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Temperature-dependent electrical properties of β-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes on highly doped single-crystal substrates

Tsung-Han Yang, Houqiang Fu, Hong Chen, Xuanqi Huang, Jossue Montes, Izak Baranowski, Kai Fu and Yuji Zhao

+ Author Affiliations

 Corresponding author: Yuji Zhao, Email: yuji.zhao@asu.edu

DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/012801

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Abstract: Beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) Schottky barrier diodes were fabricated on highly doped single-crystal substrates, where their temperature-dependent electrical properties were comprehensively investigated by forward and reverse current density – voltage and capacitance – voltage characterization. Both the Schottky barrier height and the ideality factor showed a temperature-dependence behavior, revealing the inhomogeneous nature of the Schottky barrier interface caused by the interfacial defects. With a voltage-dependent Schottky barrier incorporated into thermionic emission theory, the inhomogeneous barrier model can be further examined. Furthermore, the reverse leakage current was found to be dominated by the bulk leakage currents due to the good material and surface quality. Leakage current per distance was also obtained. These results can serve as important references for designing efficient β-Ga2O3 electronic and optoelectronic devices on highly doped substrates or epitaxial layers.

Key words: gallium oxide, Schottky barrier diode, power electronics, wide bandgap material



[1]
H Sun, K H Li, C G T Castanedo, et al. HCl flow-induced phase change of α-, β-, and ε- Ga2O3 films grown by MOCVD. Cryst Growth Design, 2018, 18: 2370 doi: 10.1021/acs.cgd.7b01791
[2]
H Sun, C G T Castanedo, K Liu, et al. Valence and conduction band offsets of β-Ga2O3/AlN heterojunction. Appl Phys Lett, 2017, 111: 162105, doi: 10.1063/1.5003930
[3]
Z Zhang, E Farzana, A Arehart, et al. Deep level defects throughout the bandgap of (010) β- Ga2O3 detected by optically and thermally stimulated defect spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett, 2016, 108: 052105, doi: 10.1063/1.4941429
[4]
Q He, W Mu, H Dong, et al. Schottky barrier diode based on β-Ga2O3 (100) single crystal substrate and its temperature-dependent electrical characteristics. Appl Phys Lett, 2017, 110: 093503, doi: 10.1063/1.4977766
[5]
H Tippins. Optical absorption and photoconductivity in the band edge of β-Ga2O3. Phys Rev, 1965, 140: A316, doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.140.A316
[6]
M Higashiwaki, K Sasaki, A Kuramata, et al. Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors on single-crystal β-Ga2O3 (010) substrates. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100: 013504, doi: 10.1063/1.3674287
[7]
M Higashiwaki, K Sasaki, T Kamimura, et al. Depletion-mode Ga2O3 metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors on β-Ga2O3 (010) substrates and temperature dependence of their device characteristics. Appl Phys Lett, 2013, 103: 123511, doi: 10.1063/1.4821858
[8]
T Oishi, Y Koga, K Harada, et al. High-mobility β-Ga2O3 ( $\bar 2$ 01) single crystals grown by edge-defined film-fed growth method and their Schottky barrier diodes with Ni contact. Appl Phys Express, 2015, 8: 031101, doi: 10.7567/APEX.8.031101
[9]
A Kuramata, K Koshi, S Watanabe, et al. High-quality β-Ga2O3 single crystals grown by edge-defined film-fed growth. Jpn J Appl Phys, 2016, 55: 1202A2,
[10]
T Oishi, K Harada, Y Koga, et al. Conduction mechanism in highly doped β-Ga2O3 single crystals grown by edge-defined film-fed growth method and their Schottky barrier diodes. Jpn J Appl Phys, 2016, 55: 030305, doi: 10.7567/JJAP.55.030305
[11]
M Higashiwaki, K Konishi, K Sasaki, et al. Temperature-dependent capacitance–voltage and current–voltage characteristics of Pt/Ga2O3 (001) Schottky barrier diodes fabricated on n-Ga2O3 drift layers grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy. Appl Phys Lett, 2016, 108: 133503, doi: 10.1063/1.4945267
[12]
S Oh, M A Mastro, M J Tadjer, et al. Solar-blind metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors based on an exfoliated β-Ga2O3 micro-flake. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol, 2017, 6: Q79 doi: 10.1149/2.0231708jss
[13]
M Higashiwaki, K Sasaki, A Kuramata, et al. Development of gallium oxide power devices. Phys Status Solidi A, 2014, 211: 21 doi: 10.1002/pssa.201330197
