of MME. Her work focuses on the synthesis, modeling, and self-assembly of noble metal nanostructures, formulating printable conducting inks for a variety of potential uses, including gas sensing, smart windows, electrochemical sensors, and transparent heaters. She has authored several publications in this area
      • Aarju Mathew Koshy graduated from Amity University, Delhi, with an Integrated Master's degree in Nanotechnology. He completed his master’s thesis at the Institut für Technische Optik, University of Stuttgart, Germany. Aarju was a Research Assistant at MG University, Kerala before joining the Indian Institute of Technology Madras in 2020 as a Project Associate in the Electronic Materials and Thin Films Lab. Currently, Aarju is pursuing his doctoral degree at the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM), Belfort, France, continuing his research in advanced materials and printing technologies with an emphasis on 4D printing of smart materials with direct ink writing
      • Parasuraman Swaminathan graduated from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, with a Bachelors and Master’s degree in Metallurgical and Materials Engineering. He completed his PhD from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. He then worked as a postdoctoral fellow in Johns Hopkins University and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) before joining Intel Corp as a Module and Yield Integration Engineer. In 2013, he joined IIT Madras and is currently Head of the Electronic Materials and Thin Films Lab. His group works on printed electronics with a focus on flexible and transparent devices
      • Corresponding author: neha.thakur@res.christuniversity.in
      • Received Date: 2024-07-17
      • Revised Date: 2024-10-16
        • Available Online: 2024-12-03

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