[14]
K Sasaki, A. Kuramata, T Masui, et al. Device-quality β-Ga2O3 epitaxial films fabricated by ozone moleular beam epitaxy. Appl Phys Express, 2012, 5: 035502, doi: 10.1143/APEX.5.035502
[15]
S Ahn, F Ren, L Yuan, et al. Temperature-dependent characteristics of Ni/Au and Pt/Au Schottky diodes on β-Ga2O3. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol, 2017, 6: P68 doi: 10.1149/2.0291701jss
[16]
K Sasaki, D Wakimoto, Q T Thieu, et al. First demonstration of Ga2O3 trench MOS-type Schottky barrier diodes. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2017, 38: 783 doi: 10.1109/LED.2017.2696986
[17]
J Yang, S Ahn, F Ren, et al. High reverse breakdown voltage Schottky rectifiers without edge termination on Ga2O3. Appl Phys Lett, 2017, 110: 192101, doi: 10.1063/1.4983203
[18]
K Sasaki, M Higashiwaki, A Kuramata, et al. Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes fabricated by using single-crystal β-Ga2O3 (010) substrates. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2013, 34: 493 doi: 10.1109/LED.2013.2244057
[19]
J Yang, S Ahn, F Ren, et al. High breakdown voltage (−201) β-Ga2O3 Schottky rectifiers. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2017, 38: 906, doi: 10.1109/LED.2017.2703609
[20]
B Song, A K Verma, K Nomoto, et al. Vertical Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes on single-crystal β-Ga2O3 (−201) substrates. Device Research Conference (DRC), 2016, 2016: 1
[21]
H Fu, X Huang, H Chen, et al. Ultra-low turn-on voltage and on-resistance vertical GaN-on-GaN Schottky power diodes with high mobility double drift layers. Appl Phys Lett, 2017, 111: 152102, doi: 10.1063/1.4993201
[22]
F Iucolano, F. Roccaforte, F Giannazzo, et al. Barrier inhomogeneity and electrical properties of Pt/Ga N Shottky contacts. J Appl Phys, 2007, 102: 113701, doi: 10.1063/1.2817647
[23]
Y Son, R L Peterson. The effects of localized tail states on charge transport mechanisms in amorphous zinc tin oxide Schottky diodes. Semicond Sci Technol, 2017, 32: 12LT02,
[24]
D H Lee, K Nomura, T Kamiya, et al. Diffusion-limited a-IGZO/Pt Schottky junction fabricated at 200 °C on a flexible substrate. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2011, 32: 1695 doi: 10.1109/LED.2011.2167123
[25]
J H Werner, H H Güttler. Barrier inhomogeneities at Schottky contacts. J Appl Phys, 1991, 69: 1522, doi: 10.1063/1.347243
[26]
H von Wenckstern, G Biehne, R A Rahman, et al. Mean barrier height of Pd Schottky contacts on ZnO thin films. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 88: 092102, doi: 10.1063/1.2180445
[27]
H Fu, I Baranowski, X Huang, et al. Demonstration of AlN Schottky barrier diodes with blocking voltage over 1 kV. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2017, 38: 1286, doi: 10.1109/LED.2017.2723603
[28]
E Miller, E Yu, P Waltereit, et al. Analysis of reverse-bias leakage current mechanisms in GaN grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Appl Phys Lett, 2004, 84: 535, doi: 10.1063/1.1644029
[29]
F Padovani, R Stratton Field and thermionic-field emission in Schottky barriers. Solid-State Electron, 1966, 9: 695 doi: 10.1016/0038-1101(66)90097-9
[30]
E Miller, X Dang, E Yu Gate leakage current mechanisms in AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors. J Appl Phys, 2000, 88: 5951 doi: 10.1063/1.1319972
[31]
H Iwano, S Zaima, Y Yasuda. Hopping conduction and localized states in p-Si wires formed by focused ion beam implantations. J Vac Sci Technol B, 1998, 16: 2551 doi: 10.1116/1.590208
[32]
W Lu, L Wang, S Gu, et al. Analysis of reverse leakage current and breakdown voltage in GaN and InGaN/GaN Schottky barriers. IEEE Trans Electron Devices, 2011, 58: 1986 doi: 10.1109/TED.2011.2146254
[33]
H Fu, X Huang, H Chen, et al. Fabrication and characterization of ultra-wide bandgap AlN-based Schottky diodes on sapphire by MOCVD. IEEE J Electron Devices Soc, 2017, 5: 518 doi: 10.1109/JEDS.2017.2751554
[34]
T Loh, H Nguyen, R Murthy, et al. Selective epitaxial germanium on silicon-on-insulator high speed photodetectors using low-temperature ultrathin Si0.8Ge0.2 buffer. Appl Phys Lett, 2007, 91: 073503, doi: 10.1063/1.2769750
[35]
D Yu, C Wang, B L Wehrenberg, et al. Variable range hopping conduction in semiconductor nanocrystal solids. Phys Rev Lett, 2004, 92: 216802 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.216802
Fig. 1.  (Color online) Theoretical benchmark plot of on-resistance versus breakdown voltage for power devices based on β-Ga2O3 and other major semiconductors.

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Fig. 2.  (Color online) (a) The rocking curve of the β-Ga2O3 substrates measured by HRXRD. (b) The 2D and 3D AFM images of the surface morphology of the β-Ga2O3 substrates. (c) Top and cross-section view of the fabricated SBDs.

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Fig. 4.  (Color online) (a) Comparision of on-resistance of previously reported β-Ga2O3 SBDs on various crystal orientations. (b) The turn-on voltage was obtained by linear extrapolation of the linear I–V curves.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 3.  (Color online) Temperature-dependent forward J–V characteristics of β-Ga2O3 SBDs in (a) linear scale and (b) log scale.

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Fig. 5.  (Color online) (a) Ideality factor and Schottky barrier height as a function of temperature from 300 to 480 K. (b) Ideality factor versus Schottky barrier height. (c) Plot of effective barrier height and n−1–1 versus 1000/T with error bars. (d) Original and modified Richardson plot for β-Ga2O3 SBDs. The dashed line shows the fitting curve.

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Fig. 6.  (Color online) C-V characteristics for β-Ga2O3 SBDs at 1 MHz. The doping concentration of the devices was also extracted.

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Fig. 7.  (Color online) Temperature-dependent reverse J–V characteristics of the β-Ga2O3 SBDs in the (a) linear scale and (b) log scale.

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Fig. 8.  (Color online) (a) Arrhenius plot of reverse leakage currents of the β-Ga2O3 SBDs with the activation energy extracted. (b) Conductivity as a function of 1/T1/2 for the β-Ga2O3 SBDs. The inset shows the electron transport in the 1D-VRH conduction model.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
Fig. 9.  (Color online) Leakage current as a function of contact distance between ohmic and Schottky contacts at different reverse voltages.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint
[1]
H Sun, K H Li, C G T Castanedo, et al. HCl flow-induced phase change of α-, β-, and ε- Ga2O3 films grown by MOCVD. Cryst Growth Design, 2018, 18: 2370 doi: 10.1021/acs.cgd.7b01791
[2]
H Sun, C G T Castanedo, K Liu, et al. Valence and conduction band offsets of β-Ga2O3/AlN heterojunction. Appl Phys Lett, 2017, 111: 162105, doi: 10.1063/1.5003930
[3]
Z Zhang, E Farzana, A Arehart, et al. Deep level defects throughout the bandgap of (010) β- Ga2O3 detected by optically and thermally stimulated defect spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett, 2016, 108: 052105, doi: 10.1063/1.4941429
[4]
Q He, W Mu, H Dong, et al. Schottky barrier diode based on β-Ga2O3 (100) single crystal substrate and its temperature-dependent electrical characteristics. Appl Phys Lett, 2017, 110: 093503, doi: 10.1063/1.4977766
[5]
H Tippins. Optical absorption and photoconductivity in the band edge of β-Ga2O3. Phys Rev, 1965, 140: A316, doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.140.A316
[6]
M Higashiwaki, K Sasaki, A Kuramata, et al. Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors on single-crystal β-Ga2O3 (010) substrates. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 100: 013504, doi: 10.1063/1.3674287
[7]
M Higashiwaki, K Sasaki, T Kamimura, et al. Depletion-mode Ga2O3 metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors on β-Ga2O3 (010) substrates and temperature dependence of their device characteristics. Appl Phys Lett, 2013, 103: 123511, doi: 10.1063/1.4821858
[8]
T Oishi, Y Koga, K Harada, et al. High-mobility β-Ga2O3 ( $\bar 2$ 01) single crystals grown by edge-defined film-fed growth method and their Schottky barrier diodes with Ni contact. Appl Phys Express, 2015, 8: 031101, doi: 10.7567/APEX.8.031101
[9]
A Kuramata, K Koshi, S Watanabe, et al. High-quality β-Ga2O3 single crystals grown by edge-defined film-fed growth. Jpn J Appl Phys, 2016, 55: 1202A2,
[10]
T Oishi, K Harada, Y Koga, et al. Conduction mechanism in highly doped β-Ga2O3 single crystals grown by edge-defined film-fed growth method and their Schottky barrier diodes. Jpn J Appl Phys, 2016, 55: 030305, doi: 10.7567/JJAP.55.030305
[11]
M Higashiwaki, K Konishi, K Sasaki, et al. Temperature-dependent capacitance–voltage and current–voltage characteristics of Pt/Ga2O3 (001) Schottky barrier diodes fabricated on n-Ga2O3 drift layers grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy. Appl Phys Lett, 2016, 108: 133503, doi: 10.1063/1.4945267
[12]
S Oh, M A Mastro, M J Tadjer, et al. Solar-blind metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors based on an exfoliated β-Ga2O3 micro-flake. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol, 2017, 6: Q79 doi: 10.1149/2.0231708jss
[13]
M Higashiwaki, K Sasaki, A Kuramata, et al. Development of gallium oxide power devices. Phys Status Solidi A, 2014, 211: 21 doi: 10.1002/pssa.201330197
[14]
K Sasaki, A. Kuramata, T Masui, et al. Device-quality β-Ga2O3 epitaxial films fabricated by ozone moleular beam epitaxy. Appl Phys Express, 2012, 5: 035502, doi: 10.1143/APEX.5.035502
[15]
S Ahn, F Ren, L Yuan, et al. Temperature-dependent characteristics of Ni/Au and Pt/Au Schottky diodes on β-Ga2O3. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol, 2017, 6: P68 doi: 10.1149/2.0291701jss
[16]
K Sasaki, D Wakimoto, Q T Thieu, et al. First demonstration of Ga2O3 trench MOS-type Schottky barrier diodes. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2017, 38: 783 doi: 10.1109/LED.2017.2696986
[17]
J Yang, S Ahn, F Ren, et al. High reverse breakdown voltage Schottky rectifiers without edge termination on Ga2O3. Appl Phys Lett, 2017, 110: 192101, doi: 10.1063/1.4983203
[18]
K Sasaki, M Higashiwaki, A Kuramata, et al. Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes fabricated by using single-crystal β-Ga2O3 (010) substrates. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2013, 34: 493 doi: 10.1109/LED.2013.2244057
[19]
J Yang, S Ahn, F Ren, et al. High breakdown voltage (−201) β-Ga2O3 Schottky rectifiers. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2017, 38: 906, doi: 10.1109/LED.2017.2703609
[20]
B Song, A K Verma, K Nomoto, et al. Vertical Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes on single-crystal β-Ga2O3 (−201) substrates. Device Research Conference (DRC), 2016, 2016: 1
[21]
H Fu, X Huang, H Chen, et al. Ultra-low turn-on voltage and on-resistance vertical GaN-on-GaN Schottky power diodes with high mobility double drift layers. Appl Phys Lett, 2017, 111: 152102, doi: 10.1063/1.4993201
[22]
F Iucolano, F. Roccaforte, F Giannazzo, et al. Barrier inhomogeneity and electrical properties of Pt/Ga N Shottky contacts. J Appl Phys, 2007, 102: 113701, doi: 10.1063/1.2817647
[23]
Y Son, R L Peterson. The effects of localized tail states on charge transport mechanisms in amorphous zinc tin oxide Schottky diodes. Semicond Sci Technol, 2017, 32: 12LT02,
[24]
D H Lee, K Nomura, T Kamiya, et al. Diffusion-limited a-IGZO/Pt Schottky junction fabricated at 200 °C on a flexible substrate. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2011, 32: 1695 doi: 10.1109/LED.2011.2167123
[25]
J H Werner, H H Güttler. Barrier inhomogeneities at Schottky contacts. J Appl Phys, 1991, 69: 1522, doi: 10.1063/1.347243
[26]
H von Wenckstern, G Biehne, R A Rahman, et al. Mean barrier height of Pd Schottky contacts on ZnO thin films. Appl Phys Lett, 2006, 88: 092102, doi: 10.1063/1.2180445
[27]
H Fu, I Baranowski, X Huang, et al. Demonstration of AlN Schottky barrier diodes with blocking voltage over 1 kV. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2017, 38: 1286, doi: 10.1109/LED.2017.2723603
[28]
E Miller, E Yu, P Waltereit, et al. Analysis of reverse-bias leakage current mechanisms in GaN grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Appl Phys Lett, 2004, 84: 535, doi: 10.1063/1.1644029
[29]
F Padovani, R Stratton Field and thermionic-field emission in Schottky barriers. Solid-State Electron, 1966, 9: 695 doi: 10.1016/0038-1101(66)90097-9
[30]
E Miller, X Dang, E Yu Gate leakage current mechanisms in AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors. J Appl Phys, 2000, 88: 5951 doi: 10.1063/1.1319972
[31]
H Iwano, S Zaima, Y Yasuda. Hopping conduction and localized states in p-Si wires formed by focused ion beam implantations. J Vac Sci Technol B, 1998, 16: 2551 doi: 10.1116/1.590208
[32]
W Lu, L Wang, S Gu, et al. Analysis of reverse leakage current and breakdown voltage in GaN and InGaN/GaN Schottky barriers. IEEE Trans Electron Devices, 2011, 58: 1986 doi: 10.1109/TED.2011.2146254
[33]
H Fu, X Huang, H Chen, et al. Fabrication and characterization of ultra-wide bandgap AlN-based Schottky diodes on sapphire by MOCVD. IEEE J Electron Devices Soc, 2017, 5: 518 doi: 10.1109/JEDS.2017.2751554
[34]
T Loh, H Nguyen, R Murthy, et al. Selective epitaxial germanium on silicon-on-insulator high speed photodetectors using low-temperature ultrathin Si0.8Ge0.2 buffer. Appl Phys Lett, 2007, 91: 073503, doi: 10.1063/1.2769750
[35]
D Yu, C Wang, B L Wehrenberg, et al. Variable range hopping conduction in semiconductor nanocrystal solids. Phys Rev Lett, 2004, 92: 216802 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.216802

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    Received: 05 September 2018 Revised: 04 October 2018 Online: Accepted Manuscript: 10 December 2018Uncorrected proof: 13 December 2018Published: 07 January 2019

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      Article Navigation >  Journal of Semiconductors  > 2019  >  40(1): 012801
      Tsung-Han Yang, Houqiang Fu, Hong Chen, Xuanqi Huang, Jossue Montes, Izak Baranowski, Kai Fu, Yuji Zhao. Temperature-dependent electrical properties of β-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes on highly doped single-crystal substrates[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(1): 012801. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/012801 ****T Yang, H Q Fu, H Chen, X Q Huang, J Montes, I Baranowski, K Fu, Y J Zhao, Temperature-dependent electrical properties of β-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes on highly doped single-crystal substrates[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(1): 012801. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/012801.
      Citation:
      Tsung-Han Yang, Houqiang Fu, Hong Chen, Xuanqi Huang, Jossue Montes, Izak Baranowski, Kai Fu, Yuji Zhao. Temperature-dependent electrical properties of β-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes on highly doped single-crystal substrates[J]. Journal of Semiconductors, 2019, 40(1): 012801. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/012801 ****
      T Yang, H Q Fu, H Chen, X Q Huang, J Montes, I Baranowski, K Fu, Y J Zhao, Temperature-dependent electrical properties of β-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes on highly doped single-crystal substrates[J]. J. Semicond., 2019, 40(1): 012801. doi: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/012801.
      shu

      Temperature-dependent electrical properties of β-Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes on highly doped single-crystal substrates

      DOI: 10.1088/1674-4926/40/1/012801

      • School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA

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      • Corresponding author: Email: yuji.zhao@asu.edu
      • Received Date: 2018-09-05
      • Revised Date: 2018-10-04
      • Published Date: 2019-01-01

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